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NBCD > Chapter 1: Nutrition (1) > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Nutrition (1) Flashcards

1
Q

plays an important role in the utilization of ingested nutrients and water

A

digestive system

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2
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

also called the gastrointestinal tract (GI) or gut

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

is the continuous muscular tube from the mouth to the anus

A

alimentary canal

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4
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

it digests food and absorbs the digested fragments through its lining into the blood

A

alimentary canal

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5
Q

organs of the alimentary canal (6)

A

-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine

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6
Q

accessory digestive organs (6)

A

-teeth
-tongue
-gall bladder

large digestive organs
-salivary glands
-liver
-pancreas

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7
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

location of teeth and tongue in the accessory digestive organs

A

mouth or oral cavity

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8
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

location of digestive glands and gall bladder in the accessory digestive organs lie outside the

A

gi tract

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9
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

produce a variety of secretions that help break down food

A

accessory digestive organs

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10
Q

digestive system

process by which food is broken down into absorbable units

A

digestion

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11
Q

digestive system

it is the body’s ingenious way of breaking down foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption

A

digestion

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12
Q

digestive tract - anatomy

where digestion begins

A

mouth

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13
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (mouth)

act of taking food into the body and swallowing it

A

ingestion

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14
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (mouth)

the process of biting and chewing with teeth and jaw

breaks food into small particles that are then exposed to enzymes

fine particles ease swallowing and passage through the git

A

mastication

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15
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (mouth)

soft mass of chewed food swallowed at one time

A

bolus

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16
Q

food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of salivary glands

the mucus-like saliva performs 3 functions:
1. it mixes with food, _____ dry foods and _____ thicker foods

A

lubricating; diluting

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17
Q

food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of salivary glands

the mucus-like saliva performs 3 functions:
2. it provides _____ (a polysaccharide digestive enzyme)

A

alpha amylase

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18
Q

food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of salivary glands

the mucus-like saliva performs 3 functions:
2. it provides _____ (a lipid-digestive enzyme)

A

lipid-digesting enzyme

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19
Q

food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of salivary glands

the mucus-like saliva performs 3 functions:
3. it dissolves some molecules in food, allowing them to interact with chemoreceptors in the mouth, giving rise to _____

A

taste sensation

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20
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (mouth)

mechanically divides food into smaller particles

this action enables the enzymes to readily act on food because of the resulting larger surface area

A

chewing or mastication

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21
Q

digestive tract - anatomy

measures about 10 inches long, connects the mouth to the stomach

A

esophagus

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22
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (esophagus)

food, lubricated with saliva, is rolled into a small ball (_____) by the tongue to the top of the esophagus

A

bolus

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23
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (esophagus)

food is prevented from entering the respiratory tract and lungs by the _____. a small flap at the top of the trachea

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (esophagus)

the bolus in the esophagus is then propelled to the stomach by _____ (rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the esophageal muscles) and gravity

A

peristalsis

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25
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (esophagus)

_____ reduces further the size of food particles and mixes them throughly with digestive secretions

A

peristalsis

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26
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

gastric secretions that mix with the bolus to form chyme include (1) _____ (secreted from parietal cells)

A

hydrochloric acid

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27
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

gastric secretions that mix with the bolus to form chyme include (2) _____ (a hormone secreted by G cells)

A

gastrin

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28
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

gastric secretions that mix with the bolus to form chyme include (3) _____ (secreted by the parietal cells), a protein maintained at pH 1.5-1.7

A

intrinsic factor

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29
Q

3 gastric secretions

A

hydrochloric acid
gastrin
intrinsic factor

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30
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

food in the stomach cause the release of the hormone _____, which in turn stimulates the stomach wall to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen

A

gastrin

31
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

food in the stomach cause the release of the hormone gastrin, which in turn stimulates the stomach wall to secrete _____ and _____

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen

32
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

is responsible for the strong acidic condition of the stomach

with such an acidic environment, ingested proteins are denatured thus, facilitating their digestion

A

hydrochloric acid

33
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

the inactive pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme called _____

A

pepsin

34
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

breaks down protein into peptides and amino acids

A

pepsin

35
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

there is only a partial digestion of proteins in the stomach, whereas no digestion of _____ and _____ takes place in the stomach

A

cho and lipids

36
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

the very acidic conditions in the stomach inactivate the polysaccharide-digesting enzyme _____

A

alpha amylase

37
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

to protect the stomach wall from a very acidic content, _____ is secreted forming a protective covering

A

mucus

38
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

the major digestive and absorptive organ

A

small intestine

39
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

measuring about 20 ft in length, it is the body’s longest organ

its 1.5-inch diameter is much smaller than of the large intestine

A

small intestine

40
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

small intestine extends from the _____ to the ileocecal valve

A

pyloric sphincter

41
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

small intestine has 3 sections, which connects into the large intestine or colon

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

42
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

circular folds, vili, and microvilli increase the surface area for _____ and ______

A

digestion and absorption

43
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

the chyme leaving the stomach bypasses the opening from the _____ that receives secretions from the gall bladder and the pancreas

A

common bile duct

44
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

the liquefied chyme travels the 3 sections of the small intestine

A

-

45
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

bile, which is made in the _____ and stored in the gallbladder, is emptied into the small intestine to aid lipid digestion

it breaks fat into smaller particles

A

liver

46
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

bile, which is made in the liver and stored in the _____, is emptied into the small intestine to aid lipid digestion

it breaks fat into smaller particles

A

gallbladder

47
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

bile contains electrolytes, a variety of fatty substances, bile salts, and bile pigments in an aqueous medium

A

-

48
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

are emulsifying agents; they disperse fats and form water-soluble micelles, which solubilize the products of fat digestion

A

bile sats

49
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

released by the small intestine stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax, allowing bile (and pancreatic juice) to enter the duodenum

A

cholecystokinin

50
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

cholecystokinin released by the small intestine stimulates the _____ to contract and the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax, allowing bile (and pancreatic juice) to enter the duodenum

A

gallbladder

51
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

cholecystokinin released by the small intestine stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the _____ to relax, allowing bile (and pancreatic juice) to enter the duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

52
Q

the presence of chyme in the small intestine stimulates the release of 2 gastrointestinal hormones

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

53
Q

these 2 hormones stimulate the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate, an alkali with neutralizes the acidic chyme

the neutralization of the hydrochloric acid in chyme raises the pH levels (pH 5-8) activates the digestive enzymes in the lumen of the small intestine

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

54
Q

these 2 hormones stimulate the gallbladder to contract to release the stored bile

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

55
Q

large intestine

from the small intestine, chyme passes through another sphincter, _____, at the start of the large intestine or colon

A

ileocecal valve

56
Q

the subdivisions of the large intestine are (4)

A

cecum (and appendix), colon, rectum, and anal canal

57
Q

major functions of the large intestine are

A

-absorption of water, some electrolytes, vitamins made by enteric bacteria, and defecation

58
Q

when is the defecation reflex triggered

A

when feces enter the rectum

59
Q

digestion - muscular action

wavelike muscular contractions of the GIT that push its contents along

A

peristalsis

60
Q

digestion - muscular action

has the thickest walls and strongest muscles of all the gi tract organs

A

stomach action

61
Q

digestion - muscular action

composed of circular, longitudinal, and diagonal muscles

these 3 sets of muscles work to force the chyme downward, but the pyloric sphincter usually remains tightly closed, preventing the chyme from passing into the duodenum of the small intestine

result: chyme is churned and forced down, this the pyloric sphincter, and remains in the stomach

A

stomach action

62
Q

digestion - muscular action

contraction of circular muscles in small intestine, which mixes the chyme, promoting close contact with the digestive juices and the absorbing cells of the intestinal walls before letting the contents move slowly along

A

segmentation

63
Q

digestion - muscular action

sphincter muscles periodically open and close, allowing the contents of the GI tract to move along at a controlled pace

these are the upper and lower esophageal sphincters, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve, tightness of the rectal muscle, and sphincters of the anus

A

sphincter contractions

64
Q

the presence of _____ and _____ structures (finger-like projections) increases the absorptive capacity of the small intestine

A

villi and microvilli

65
Q

the process by which digested food material passes through the epithelial cells of the GI tract (mainly the small intestine) into the blood or lymph

A

absorption

66
Q

absorption - mechanisms

some nutrients (water and small lipids) are absorbed by simple diffusion

they cross into intestinal cells freely

A

simple diffusion

67
Q

absorption - mechanisms

some nutrients (water-soluble vitamins) are absorbed by facilitated diffusion

they need a specific carrier to transport them from one side of the cell membrane to the other

*facilitated diffusion may occur when the carrier changes the cell membrane in such a way that the nutrients can pass thru

A

facilitated diffusion

68
Q

absorption - mechanisms

some nutrients (glucose and amino acids) must be absorbed actively

these nutrients move against a concentration gradient, which requires energy

A

active transport

69
Q

absorption - mechanisms

process in which the cell membrane engulfs the molecule, forming a sac that separates from the membrane and moves into the cell

A

endocytosis

70
Q

absorption - mechanisms

nutrients leaving the digestive system via the blood are routed directly to the _____ before being transported to the body’s cells

A

liver

71
Q

absorption - mechanisms

nutrients leaving via the lymphatic system (large fats and fat-soluble vitamins) will enter the _____ but bypass the liver at first

A

vascular system

72
Q

supplies oxygen and absorbed nutrients to the lungc

A

pulmonary circulation

73
Q

pertains to the sum of reactions and processes involving building up (anabolic) or breaking down (catabolic) of compounds to yield energy and other functional substances

A

metabolism

74
Q

is the separation and elimination of waste matter and water from the blood, tissues, or organs

these wastes include urine, feces, and perspiration

A

excretion

NBCD (55 decks)

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