Chapter 1: Nutrition Flashcards
nutrient found/not found in the food
something to do with a specific nutrient or with the absence of the nurtient
ex: high in fiber, vitamin c, vitamin, a, iron, protein
ex: cholesterol-free, low in saturated fat
nutrient claim
need proof or evidence that the product with all of its components can reduce the risk of heart disease
reviewed by FDA before approving the health claim of a commodity or an item
health claim
how much the key nutrients in that food contributes to daily caloric and nutrient requirements
daily values
science of dealing with foods, nutrient composition, eating habits, nutritional status, and health
covers the social, economic, environmental, cultural, political, and psychological implications of food and eating (ra 10862, 2016)
nutrition
state of complete physical, mental, and social well0being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
health
chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body’s tissues
nutrients
products derived from plants or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients for the maintenance of like and the growth and repair of tissues
foods
nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs
about 40 nutrients are known to be essential in human beings
essential nutrients
also called indispensable nutrients
essential nutrients
usual pattern of food and drink intake by a person
diet
contains all the nutrients and other substances found naturally in food, in proper amounts and proportions needed by the body to function well
balanced diet
the condition of the body resulting from intake, absorption, and utilization of food
nutritional status
any condition caused by deficit or excess energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients
malnutrition
the underconsumption of food energy or nutrients sever enough to cause disease or increased susceptibility to disease; form of malnutrition
undernutrition
overconsumption of food energy or nutrients sufficient to cause disease or increased susceptibility to disease
form of malnutrition
overnutrition
organic proteinaceous catalysts of biochemical reactions
enzymes
proteins found in digestive juice that act on food substances, causing them to break down into simpler compounds
digestive enzymes
chemical messengers secreted by a variety of glands in response to altered conditions in the body
each hormone travels to one or more specific target tissues or organs, where it elicits a specific response to maintain homeostasis
hormones
study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
anatomy
study how living organisms function
physiology
human body is composed of 5 structural levels
chemical > cellular > tissue > organ > organ system > organismal level
levels of structural organization
simplest level of structural organization where atoms combine to form molecules
these molecules form organelles, the basic components of the cells
chemical level
levels of structural organization
smallest units of living things
individual cells vary in size and shape, signifying their unique functions in the body
cellular level
levels of structural organization
groups of similar cells with common function
tissue level
levels of structural organization - types of tissues
covers the body surface and lines its cavities
epithelium
levels of structural organization - types of tissues
provides movement
muscle
levels of structural organization - types of tissues
supports and protects body organs
connective tissue
levels of structural organization - types of tissues
provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
nervous tissue
levels of structural organization
an organ is a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that perform a specific function for the body
organ level
levels of structural organization
composed of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
organ system level
levels of structural organization
highest level of organization and represents the sum total of all structure levels working together to keep humans alive
organismal level
major organs or tissues
heart, blood vessels, blood
circulatory system
major organs or tissues
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
digestive system
major organs or tissues
all glands or organs secreting hormones:
pancreas, testes, ovaries, hypothalamus, kidneys, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, stomach, small intestine, liver, adipose tissue, heart, and pineal gland
endocrine cells in other organs
endocrine system
major organs or tissues
white blood cells and their organs of production
immune system
major organs or tissues
skin
integumentary system
major organs or tissues
lymph vessels, lymph nodes
lymphatic system
major organs or tissues
cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, muscle, joints, skeletal muscle
musculoskeletal system
major organs or tissues
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and ganglia, sense organs
nervous system
major organs or tissues
male: testes. penis, and associated ducts and glands
female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagona, mammary glands
reproductive system
major organs or tissues
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
respiratory system
major organs or tissues
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
urinary system
primary functions
transport of blood throughout the body
circulatory system
primary functions
digestion and absorption of nutrients and water; elimination of wastes
digestive system
primary functions
regulation and coordination of many activities in the body
includes growth, metabolism, reproduction, blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance
endocrine system
primary functions
defense against pathogens
immune system
primary functions
protection against injury and dehydration; defense against pathogens; regulation of body temp
integumentary system
primary functions
collection of extracellular fluid for return to blood; participation in immune defenses; absorption of fats from digestive system
lymphatic system
primary functions
support, protection, and movement of the body; production of blood cells
musculoskeletal system
primary functions
regulation and coordination of many activities in the body;
detection of and response to changes in the internal and eternal environments;
states of consciousness
learning, memory
emotions
nervous system
primary functions
male: production and transfer of sperm to female
female: provision of a nutritive environment for the developing embryo and fetus
nutrition of the infant
reproductive system
primary functions
exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids
respiratory system
primary functions
regulation of plasma composition through controlled excretion of ions, water, and organic wastes
urinary system
cellular basis of life - human cell 3 main parts
the outer boundary of the cell
plasma membrane
basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
cell
membranes surrounding the cell and cell organelles regulate the _____ of molecules and ions into and out of the cell and its compartments
movements
other functions of the plasma membrane are to:
-detect chemical messengers arriving at the cell surface
-link adjacent cells together by membrane junctions
-anchor cells to the extracellular matrix
-
membranes consist of bimolecular _____ composed of phospholipids with embedded proteins
lipid layer
are amphipathic proteins that often span the membrane
integral membrane proteins
molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
amphipathic
are confined to the surfaces of the membrane
integral membrane proteins
cellular basis of life - human cell 3 main parts
cell-forming material
cytoplasm
cellular basis of life - human cell 3 main parts
the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus where most cellular activities occur
cytoplasm
cytoplasm - parts
viscous, semitransparent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended; a complex mixture with properties of both a colloid and a true solution
cytosol
cytoplasm - parts
cytosol is made up largely of
water
cytoplasm - parts
proteins, salt, sugars, and a variety of other solutes are dissolved in this part of the cytoplasm
cytosol
cytoplasm - parts
little organs
organelles
cytoplasm - parts
specialized cellular compartments or other structures, each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell
organelles
cytoplasm - organelles (parts)
major cell sites that consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide in chemical processes that transfer energy to ATP, which can then provide energy for cell functions
mitochondria
cytoplasm - organelles (parts)
composed of RNA and protein; sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
cytoplasm - organelles (parts)
network of flattened sacs and tubules in the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum (er)
cytoplasm - organelles (parts)
has attached ribosomes and is primarily involved in the packaging of proteins to be secreted by the cell or distributed to other organelles
rough endoplasmic reticulum
is tubular, lacks ribosomes, and is the site of lipid synthesis and calcium accumulation and release
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm - parts
modifies and sorts the proteins that are synthesized on the rough or granular endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into secretory vesicles
golgi apparatus
cytoplasm - parts
use oxygen to remove hydrogen from organic molecules and in the process from hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
cytoplasm - parts
digest particulate matter that enters the cell
lysosomes
cellular basis of life - human cell 3 main parts
an organelle that controls cellular activities
lies near the cell’s center
nucleus
cellular basis of life - human cell 3 main parts
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
