Chapter 7: CHO - Metabolic Reactions (Glycolysis) Flashcards
reactions that involves the breaking down of molecules into smaller ones and yield energy
catabolism
uses energy to create larger molecules from small molecules
anabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions, either catabolic or anabolic, that occur in living cells
metabolism
the degenerative pathway where glucose is converted to pyruvate
it is integrated to many biochemical processes
glycolysis
d-glucose is oxidized to _____ or _____
pyruvate or lactate
oxidation of d-glucose to pyruvate or lactate is linked to glycogen metabolism through
d-glucose 6 phosphate
-generating adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)
-producing pyruvate
-forming intermediate compounds for other metabolic processes such as: glycerol 3-phosphate (triglyceride and phospholipid biosynthesis); 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes; pyruvate for alanine synthesis; etc.
other functions of glycolysis
in the brain and erythrocytes
this enzyme involved enables them to utilize glucose even when it is present in low concentrations
hexokinase
in the liver
this reaction is catalyzed by _____ (_____)
liver acts as supplier of glucose when the supply is limited
glucokinase (hexokinase d)
tissues
involved with enzyme hexokinase
brain and erythrocytes
tissues involved in the catalyzation of glucokinase
liver
- processes involved
converted to fructose 6-phosphate and phosphorylated for a second time by phosphofructokinase, using ATP
glucose-6-phosphate
- processes involved
the resulting _____ is split into 2 interconvertible triose phosphates, glyceraldehydes 3-phosphates and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
fructose 1,6-biphosphate
- processes involved
the resulting fructose 1,6-biphosphate is split into 2 interconvertible triose phosphates,
glyceraldehydes 3-phosphates and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- processes involved
a complex reaction follows, catalyzed by _____ in which glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized using NAD+ as a coenzyme and inorganic phosphate as a second substrate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH
glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- processes involved
a complex reaction follows, catalyzed by glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in which glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized using _____ as a coenzyme and _____ as a second substrate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH
NAD+
inorganic phosphate
- processes involved
a complex reaction follows, catalyzed by glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in which glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized using NAD+ as a coenzyme and inorganic phosphate as a second substrate to form _____
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH
- processes involved
subsequent reactions lead to the formation of _____, the phosphate that is readily transferable to ADP to yield ATP (another 2 molecules per glucose molecule). the enzyme is involved in pyruvate kinase
phosphoenolpyruvate
- processes involved
subsequent reactions lead to the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate, the phosphate that is readily transferable to ADP to yield ATP (another 2 molecules per glucose molecule). the enzyme is involved in _____
pyruvate kinase
- processes involved
the next energy yield in glycolysis starting with 1 molecule of glucose is _____ molecules of ATP
2 molecules of atp
- processes involved
glycolysis involved at several sites, mechanism depends on the tissue involved
in the brain, skeletal muscle, and erythrocytes, glycolysis is _____
catabolic, energy-producing pathway
- processes involved
glycolysis in involved at several sites, mechanism depends on the tissue involved
in the liver, it is a part of an overall _____
anabolic process, the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose
tissues that catabolizes glycolysis pathway
brain, skeletal muscles, erythrocytes
tissue that is involved in anabolic process
liver
tissue/organ involved in glycolysis
liver, brain, muscles
cell site of glycolysis reaction
cytosol (mitochondria)
starting material (intermediate sources) for the synthesis of triacylglycerols from
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
starting material (intermediate sources) for the synthesis of glycogen from
glucose 1-phosphate
starting material (intermediate sources) for the synthesis of alanine from
pyruvate
end product of this reaction is _____
pyruvate
pyruvate is the precursor of the formation of
acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) or lactate
- summary of the reaction
reaction start with the formation of
glucose-6 phosphate
- summary of the reaction
splitting glucose-6 phosphate into
glyceraldehydes-3 phosphate
- summary of the reaction
oxidation of _____ to _____
3-phosphoglyceraldehyade to pyruvate
activators
when oxygen is adequate, glucose enters the _____, where it is converted to carbon dioxide and water
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
activators
when oxygen is adequate, glucose enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, where it is converted to _____ and _____
carbon dioxide and water
regulators
regulation is done by availability of _____, relative concentration of NAD+/NADH, H+, and enzymatic activity of the hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase
substrates
glycolysis provides how many ATP (net ATP)
2
NET
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
