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NBCD > Chapter 28: MNT in Metabolic Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 28: MNT in Metabolic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

happens when abnormal chemical reaction in the body disturbs the process of metabolism causing the body to have too much of some substances or too little of other ones

A

metabolic disorder

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2
Q

refers to abnormally low glucose level in blood that occurs when the body utilized glucose too rapidly, rate of release of glucose falls behind tissue demands, or excess insulin enters the bloodstream

A

hypoglycemia

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3
Q

hypoglycemia - types

may occur in individuals with diabetes due to administration of too much insulin or oral diabetes medications

A

reactive hypoglycemia

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4
Q

hypoglycemia - types

may also occur to individuals without diabetes due to a sharp increase in insulin release after a meal

other caused may be associated with dumping syndrome after gastric injury

A

reactive hypoglycemia

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5
Q

hypoglycemia - types

symptoms: sweating, palpitations, anxiety, and tremulousness

A

reactive hypoglycemia

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6
Q

hypoglycemia - types

diet mgmt: small, frequent meals of complex cho, fiber, and a protein source

A

reactive hypoglycemia

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7
Q

hypoglycemia - types

results from excess insulin or insulin-like substances that are secreted as a result of external factors such as alcohol or drug ingestion, tumors, hepatic disease, and chronic renal insufficiency

A

fasting hypoglycemia

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8
Q

hypoglycemia - types

symptoms: neuroglycopenia

A

fasting hypoglycemia

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9
Q

hypoglycemia - types

diet mgmt: high cho to increase the blood sugar level

A

fasting hypoglycemia

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10
Q

refers to an excessive secretion of thyroxine

A

hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

the hormone that regulates basal metabolic rate

A

thyroxine

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12
Q

characteristics:

-weight loss
-engorgement in the eyes
-protrusion of the thyroid gland
-increased appetite
-increased bmr (at least 50%)
-heat intolerance

A

hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

hyperthyroidism - medical mgmt

A

antithyroid drugs, surgery

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14
Q

the deficient production of thyroxine due to lack of iodine

A

hypothyroidism

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15
Q

characteristics:

-decreased bmr (30-40%)
-weight gain
-puffy face, eyelids, hands
-muscular flabbiness
-fatigue
-cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

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16
Q

hypothyroidism - medical mgmt

A

thyroxine

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17
Q

hypothyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet?
rationale: to prevent weight gain due to low BMR

A

low calorie

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18
Q

hypothyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet?
rationale: for iodine deficiency

A

iodine

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19
Q

hyperthyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: for increased BMR

A

high kcal

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20
Q

hyperthyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: for energy metabolism

A

supplementation of vitamins/minerals

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21
Q

is the hypersecretion of the parathyroid gland characterized by hypercalcemia

A

hyperparathyroidism

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22
Q

manifestations: nausea, irritability, vomiting, osteoporosis, lethargy, kidney stones, and constipation

A

hyperparathyroidism

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23
Q

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to lower Ca levels

A

phosphate binders

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24
Q

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to prevent formation of Ca containing renal stones

A

high fluid intake

25
Q

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to promote renal clearance and Ca excretion

A

Na (infused IV)

26
Q

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: acidifies urine and prevent Ca-stone formation

A

acid-ash diet

27
Q

hyperparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: promotes deposition of Ca into the skeleton

A

phosphate

28
Q

refers to the hyposecretion of the parathyroid gland characterized by the hyperirritability of the nervous system as manifested by convulsions, cramps, muscle twitching, and spasm

A

hypoparathyroidism

29
Q

etiology: absence or abnormality of the parathyroid gland

A

hypoparathyroidism

30
Q

nutritional and metabolic actions of what gland?

-increases renal calcium retention
-increases renal phosphate excretion
-stimulates intestinal calcium absorption
-stimulates bone resorption
-stimulates bone anabolism
-stimulates kidney production of the active form of vitamin D

A

parathyroid gland

31
Q

hypoparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to normalize calcium levels

A

high calcium

32
Q

hypoparathyroidism - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: for increased calcium absorption

A

high vitamin d

33
Q

refers to the hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex; low aldosterone and cortisol

A

addison’s disease

34
Q

characteristics: weight loss, asthenia, hyperpigmentation. arterial hypotension, hyponatremia and dehydration, and hyperkalemia, increased glycogenolysis, decreased gluconeogenesis

A

addison’s disease

35
Q

addison’s disease - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to increase the level of Na

A

high Na

36
Q

addison’s disease - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: for underweight because of weight loss due to low supply of glucocorticoids

A

high kcal

37
Q

refers to the hypersecretion of hormones in the adrenal cortex

A

cushing’s disease

38
Q

characteristics:

-weight gain
-increased glycogeneis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acids synthesis
-hyperglycemia
-truncal obesity
-buffalo lump
-stimulation of appetite
-low calcium levels
-hypernatremia, edema, hypertension
-wasting
-menstrual changes
-emotional changes
-delayed wound healing
-hypokalemia

A

cushing’s disease

39
Q

cushing’s disease - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to control edema and hypertension

A

low Na

40
Q

cushing’s disease - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to prevent hypokalemia

A

high K

41
Q

cushing’s disease - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: for obese to promote weight loss

A

low kcal

42
Q

refers to the inability of the body to metabolize copper because of lack of ceruloplasmin

A

wilson’s disease

43
Q

transport protein of copper

A

ceruloplasmin

44
Q

characteristics: deposition of copper in the brain

A

wilson’s disease

45
Q

wilson’s disease - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: to prevent Cu retention

A

copper-restricted

46
Q

a disorder in iron metabolism

the deposition of hemosiderin in liver and spleen resulting to bronzed skin

A

hemochromatosis

47
Q

hemochromatosis - dietary mgmt

diet: ?
rationale: because of increased storage of iron

A

fe-restricted

48
Q

group of diseases that affect a wide variety of metabolic processes

A

inborn errors of metabolism

49
Q

these are genetic errors caused by defects in specific proteins (enzymes) needed to break down some food parts

some of the symptoms are fatal and irreversible

A

inborn errors of metabolism

50
Q

inborn errors of metabolism - mgmt

a simple procedure to find out if an infant has a congenital metabolic disorder that may lead to mental retardation or even death if left untreated

it is done immediately after 24 hrs from birth

A

newborn screening

51
Q

inborn errors of metabolism - common diseases

a genetically inherited birth defect that causes an unwanted buildup of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood

A

phenylketonuria (PKU)

52
Q

the build-up of phenylketonuria results from the absence or deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that converts 1 amino acid, phenylalanine, to another amino acid, tyrosine

A

phenylketonuria

53
Q

amino acid involved in phenylketonuria

A

phenylalanine

54
Q

inborn errors of metabolism - common diseases

symptoms: mental retardation, lack of pigmentation, apathy, poor physical development, death

A

phenylketonuria

55
Q

phenylketonuria - dietary mgmt

A

phenylalanine-restricted

56
Q

inborn errors of metabolism - common diseases

refers to the failure to metabolize galactose into glucose because of the absence of galactose1-phosphate uridyl transferase

A

galactosemia

57
Q

inborn errors of metabolism - common diseases

symptoms:
-lactose intolerance: vomiting and diarrhea after drinking milk
-growth failure
-liver enlargement
-neurologic disorder

A

galactosemia

58
Q

galactosemia - dietary mgmt

-eliminate lactose
-low galactose
-use soy protein isolate formula

A

-

NBCD (89 decks)

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