Chapter 10: Macromineral (Calcium) Flashcards
calcium - characteristics
makes up 1.5-2% of body weight; the body of an adult usually contains _____ of calcium
1200g
calcium - characteristics
about 99% of the mineral is present in _____ (2)
bones and teeth
calcium - characteristics
about 99% of the mineral is present in bones and teeth and as a component of _____ (2)
hydroxyapatite crystals and amorphous calcium phosphate
calcium - characteristics
remaining 1% is distributed throughout the _____ (2) (muscle, liver, heart) necessary for metabolic processes including enzyme activation, hormone function, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and membrane transport
blood and soft tissues
calcium - characteristics
it must be maintained within the narrow range of _____ mg/dl for the proper functioning of the cells
9-11 mg/dl
calcium - functions
formation of (3)
bone, teeth, and hydroxyapatite
calcium - functions
activation of some _____ involved in blood clotting
glycoproteins
calcium - functions
regulation of _____ and _____ of the muscles
contraction and relaxation
calcium - functions
activation of certain _____ (prothrombin, amylase, and trypsin) and _____ (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate carboxylase) enzymes
extracellular, intracellular
calcium - functions
regulation of ion transport across _____
cell membrane
calcium - functions
promotes absorption of (2)
iron and vitamin b12
calcium - functions
aids in _____
neurotransmission
calcium - functions
maintains enzymes
-
calcium - metabolism
absorbed calcium (usually 30%) is transported in the _____ and released into the body fluids
blood
calcium - metabolism
reabsorption of 99% of the mineral while 1% is excreted in the _____
urine
calcium - metabolism
absorbed calcium is utilized for _____ which requires vitamin d
bone calcification
calcium - metabolism
_____ stimulates the binding of calcium and calcium-binding protein
vitamin d
calcium - metabolism
_____ and certain amino acids_____ (2) also enhance calcium absorption
lactose
lysine and arginine
calcium - metabolism
1/3 of calcium is temporarily stored in the _____, which can be mobilized to maintain normal blood ca levels
bones
calcium - metabolism
_____ (or parthormone) secreted by the parathyroid gland and calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland play a role in calcium homeostasis
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone is also known as
parathormone
calcium - metabolism
_____ with vitamin d favors intestinal absorption of ca and renal reabsorption of ca
parathyroid hormone
calcium - metabolism
calcium absorption is decreased by foods containing large amounts of _____ or _____ both of which will form an insoluble calcium
phytates or oxalates
calcium - metabolism
excess ______ in the diet or impaired digestion of fat may also reduce ca absorption thru the formation of insoluble calcium salts
fat
calcium - deficiency
among children
stunted growth, retarded calcification of bones and teeth
calcium - deficiency
_____ due to lack of calcium or phosphorous, lack of vitamin d or imbalance in Ca:P ratio
rickets
calcium - deficiency
refers to the condition in which absolute amount of bone in the skeleton has been diminished but the remaining bone mass is of normal composition
osteoporosis
calcium - deficiency
or the decalcification of bone occurs when there is a reduction in the mineral content of the bone but not in the total amount of bone
osteomalacia
calcium - deficiency
pertains to the reduction of circulating ionized Ca resulting in increased excitability of the nerve and spasmodic and uncontrolled contractions of muscle tissues
tetany
calcium - deficiency
-HPN
-colon cancer
-vitamin d deficiency
-long-term dietary inadequacy
-high-fiber diets
-fat malabsorption/steatorrhea
-achlorhydria
-immobilization
-decreased gi transit time
-stress
-long-term use of thiazide diuretics
calcium deficiency
absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretions.
achlorhydria
populations with increased ca deficiency
teenagers
older women
pregnant and lactating
populations with increased ca deficiency
calcium - toxicity
a condition characterized by an excess of calcium in the blood and soft tissues
occurs in infants with high intake of vitamin d
hypercalcemia
calcium - toxicity
a state of tonic muscle contraction that results when ca levels rise above normal due to abnormality in parathyroid functioning
calcium rigor
calcium - toxicity
_____ calculi
hypercalciuria/renal calculi
calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients
(5) affect calcium absorption and metabolism
vitamin d, phosphorous, sodium, protein, fiber
calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients
_____ (another divalent cation) competes with calcium for absorption and is needed for the secretion of PTH
magnesium
calcium - interrelationship with other nutrients
malabsorption of _____ can interfere with ca absorption due to the formation of soaps
fat
calcium - recommended intake
low per capita animal protein intake level of _____ g only compared with 60-80 g in developed countries
20-40 g
calcium - food sources
milk and milk products, small fish with bones (dilis, dried and fresh), calcium-set tofu (bean curd), legumes, spinach, chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli, alamang (dried and fresh) and dried fish
shellfish, crustaceans, soybeans, monggo, and other dried beans as well as leafy vegetables
calcium food sources
