Chapter 19: Nutrition and Immune Response Flashcards
when we get exposed to harmful agents such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, our body’s immune system make sure that we would not get sick from this exposure
the role of our _____ is to safeguard the body against infectious diseases
immune system
without the ability to discriminate self from non-self, conditions such as _____ occur
autoimmune disease
the protective effect of the immune system is due to the ability to discriminate between the _____ (2)
self and non-self
immune system - general components
serves as protective barrier as part of the first line of defense of the immune system
skin and mucous membranes
immune system - general components
secrete digestive enzymes as part of the first line of defense of the immune
gastrointestinal tract
immune system - general components
house lymphocytes as part of the third line of defense of the immune system
found in the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Payer’s patches, and mucous membranes
lymph tissues
immune system - general components
includes phagocytes, natural killer cells, T cells and B-cells
immune cells
immune system major components
of defense: ?
skin, mucus, tears, sweat, digestive enzymes
first line of defense
immune system major components
of defense: ?
granulocytes and macrophages
second line of defense
immune system major components
of defense: ?
sensitized T lymphocytes and antibodies
third line of defense
immunity - types
also called natural, native, or nonspecific immunity
innate immunity
the early, rapid response composed of physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses of the innate immunity serves as the _____ against invading microorganisms
these defenses are innate to all individuals at birth
it can function immediately, acting as a barrier against the invasion of microbes
first line of defense
with its fast-paced response towards microbial invasion, usually within mins to hrs, it prevents “establishment of infection and deep tissue penetration of microorganisms”
innate immunity
the response of innate immunity is similar to all classes of microbes due to its _____ as it recognize shared structural characteristics among classes of microorganisms rather than recognizing specific antigen which is a district attribute of adaptive immunity
non-specificity
the innate immunity also initiates the _____ to stress as a result of the onset and progression of infection in the body
inflammatory response
innate immunity - components
provides physical and chemical barriers between the internal environment and the pathogens from the external world
epithelial barrier
innate immunity - components
the intact skin is a formidable physical barrier because of its closely packed cells, multiple layers, continuous shedding of cells, and presence of the protective protein keratin
also secretes chemicals which create a salty acidic environment and antibacterial proteins like lysozymes
skin
innate immunity - components
found in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, the mucous membrane lining is protected by sheets of tight epithelial cells that block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides
mucous membrane lining
innate immunity - components
a viscous, sticky material, is secreted from specialized cells in the lining which can trap and wash microbes away
mucus
cells of innate immunity
phagocytes that are activated to scavenge, engulf, and digest pathogens to prevent the spread of infectious agents
phagocytic leukocytes
phagocytic leukocytes
the early responding phagocyte is the _____ followed by the more efficient, multifunctional _____
neutrophil; macrophage
cells of innate immunity
phagocytes also secrete plasma proteins such as_____ and complement which act as mediators of the inflammatory response
cytokines
cells of innate immunity
are a class of lymphocytes which are directly programmed to kill foreign cells
NK cells are capable of recognizing circulating virus-infected, injured, or stressed cells and respond by killing these cells
specialized lymphocytes (natural killer cells)
these are plasma proteins secreted by phagocytes which are responsible for the development of the innate immunity and regulation of the effect cells’ behavior
mediators of innate immunity
mediators of innate immunity
the complement system (composed complement proteins, C1 thru C9) serves as an effector of both innate and humoral immunity which allows the body to localize and destroy invading pathogens recognizing microbes thru complements
complements
mediators of innate immunity
complements’ reaction can be divided into 3 phases:
1) initial activation of the complements via _____ recognition
microbe
mediators of innate immunity
complements’ reaction can be divided into 3 phases:
2) stimulation of the _____
immune response
mediators of innate immunity
complements’ reaction can be divided into 3 phases:
3. initiation of membrane attack response causing _____ destruction of microbes and altered cells
lytic
in general, the function of the complement system are:
1) enhanced inflammatory responses
2) increased phagocytosis
3) destruction of clearance of the pathogen from the body
-
produced by different type of cells but mostly by macrophages and NK cells and have important roles in the regulation the metabolic and inflammatory response to injury and development of innate and adaptive immunity
cytokines
also called acquired or specific immunity
adaptive immunity
less rapid yet more effective type of immune defense which used focused recognition of every unique microbe or foreign substance exposure followed, in days by intensified immune response
adaptive immunity
unlike innate immunity that is inherent to all individuals, the adaptive immunity _____ from individual to individual and depends one one’s exposure to infectious and foreign agents
differ
the ability of the adaptive immunity is to recognize the uniqueness of each microbial and non-microbial substance allows it to develop _____ and specific immune response to each substance
memory
the substance which elicits an adaptive immune response is called _____ or _____
antigen or immunogen
in every antigen exposure, an antigen receptor found in adaptive immune cells (e.g. T- and B-lymphocytes/cells) reacts to a specific antigen and respond by producing an _____
antibody or immunoglobulin
the recognition of the antigen also develops an _____ of the microbe or foreign agent which allows a faster and more vigorous response upon repeated exposures
this results to the specificity of the adaptive immunity
immunological memory
adaptive immunity - types
provides defense against intracellular microbes and virus thru the response of specific t-cells
cell-mediated or cellular immunity
t-cells - types
the master regulator of the immune system
triggers for immune response and secretes cytokines which activates and regulate cytotoxic t-cell, NK cells, macrophages, and other immune cells and is essential for the differentiation of b-cells
helper t-cell (cd4+)
target cell of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
helper t-cell (cd4+)
t-cells - types
destroys target virus infected or altered cells by injecting preformed cytotoxic proteins into target cells, thereby triggering apoptosis or programmed cell death
cytotoxic t-cell (cd8+)
t-cells - types
suppresses immune responses by inhibiting the proliferation of other potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes
regulatory t cell
t-cells - types
long lived t-cell which has immunological memory that is upon recognizing a pathogen from previous exposure, the adaptive immune system responds faster and stronger
memory t cell
the primary defense against extracellular microbes and toxins mediated by the secreted antibodies of b-cells
the combination of antigen w/ antibody can result in several effector responses, such as precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes, agglutination or clumping of cells, neutralization of bacterial toxins and viruses, lysis and destruction of pathogens or cells, adherence of antigen to immune cells, facilitation of phagocytosis, and complement activation
humoral immunity
b-cells - types
long-lived b cell that remember previous microbial exposure to elicit a faster and more vigorous immune response
b-memory cell
differentiated b-cell which is responsible for the secretion of antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) in the blood and lymph
plasma cell
classes and characteristics of antibodies
class: ?
characteristic: displays antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial properties; only Ig crosses the placenta and thus responsible for the protection of newborn; activates complement and binds to macrophages; prominent in the secondary immune response
Ig G
classes and characteristics of antibodies
class: ?
characteristic: predominant Ig in body secretions (saliva, nasal and respiratory secretions, and breast milk); protects mucous membranes
IgA
classes and characteristics of antibodies
class: ?
characteristic: forms the natural antibodies such as those for ABO blood antigens; prominent in early immune responses; activates complement
IgM
classes and characteristics of antibodies
class: ?
characteristic: found on B lymphocytes; needed for maturation of B cells
IgD
classes and characteristics of antibodies
class: ?
characteristic: binds to mast cells and basophils and trigger the release of histamine and other mediators; involved in parasitic infections and allergic hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
active vs passive immunity
long-lasting adaptive immunity acquire thru exposure to antigens either thru immunization or actually having the disease
active immunity
active vs passive immunity
short-term adaptive immunity acquire thru transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen such as an infant receiving antibodies in utero and thru breast milk and injection of hyperimmune serum
passive immunity
T cell or B cell
in cell-mediated or cellular immunity
T cell
T cell or B cell
in humoral immunity
B cells
white blood cells - actions
_____ (2) are found in the white blood cells
macrophages and granulocytes
white blood cells - actions
_____ engulf foreign organism entering the body through phagocytosis
granulocytes
white blood cells - actions
granulocytes engulf foreign organism entering the body through_____
phagocytosis
white blood cells - actions
similar to granulocytes, _____ engulf foreign organism through phagocytosis
it displays antigens on their surface that inactivates lymphocytes
macrophages
secrete monokine that activates lymphocytes, suppress appetite, and induce malaise and fever
macrophages
