Chapter 7: CHO - Metabolic Reactions (Glycolysis)

Question 1

reactions that involves the breaking down of molecules into smaller ones and yield energy

Answer 1

catabolism

Question 2

uses energy to create larger molecules from small molecules

Answer 2

anabolism

Question 3

the sum of all the chemical reactions, either catabolic or anabolic, that occur in living cells

Answer 3

metabolism

Question 4

the degenerative pathway where glucose is converted to pyruvate

it is integrated to many biochemical processes

Answer 4

glycolysis

Question 5

d-glucose is oxidized to _____ or _____

Answer 5

pyruvate or lactate

Question 6

oxidation of d-glucose to pyruvate or lactate
is linked to glycogen metabolism through

Answer 6

d-glucose 6 phosphate

Question 7

-generating adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)
-producing pyruvate
-forming intermediate compounds for other metabolic processes such as: glycerol 3-phosphate (triglyceride and phospholipid biosynthesis); 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes; pyruvate for alanine synthesis; etc.

Answer 7

other functions of glycolysis

Question 8

in the brain and erythrocytes

this enzyme involved enables them to utilize glucose even when it is present in low concentrations

Answer 8

hexokinase

Question 9

in the liver

this reaction is catalyzed by _____ (_____)

liver acts as supplier of glucose when the supply is limited

Answer 9

glucokinase (hexokinase d)

Question 10

tissues
involved with enzyme hexokinase

Answer 10

brain and erythrocytes

Question 11

tissues involved in the catalyzation of glucokinase

Answer 11

liver

Question 12

1. processes involved

converted to fructose 6-phosphate and phosphorylated for a second time by phosphofructokinase, using ATP

Answer 12

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 13

2. processes involved

the resulting _____ is split into 2 interconvertible triose phosphates, glyceraldehydes 3-phosphates and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Answer 13

fructose 1,6-biphosphate

Question 14

2. processes involved

the resulting fructose 1,6-biphosphate is split into 2 interconvertible triose phosphates,

Answer 14

glyceraldehydes 3-phosphates and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 15

3. processes involved

a complex reaction follows, catalyzed by _____ in which glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized using NAD+ as a coenzyme and inorganic phosphate as a second substrate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH

Answer 15

glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 16

3. processes involved

a complex reaction follows, catalyzed by glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in which glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized using _____ as a coenzyme and _____ as a second substrate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH

Answer 16

NAD+
inorganic phosphate

Question 17

3. processes involved

a complex reaction follows, catalyzed by glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in which glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized using NAD+ as a coenzyme and inorganic phosphate as a second substrate to form _____

Answer 17

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH

Question 18

4. processes involved

subsequent reactions lead to the formation of _____, the phosphate that is readily transferable to ADP to yield ATP (another 2 molecules per glucose molecule). the enzyme is involved in pyruvate kinase

Answer 18

phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 19

4. processes involved

subsequent reactions lead to the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate, the phosphate that is readily transferable to ADP to yield ATP (another 2 molecules per glucose molecule). the enzyme is involved in _____

Answer 19

pyruvate kinase

Question 20

5. processes involved

the next energy yield in glycolysis starting with 1 molecule of glucose is _____ molecules of ATP

Answer 20

2 molecules of atp

Question 21

5. processes involved

glycolysis in involved at several sites, mechanism depends on the tissue involved

in the brain, skeletal muscle, and erythrocytes, glycolysis is _____

Answer 21

catabolic, energy-producing pathway

Question 22

5. processes involved

glycolysis in involved at several sites, mechanism depends on the tissue involved

in the liver, it is a part of an overall _____

Answer 22

anabolic process, the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose

Question 23

tissues that catabolizes glycolysis pathway

Answer 23

brain, skeletal muscles, erythrocytes

Question 24

tissue that is involved in anabolic process

Answer 24

liver

Question 25

tissue/organ involved in glycolysis

Answer 25

liver, brain, muscles

Question 26

cell site of glycolysis reaction

Answer 26

cytosol

Question 27

starting material (intermediate sources) for the synthesis of triacylglycerols from

Answer 27

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Question 28

starting material (intermediate sources) for the synthesis of glycogen from

Answer 28

glucose 1-phosphate

Question 29

starting material (intermediate sources) for the synthesis of alanine from

Answer 29

pyruvate

Question 30

end product of this reaction is _____

Answer 30

pyruvate

Question 31

pyruvate is the precursor of the formation of

Answer 31

acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) or lactate

Question 32

1. summary of the reaction

reaction start with the formation of

Answer 32

glucose-6 phosphate

Question 33

2. summary of the reaction

splitting glucose-6 phosphate into

Answer 33

glyceraldehydes-3 phosphate

Question 34

3. summary of the reaction

oxidation of _____ to _____

Answer 34

3-phosphoglyceraldehyade to pyruvate

Question 35

activators

when oxygen is adequate, glucose enters the _____, where it is converted to carbon dioxide and water

Answer 35

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Question 36

activators

when oxygen is adequate, glucose enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, where it is converted to _____ and _____

Answer 36

carbon dioxide and water

Question 37

regulators

regulation is done by availability of _____, relative concentration of NAD+/NADH, H+, and enzymatic activity of the hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase

Answer 37

substrates

Question 38

glycolysis provides how many ATP (net ATP)

Answer 38

2