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NBCD > Chapter 19: Nutrition and Immune Response > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Nutrition and Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

when we get exposed to harmful agents such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, our body’s immune system make sure that we would not get sick from this exposure

the role of our _____ is to safeguard the body against infectious diseases

A

immune system

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2
Q

without the ability to discriminate self from non-self, conditions such as _____ occur

A

autoimmune disease

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3
Q

the protective effect of the immune system is due to the ability to discriminate between the _____ (2)

A

self and non-self

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4
Q

immune system - general components

serves as protective barrier as part of the first line of defense of the immune system

A

skin and mucous membranes

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5
Q

immune system - general components

secrete digestive enzymes as part of the first line of defense of the immune

A

gastrointestinal tract

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6
Q

immune system - general components

house lymphocytes as part of the third line of defense of the immune system

found in the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Payer’s patches, and mucous membranes

A

lymph tissues

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7
Q

immune system - general components

includes phagocytes, natural killer cells, T cells and B-cells

A

immune cells

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8
Q

immune system major components

of defense: ?
skin, mucus, tears, sweat, digestive enzymes

A

first line of defense

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9
Q

immune system major components

of defense: ?
granulocytes and macrophages

A

second line of defense

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10
Q

immune system major components

of defense: ?
sensitized T lymphocytes and antibodies

A

third line of defense

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11
Q

immunity - types

also called natural, native, or nonspecific immunity

A

innate immunity

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12
Q

the early, rapid response composed of physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses of the innate immunity serves as the _____ against invading microorganisms

these defenses are innate to all individuals at birth

it can function immediately, acting as a barrier against the invasion of microbes

A

first line of defense

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13
Q

with its fast-paced response towards microbial invasion, usually within mins to hrs, it prevents “establishment of infection and deep tissue penetration of microorganisms”

A

innate immunity

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14
Q

the response of innate immunity is similar to all classes of microbes due to its _____ as it recognize shared structural characteristics among classes of microorganisms rather than recognizing specific antigen which is a district attribute of adaptive immunity

A

non-specificity

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15
Q

the innate immunity also initiates the _____ to stress as a result of the onset and progression of infection in the body

A

inflammatory response

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16
Q

innate immunity - components

provides physical and chemical barriers between the internal environment and the pathogens from the external world

A

epithelial barrier

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17
Q

innate immunity - components

the intact skin is a formidable physical barrier because of its closely packed cells, multiple layers, continuous shedding of cells, and presence of the protective protein keratin

also secretes chemicals which create a salty acidic environment and antibacterial proteins like lysozymes

A

skin

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18
Q

innate immunity - components

found in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, the mucous membrane lining is protected by sheets of tight epithelial cells that block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides

A

mucous membrane lining

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19
Q

innate immunity - components

a viscous, sticky material, is secreted from specialized cells in the lining which can trap and wash microbes away

A

mucus

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20
Q

cells of innate immunity

phagocytes that are activated to scavenge, engulf, and digest pathogens to prevent the spread of infectious agents

A

phagocytic leukocytes

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21
Q

phagocytic leukocytes

the early responding phagocyte is the _____ followed by the more efficient, multifunctional _____

A

neutrophil; macrophage

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22
Q

cells of innate immunity

phagocytes also secrete plasma proteins such as_____ and complement which act as mediators of the inflammatory response

A

cytokines

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23
Q

cells of innate immunity

are a class of lymphocytes which are directly programmed to kill foreign cells

NK cells are capable of recognizing circulating virus-infected, injured, or stressed cells and respond by killing these cells

A

specialized lymphocytes (natural killer cells)

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24
Q

these are plasma proteins secreted by phagocytes which are responsible for the development of the innate immunity and regulation of the effect cells’ behavior

A

mediators of innate immunity

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25
Q

mediators of innate immunity

the complement system (composed complement proteins, C1 thru C9) serves as an effector of both innate and humoral immunity which allows the body to localize and destroy invading pathogens recognizing microbes thru complements

A

complements

26
Q

mediators of innate immunity

complements’ reaction can be divided into 3 phases:
1) initial activation of the complements via _____ recognition

A

microbe

27
Q

mediators of innate immunity

complements’ reaction can be divided into 3 phases:
2) stimulation of the _____

A

immune response

28
Q

mediators of innate immunity

complements’ reaction can be divided into 3 phases:
3. initiation of membrane attack response causing _____ destruction of microbes and altered cells

A

lytic

29
Q

in general, the function of the complement system are:
1) enhanced inflammatory responses
2) increased phagocytosis
3) destruction of clearance of the pathogen from the body

A

-

30
Q

produced by different type of cells but mostly by macrophages and NK cells and have important roles in the regulation the metabolic and inflammatory response to injury and development of innate and adaptive immunity

A

cytokines

31
Q

also called acquired or specific immunity

A

adaptive immunity

32
Q

less rapid yet more effective type of immune defense which used focused recognition of every unique microbe or foreign substance exposure followed, in days by intensified immune response

A

adaptive immunity

33
Q

unlike innate immunity that is inherent to all individuals, the adaptive immunity _____ from individual to individual and depends one one’s exposure to infectious and foreign agents

A

differ

34
Q

the ability of the adaptive immunity is to recognize the uniqueness of each microbial and non-microbial substance allows it to develop _____ and specific immune response to each substance

A

memory

35
Q

the substance which elicits an adaptive immune response is called _____ or _____

A

antigen or immunogen

36
Q

in every antigen exposure, an antigen receptor found in adaptive immune cells (e.g. T- and B-lymphocytes/cells) reacts to a specific antigen and respond by producing an _____

A

antibody or immunoglobulin

37
Q

the recognition of the antigen also develops an _____ of the microbe or foreign agent which allows a faster and more vigorous response upon repeated exposures

this results to the specificity of the adaptive immunity

A

immunological memory

38
Q

adaptive immunity - types

provides defense against intracellular microbes and virus thru the response of specific t-cells

A

cell-mediated or cellular immunity

39
Q

t-cells - types

the master regulator of the immune system

triggers for immune response and secretes cytokines which activates and regulate cytotoxic t-cell, NK cells, macrophages, and other immune cells and is essential for the differentiation of b-cells

A

helper t-cell (cd4+)

40
Q

target cell of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

A

helper t-cell (cd4+)

41
Q

t-cells - types

destroys target virus infected or altered cells by injecting preformed cytotoxic proteins into target cells, thereby triggering apoptosis or programmed cell death

A

cytotoxic t-cell (cd8+)

42
Q

t-cells - types

suppresses immune responses by inhibiting the proliferation of other potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes

A

regulatory t cell

43
Q

t-cells - types

long lived t-cell which has immunological memory that is upon recognizing a pathogen from previous exposure, the adaptive immune system responds faster and stronger

A

memory t cell

44
Q

the primary defense against extracellular microbes and toxins mediated by the secreted antibodies of b-cells

the combination of antigen w/ antibody can result in several effector responses, such as precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes, agglutination or clumping of cells, neutralization of bacterial toxins and viruses, lysis and destruction of pathogens or cells, adherence of antigen to immune cells, facilitation of phagocytosis, and complement activation

A

humoral immunity

45
Q

b-cells - types

long-lived b cell that remember previous microbial exposure to elicit a faster and more vigorous immune response

A

b-memory cell

46
Q

differentiated b-cell which is responsible for the secretion of antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) in the blood and lymph

A

plasma cell

47
Q

classes and characteristics of antibodies

class: ?
characteristic: displays antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial properties; only Ig crosses the placenta and thus responsible for the protection of newborn; activates complement and binds to macrophages; prominent in the secondary immune response

A

Ig G

48
Q

classes and characteristics of antibodies

class: ?
characteristic: predominant Ig in body secretions (saliva, nasal and respiratory secretions, and breast milk); protects mucous membranes

A

IgA

49
Q

classes and characteristics of antibodies

class: ?
characteristic: forms the natural antibodies such as those for ABO blood antigens; prominent in early immune responses; activates complement

A

IgM

50
Q

classes and characteristics of antibodies

class: ?
characteristic: found on B lymphocytes; needed for maturation of B cells

A

IgD

51
Q

classes and characteristics of antibodies

class: ?
characteristic: binds to mast cells and basophils and trigger the release of histamine and other mediators; involved in parasitic infections and allergic hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgE

52
Q

active vs passive immunity

long-lasting adaptive immunity acquire thru exposure to antigens either thru immunization or actually having the disease

A

active immunity

53
Q

active vs passive immunity

short-term adaptive immunity acquire thru transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen such as an infant receiving antibodies in utero and thru breast milk and injection of hyperimmune serum

A

passive immunity

54
Q

T cell or B cell

in cell-mediated or cellular immunity

A

T cell

55
Q

T cell or B cell

in humoral immunity

A

B cells

56
Q

white blood cells - actions

_____ (2) are found in the white blood cells

A

macrophages and granulocytes

57
Q

white blood cells - actions

_____ engulf foreign organism entering the body through phagocytosis

A

granulocytes

58
Q

white blood cells - actions

granulocytes engulf foreign organism entering the body through_____

A

phagocytosis

59
Q

white blood cells - actions

similar to granulocytes, _____ engulf foreign organism through phagocytosis

it displays antigens on their surface that inactivates lymphocytes

A

macrophages

60
Q

secrete monokine that activates lymphocytes, suppress appetite, and induce malaise and fever

A

macrophages

NBCD (89 decks)

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