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NBCD > Chapter 1: Nutrition (1) > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Nutrition (1) Flashcards

1
Q

plays an important role in the utilization of ingested nutrients and water

A

digestive system

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2
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

also called the gastrointestinal tract (GI) or gut

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

is the continuous muscular tube from the mouth to the anus

A

alimentary canal

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4
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

it digests food and absorbs the digested fragments through its lining into the blood

A

alimentary canal

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5
Q

organs of the alimentary canal (6)

A

-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine

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6
Q

accessory digestive organs (6)

A

-teeth
-tongue
-gall bladder

large digestive organs
-salivary glands
-liver
-pancreas

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7
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

location of teeth and tongue in the accessory digestive organs

A

mouth or oral cavity

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8
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

location of digestive glands and gall bladder in the accessory digestive organs lie outside the

A

gi tract

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9
Q

digestive system: organs of the alimentary and accessory digestive system organs

produce a variety of secretions that help break down food

A

accessory digestive organs

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10
Q

digestive system

process by which food is broken down into absorbable units

A

digestion

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11
Q

digestive system

it is the body’s ingenious way of breaking down foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption

A

digestion

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12
Q

digestive tract - anatomy

where digestion begins

A

mouth

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13
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (mouth)

act of taking food into the body and swallowing it

A

ingestion

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14
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (mouth)

the process of biting and chewing with teeth and jaw

breaks food into small particles that are then exposed to enzymes

fine particles ease swallowing and passage through the git

A

mastication

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15
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (mouth)

soft mass of chewed food swallowed at one time

A

bolus

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16
Q

food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of salivary glands

the mucus-like saliva performs 3 functions:
1. it mixes with food, _____ dry foods and _____ thicker foods

A

lubricating; diluting

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17
Q

food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of salivary glands

the mucus-like saliva performs 3 functions:
2. it provides _____ (a polysaccharide digestive enzyme)

A

alpha amylase

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18
Q

food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of salivary glands

the mucus-like saliva performs 3 functions:
2. it provides _____ (a lipid-digestive enzyme)

A

lipid-digesting enzyme

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19
Q

food in the mouth stimulates the secretion of salivary glands

the mucus-like saliva performs 3 functions:
3. it dissolves some molecules in food, allowing them to interact with chemoreceptors in the mouth, giving rise to _____

A

taste sensation

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20
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (mouth)

mechanically divides food into smaller particles

this action enables the enzymes to readily act on food because of the resulting larger surface area

A

chewing or mastication

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21
Q

digestive tract - anatomy

measures about 10 inches long, connects the mouth to the stomach

A

esophagus

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22
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (esophagus)

food, lubricated with saliva, is rolled into a small ball (_____) by the tongue to the top of the esophagus

A

bolus

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23
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (esophagus)

food is prevented from entering the respiratory tract and lungs by the _____. a small flap at the top of the trachea

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (esophagus)

the bolus in the esophagus is then propelled to the stomach by _____ (rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the esophageal muscles) and gravity

A

peristalsis

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25
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (esophagus)

_____ reduces further the size of food particles and mixes them throughly with digestive secretions

A

peristalsis

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26
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

gastric secretions that mix with the bolus to form chyme include (1) _____ (secreted from parietal cells)

A

hydrochloric acid

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27
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

gastric secretions that mix with the bolus to form chyme include (2) _____ (a hormone secreted by G cells)

A

gastrin

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28
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

gastric secretions that mix with the bolus to form chyme include (3) _____ (secreted by the parietal cells), a protein maintained at pH 1.5-1.7

A

intrinsic factor

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29
Q

3 gastric secretions

A

hydrochloric acid
gastrin
intrinsic factor

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30
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

food in the stomach cause the release of the hormone _____, which in turn stimulates the stomach wall to secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen

A

gastrin

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31
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

food in the stomach cause the release of the hormone gastrin, which in turn stimulates the stomach wall to secrete _____ and _____

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen

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32
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

is responsible for the strong acidic condition of the stomach

with such an acidic environment, ingested proteins are denatured thus, facilitating their digestion

A

hydrochloric acid

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33
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

the inactive pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme called _____

A

pepsin

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34
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

breaks down protein into peptides and amino acids

A

pepsin

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35
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

there is only a partial digestion of proteins in the stomach, whereas no digestion of _____ and _____ takes place in the stomach

A

cho and lipids

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36
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

the very acidic conditions in the stomach inactivate the polysaccharide-digesting enzyme _____

A

alpha amylase

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37
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (stomach)

to protect the stomach wall from a very acidic content, _____ is secreted forming a protective covering

A

mucus

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38
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

the major digestive and absorptive organ

A

small intestine

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39
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

measuring about 20 ft in length, it is the body’s longest organ

its 1.5-inch diameter is much smaller than of the large intestine

A

small intestine

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40
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

small intestine extends from the _____ to the ileocecal valve

A

pyloric sphincter

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41
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

small intestine has 3 sections, which connects into the large intestine or colon

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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42
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

circular folds, vili, and microvilli increase the surface area for _____ and ______

A

digestion and absorption

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43
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

the chyme leaving the stomach bypasses the opening from the _____ that receives secretions from the gall bladder and the pancreas

A

common bile duct

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44
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

the liquefied chyme travels the 3 sections of the small intestine

A

-

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45
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

bile, which is made in the _____ and stored in the gallbladder, is emptied into the small intestine to aid lipid digestion

it breaks fat into smaller particles

A

liver

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46
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

bile, which is made in the liver and stored in the _____, is emptied into the small intestine to aid lipid digestion

it breaks fat into smaller particles

A

gallbladder

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47
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

bile contains electrolytes, a variety of fatty substances, bile salts, and bile pigments in an aqueous medium

A

-

48
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

are emulsifying agents; they disperse fats and form water-soluble micelles, which solubilize the products of fat digestion

A

bile sats

49
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

released by the small intestine stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax, allowing bile (and pancreatic juice) to enter the duodenum

A

cholecystokinin

50
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

cholecystokinin released by the small intestine stimulates the _____ to contract and the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax, allowing bile (and pancreatic juice) to enter the duodenum

A

gallbladder

51
Q

digestive tract - anatomy (small intestine)

cholecystokinin released by the small intestine stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the _____ to relax, allowing bile (and pancreatic juice) to enter the duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

52
Q

the presence of chyme in the small intestine stimulates the release of 2 gastrointestinal hormones

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

53
Q

these 2 hormones stimulate the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate, an alkali with neutralizes the acidic chyme

the neutralization of the hydrochloric acid in chyme raises the pH levels (pH 5-8) activates the digestive enzymes in the lumen of the small intestine

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

54
Q

these 2 hormones stimulate the gallbladder to contract to release the stored bile

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

55
Q

large intestine

from the small intestine, chyme passes through another sphincter, _____, at the start of the large intestine or colon

A

ileocecal valve

56
Q

the subdivisions of the large intestine are (4)

A

cecum (and appendix), colon, rectum, and anal canal

57
Q

major functions of the large intestine are

A

-absorption of water, some electrolytes, vitamins made by enteric bacteria, and defecation

58
Q

when is the defecation reflex triggered

A

when feces enter the rectum

59
Q

digestion - muscular action

wavelike muscular contractions of the GIT that push its contents along

A

peristalsis

60
Q

digestion - muscular action

has the thickest walls and strongest muscles of all the gi tract organs

A

small intestine

61
Q

digestion - muscular action

composed of circular, longitudinal, and diagonal muscles

these 3 sets of muscles work to force the chyme downward, but the pyloric sphincter usually remains tightly closed, preventing the chyme from passing into the duodenum of the small intestine

result: chyme is churned and forced down, this the pyloric sphincter, and remains in the stomach

A

small intestine

62
Q

digestion - muscular action

contraction of circular muscles in small intestine, which mixes the chyme, promoting close contact with the digestive juices and the absorbing cells of the intestinal walls before letting the contents move slowly along

A

segmentation

63
Q

digestion - muscular action

sphincter muscles periodically open and close, allowing the contents of the GI tract to move along at a controlled pace

these are the upper and lower esophageal sphincters, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve, tightness of the rectal muscle, and sphincters of the anus

A

sphincter contractions

64
Q

the presence of _____ and _____ structures (finger-like projections) increases the absorptive capacity of the small intestine

A

villi and microvilli

65
Q

the process by which digested food material passes through the epithelial cells of the GI tract (mainly the small intestine) into the blood or lymph

A

absorption

66
Q

absorption - mechanisms

some nutrients (water and small lipids) are absorbed by simple diffusion

they cross into intestinal cells freely

A

simple diffusion

67
Q

absorption - mechanisms

some nutrients (water-soluble vitamins) are absorbed by facilitated diffusion

they need a specific carrier to transport them from one side of the cell membrane to the other

*facilitated diffusion may occur when the carrier changes the cell membrane in such a way that the nutrients can pass thru

A

facilitated diffusion

68
Q

absorption - mechanisms

some nutrients (glucose and amino acids) must be absorbed actively

these nutrients move against a concentration gradient, which requires energy

A

active transport

69
Q

absorption - mechanisms

process in which the cell membrane engulfs the molecule, forming a sac that separates from the membrane and moves into the cell

A

endocytosis

70
Q

absorption - mechanisms

nutrients leaving the digestive system via the blood are routed directly to the _____ before being transported to the body’s cells

A

liver

71
Q

absorption - mechanisms

nutrients leaving via the lymphatic system (large fats and fat-soluble vitamins) will enter the _____ but bypass the liver at first

A

vascular system

72
Q

supplies oxygen and absorbed nutrients to the lungc

A

pulmonary circulation

73
Q

pertains to the sum of reactions and processes involving building up (anabolic) or breaking down (catabolic) of compounds to yield energy and other functional substances

A

metabolism

74
Q

is the separation and elimination of waste matter and water from the blood, tissues, or organs

these wastes include urine, feces, and perspiration

A

excretion

75
Q

organs of excretion (4)

A

lungs, skin, kidney, intestines

76
Q

organs of excretion

excrete carbon dioxide and water

A

lungs

77
Q

organs of excretion

secretes mainly water with some salts

A

skin

78
Q

organs of excretion

excrete water, salts, and nitrogenous substances like urea

A

kidneys

79
Q

organs of excretion

excrete mineral sats, waste productions in bile, food residues, and some water

A

intestines

80
Q

excretion - process

a) excretion through the _____

surplus co2 that is continually formed by oxidation of the energy-yielding nutrients in the tissues

A

lungs

81
Q

excretion - process

b) excretion through the skin

water lost through perspiration includes
1. small amounts of _____ products like urea, etc

A

nitrogenous waste

82
Q

excretion - process

b) excretion through the skin

water lost through perspiration includes
2. small amounts of _____ like sodium chloride, etc.

A

mineral salts

83
Q

excretion - process

c) excretion by the kidneys

2 glandular organs situated at the back of the abdominal cavity on either side of the spinal column

these are directly connected by means of a large artery and vein, respectively, with the main arterial and venous trunks of the body

these are perfused by a large amount of blood

A

kidneys

84
Q

excretion - process

c) excretion by the kidneys

functional unit of the kidneys

A

nephron

85
Q

excretion - process

nephrons are made of:
-network of capillaries

A

glomerulus

86
Q

excretion - process

nephrons are made of:
double-walled, funnel-like in shape, surrounds the glomerulus

A

bowman’s capsule

87
Q

excretion - process

nephrons are made of:
proximal convoluted tubule, henle’s loop, and distal convoluted tubule

A

-

88
Q

excretion - process

mechanism of excretion by the kidney

the semipermeable membrane of the glomerulus allows cleaning of _____ reaching the glomeruli

A

blood

89
Q

excretion - process

mechanism of excretion by the kidney

filtrate includes salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and limited amounts of simple proteins

as the filtrate passes thru tubular cells (proximal tubule, distal tubule, and henle’s loop), the useful substances such as glucose, amino acids and most of the water are reabsorbed

A

-

90
Q

excretion - process

mechanism of excretion by the kidney

the ureter collects from the urinary bladder 96% water, waste products made up of urea (about half of the total solids), uric acid, creatinine, and ammonium salts

A

urine

91
Q

factors affecting excretion though the kidneys

hormones like _____ (ADH) and _____

A

antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

92
Q

factors affecting excretion though the kidneys

_____ (substances that stimulate urine flow)

A

diuretics

93
Q

factors affecting excretion though the kidneys

amount of blood supply to the kidneys

A

-

94
Q

factors affecting excretion though the kidneys - dietary factors

_____ and _____ intake requires dilution that increases the sensation of thirst and dehydration of the cells

A

sodium and sugar

95
Q

factors affecting excretion though the kidneys - dietary factors

excretion of large amounts of urea resulting from a high _____ intake also requires extra water

A

protein

96
Q

kidney - functions

filtration

A

-

97
Q

kidney - functions

balance of

A

electrolyte and water

98
Q

kidney - functions

acid-base balance

A

-

99
Q

kidney - functions

secretes erythropoietin, rennin, prostaglandins, and bradykinins

A

-

100
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

the undigested and unabsorbed material expelled thru the anus is known as _____

A

feces

101
Q

kidney - functions

hormonal breakdown

A

-

102
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

feces - composition

indigestible, undigested, and unabsorbed _____ residues

A

food residues

103
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

feces - composition

residues from digestive secretions, mucus, and cell debris from the lining of the ______

A

alimentary tract

104
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

feces - composition

bacteria and the products of their action, composes about 1/10 of the feces consisting bacteria (both living and dead)

A

-

105
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

feces - composition

water that composes 60-70% of ordinary feces

A

-

106
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

amount of water ingested

A

-

107
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

indigestible substances, chiefly _____ and other complex cho

A

cellulose

108
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

growth of intestinal bacteria

A

-

109
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

laxatives

A

-

110
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

types and amount of food taken

A

-

111
Q

excretion thru the large intestine

psychological influences such as hurry and nervous stress

A

-

112
Q

excretion process - intestine

the large intestine composed of the ascending, descending, and transverse colon allows the undigested/digested food items to:

  1. enter the _____ and allows reabsorption of water and electrolytes until feces are formed
A

ileocecal valve

113
Q

excretion process - intestine

the large intestine composed of the ascending, descending, and transverse colon allows the undigested/digested food items to:

  1. defecate thru the _____ and gastrocolic reflex
A

peristaltic waves

114
Q

excretion process - intestine

the large intestine composed of the ascending, descending, and transverse colon allows the undigested/digested food items to:

  1. ferment thru _____ e.g. fibers yiled short chain fatty acids
A

bacterial action

115
Q

excretion process - intestine

the large intestine composed of the ascending, descending, and transverse colon allows the undigested/digested food items to:

other waste products are secreted thru

A

hair and nails

NBCD (89 decks)

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