Chapter 7: CHO - Metabolic Reactions (Gluconeogenesis)

Question 1

refers to the synthesis or formation of glucose from a large variety of non-carbohydrate substrates

Answer 1

Gluconeogenesis

Question 2

glucose is produced in a process known as

Answer 2

gluconeogenesis

Question 3

starting materials of gluconeogenesis are lactate released by the _____ and _____, glycerol released from adipose tissue following lypolysis, and glucogenic amino acid (alanine and glutamine)

Answer 3

muscle and erythrocyte

Question 4

starting materials of gluconeogenesis are lactate released by the muscle and erythrocyte, glycerol released from _____ following lypolysis, and glucogenic amino acid (alanine and glutamine)

Answer 4

adipose tissue

Question 5

starting materials of gluconeogenesis are lactate released by the muscle and erythrocyte, glycerol released from adipose tissue following lypolysis, and glucogenic amino acid _____ and _____

Answer 5

(alanine and glutamine)

Question 6

gluconeogenesis
processes involved

_____ and _____ are converted into pyruvate

Answer 6

lactate and alanine

Question 7

gluconeogenesis
processes involved

pyruvate is diverted to glucose formation instead of _____, as the high glucagon/low insulin (which prevails in starvation) levels inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer 7

acetyl coa

Question 8

the decrease level of fructose 2,6-biphosphate, as a result of high glucagon/insulin ratio, leads to the inhibition of _____ and activation of fructose 1,6-biphosphatase leading to an increase in glucose production

Answer 8

phosphofructokinase

Question 9

tissue/organ involved in gluconeogenesis

Answer 9

liver and kidney

Question 10

gluconeogenesis cell site reaction

Answer 10

cytosol and mitochondria

Question 11

gluconeogenesis starting material

uses various substrates including (5)

Answer 11

amino acids, lactate, pyruvate, propionate, and glycerol

Question 12

gluconeogenesis final product

Answer 12

glucose

Question 13

gluconeogenesis summary of reaction - glucose synthesis from lactate

1. conversion of lactate to pyruvate by the enzyme _____

Answer 13

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 14

gluconeogenesis summary of reaction - glucose synthesis from lactate

2. conversion of pyruvate to _____ then to phosphoenolpyruvate (pep)

Answer 14

oxaloacetate

Question 15

gluconeogenesis summary of reaction - glucose synthesis from lactate

3. pep conversion into _____ by the reverse reaction of glycolysis

Answer 15

fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Question 16

gluconeogenesis summary of reaction - glucose synthesis from lactate

4. conversion of fructose 1,6-biphosphate to _____ via the enzyme fructose 1,6-biphosphatase

Answer 16

fructose 6-phosphatase

Question 17

gluconeogenesis summary of reaction - glucose synthesis from lactate

5. conversion to glucose 6-phosphatae and then to _____

Answer 17

alpha D-glucose

Question 18

gluconeogenesis regulators

usually regulated by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate, carboxykinase, fructose 1-6 biphoshphate phosphatase, and D-glucose-6 phosphatase

strongly inhibited by _____ and ADP inhibited by Pi and d-glucose, ethanol ingestion inhibits gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

adenosine monophosphate (amp)

Question 19

gluconeogenesis activators

a. stimulated by _____

Answer 19

acetyl coa

Question 20

gluconeogenesis activators

a. _____ stimulate gluconeogenesis and inhibit glycolysis by a decrease in d-fructose 2-6 biphosphatase

Answer 20

glucagons

Question 21

gluconeogenesis activators

b. all enzymes are activated by _____ and repressed by _____

Answer 21

cortisol; insulin

Question 22

gluconeogenesis activators

c. increase acetyl coa, atp/adp, ratios of nad+/nadh, h+ increased in amico acid transamination

Answer 22

-