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NBCD > Chapter 10: Macromineral (Calcium) > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Macromineral (Calcium) Flashcards

1
Q

calcium - characteristics

makes up 1.5-2% of body weight; the body of an adult usually contains _____ of calcium

A

1200g

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2
Q

calcium - characteristics

about 99% of the mineral is present in _____ (2)

A

bones and teeth

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3
Q

calcium - characteristics

about 99% of the mineral is present in bones and teeth and as a component of _____ (2)

A

hydroxyapatite crystals and amorphous calcium phosphate

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4
Q

calcium - characteristics

remaining 1% is distributed throughout the _____ (2) (muscle, liver, heart) necessary for metabolic processes including enzyme activation, hormone function, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and membrane transport

A

blood and soft tissues

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5
Q

calcium - characteristics

it must be maintained within the narrow range of _____ mg/dl for the proper functioning of the cells

A

9-11 mg/dl

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6
Q

calcium - functions

formation of (3)

A

bone, teeth, and hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

calcium - functions

activation of some _____ involved in blood clotting

A

glycoproteins

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8
Q

calcium - functions

regulation of _____ and _____ of the muscles

A

contraction and relaxation

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9
Q

calcium - functions

activation of certain _____ (prothrombin, amylase, and trypsin) and _____ (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate carboxylase) enzymes

A

extracellular, intracellular

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10
Q

calcium - functions

regulation of ion transport across _____

A

cell membrane

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11
Q

calcium - functions

promotes absorption of (2)

A

iron and vitamin b12

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12
Q

calcium - functions

aids in _____

A

neurotransmission

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13
Q

calcium - functions

maintains enzymes

A

-

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14
Q

calcium - metabolism

absorbed calcium (usually 30%) is transported in the _____ and released into the body fluids

A

blood

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15
Q

calcium - metabolism

reabsorption of 99% of the mineral while 1% is excreted in the _____

A

urine

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16
Q

calcium - metabolism

absorbed calcium is utilized for _____ which requires vitamin d

A

bone calcification

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17
Q

calcium - metabolism

_____ stimulates the binding of calcium and calcium-binding protein

A

vitamin d

18
Q

calcium - metabolism

_____ and certain amino acids_____ (2) also enhance calcium absorption

A

lactose

lysine and arginine

19
Q

calcium - metabolism

1/3 of calcium is temporarily stored in the _____, which can be mobilized to maintain normal blood ca levels

A

bones

20
Q

calcium - metabolism

_____ (or parthormone) secreted by the parathyroid gland and calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland play a role in calcium homeostasis

A

parathyroid hormone

21
Q

parathyroid hormone is also known as

A

parathormone

22
Q

calcium - metabolism

_____ with vitamin d favors intestinal absorption of ca and renal reabsorption of ca

A

parathyroid hormone

23
Q

calcium - metabolism

calcium absorption is decreased by foods containing large amounts of _____ or _____ both of which will form an insoluble calcium

A

phytates or oxalates

24
Q

calcium - metabolism

excess ______ in the diet or impaired digestion of fat may also reduce ca absorption thru the formation of insoluble calcium salts

A

fat

25
Q

calcium - deficiency

among children

A

stunted growth, retarded calcification of bones and teeth

26
Q

calcium - deficiency

_____ due to lack of calcium or phosphorous, lack of vitamin d or imbalance in Ca:P ratio

A

rickets

27
Q

calcium - deficiency

refers to the condition in which absolute amount of bone in the skeleton has been diminished but the remaining bone mass is of normal composition

A

osteoporosis

28
Q

calcium - deficiency

or the decalcification of bone occurs when there is a reduction in the mineral content of the bone but not in the total amount of bone

A

osteomalacia

29
Q

calcium - deficiency

pertains to the reduction of circulating ionized Ca resulting in increased excitability of the nerve and spasmodic and uncontrolled contractions of muscle tissues

A

tetany

30
Q

calcium - deficiency
-HPN
-colon cancer
-vitamin d deficiency
-long-term dietary inadequacy
-high-fiber diets
-fat malabsorption/steatorrhea
-achlorhydria
-immobilization
-decreased gi transit time
-stress
-long-term use of thiazide diuretics

A

calcium deficiency

31
Q

absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretions.

A

achlorhydria

32
Q

populations with increased ca deficiency

teenagers
older women
pregnant and lactating

A

populations with increased ca deficiency

33
Q

calcium - toxicity

a condition characterized by an excess of calcium in the blood and soft tissues

occurs in infants with high intake of vitamin d

A

hypercalcemia

34
Q

calcium - toxicity

a state of tonic muscle contraction that results when ca levels rise above normal due to abnormality in parathyroid functioning

A

calcium rigor

35
Q

calcium - toxicity

_____ calculi

A

hypercalciuria/renal calculi

36
Q

calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients

(5) affect calcium absorption and metabolism

A

vitamin d, phosphorous, sodium, protein, fiber

37
Q

calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients

_____ (another divalent cation) competes with calcium for absorption and is needed for the secretion of PTH

A

magnesium

38
Q

calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients

malabsorption of _____ can interfere with ca absorption due to the formation of soaps

A

fat

39
Q

calcium - recommended intake

low per capita animal protein intake level of _____ g only compared with 60-80 g in developed countries

A

20-40 g

40
Q

calcium - food sources

milk and milk products, small fish with bones (dilis, dried and fresh), calcium-set tofu (bean curd), legumes, spinach, chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli, alamang (dried and fresh) and dried fish

shellfish, crustaceans, soybeans, monggo, and other dried beans as well as leafy vegetables

A

calcium food sources

NBCD (89 decks)

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