Chapter 19: Nutrition and Immune Response

Question 1

when we get exposed to harmful agents such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances, our body’s immune system make sure that we would not get sick from this exposure

the role of our _____ is to safeguard the body against infectious diseases

Answer 1

immune system

Question 2

without the ability to discriminate self from non-self, conditions such as _____ occur

Answer 2

autoimmune disease

Question 3

the protective effect of the immune system is due to the ability to discriminate between the _____ (2)

Answer 3

self and non-self

Question 4

immune system - general components

serves as protective barrier as part of the first line of defense of the immune system

Answer 4

skin and mucous membranes

Question 5

immune system - general components

secrete digestive enzymes as part of the first line of defense of the immune

Answer 5

gastrointestinal tract

Question 6

immune system - general components

house lymphocytes as part of the third line of defense of the immune system

found in the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Payer’s patches, and mucous membranes

Answer 6

lymph tissues

Question 7

immune system - general components

includes phagocytes, natural killer cells, T cells and B-cells

Answer 7

immune cells

Question 8

immune system major components

of defense: ?
skin, mucus, tears, sweat, digestive enzymes

Answer 8

first line of defense

Question 9

immune system major components

of defense: ?
granulocytes and macrophages

Answer 9

second line of defense

Question 10

immune system major components

of defense: ?
sensitized T lymphocytes and antibodies

Answer 10

third line of defense

Question 11

immunity - types

also called natural, native, or nonspecific immunity

Answer 11

innate immunity

Question 12

the early, rapid response composed of physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses of the innate immunity serves as the _____ against invading microorganisms

these defenses are innate to all individuals at birth

it can function immediately, acting as a barrier against the invasion of microbes

Answer 12

first line of defense

Question 13

with its fast-paced response towards microbial invasion, usually within mins to hrs, it prevents “establishment of infection and deep tissue penetration of microorganisms”

Answer 13

innate immunity

Question 14

the response of innate immunity is similar to all classes of microbes due to its _____ as it recognize shared structural characteristics among classes of microorganisms rather than recognizing specific antigen which is a district attribute of adaptive immunity

Answer 14

non-specificity

Question 15

the innate immunity also initiates the _____ to stress as a result of the onset and progression of infection in the body

Answer 15

inflammatory response

Question 16

innate immunity - components

provides physical and chemical barriers between the internal environment and the pathogens from the external world

Answer 16

epithelial barrier

Question 17

innate immunity - components

the intact skin is a formidable physical barrier because of its closely packed cells, multiple layers, continuous shedding of cells, and presence of the protective protein keratin

also secretes chemicals which create a salty acidic environment and antibacterial proteins like lysozymes

Answer 17

skin

Question 18

innate immunity - components

found in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, the mucous membrane lining is protected by sheets of tight epithelial cells that block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides

Answer 18

mucous membrane lining

Question 19

innate immunity - components

a viscous, sticky material, is secreted from specialized cells in the lining which can trap and wash microbes away

Answer 19

mucus

Question 20

cells of innate immunity

phagocytes that are activated to scavenge, engulf, and digest pathogens to prevent the spread of infectious agents

Answer 20

phagocytic leukocytes

Question 21

phagocytic leukocytes

the early responding phagocyte is the _____ followed by the more efficient, multifunctional _____

Answer 21

neutrophil; macrophage

Question 22

cells of innate immunity

phagocytes also secrete plasma proteins such as_____ and complement which act as mediators of the inflammatory response

Answer 22

cytokines

Question 23

cells of innate immunity

are a class of lymphocytes which are directly programmed to kill foreign cells

NK cells are capable of recognizing circulating virus-infected, injured, or stressed cells and respond by killing these cells

Answer 23

specialized lymphocytes (natural killer cells)

Question 24

these are plasma proteins secreted by phagocytes which are responsible for the development of the innate immunity and regulation of the effect cells’ behavior

Answer 24

mediators of innate immunity

Question 25

mediators of innate immunity the complement system (composed complement proteins, C1 thru C9) serves as an effector of both innate and humoral immunity which allows the body to localize and destroy invading pathogens recognizing microbes thru complements

Answer 25

complements

Question 26

mediators of innate immunity complements' reaction can be divided into 3 phases: 1) initial activation of the complements via _____ recognition

Answer 26

microbe

Question 27

mediators of innate immunity complements' reaction can be divided into 3 phases: 2) stimulation of the _____

Answer 27

immune response

Question 28

mediators of innate immunity complements' reaction can be divided into 3 phases: 3. initiation of membrane attack response causing _____ destruction of microbes and altered cells

Answer 28

lytic

Question 29

in general, the function of the complement system are: 1) enhanced inflammatory responses 2) increased phagocytosis 3) destruction of clearance of the pathogen from the body

Answer 29

-

Question 30

produced by different type of cells but mostly by macrophages and NK cells and have important roles in the regulation the metabolic and inflammatory response to injury and development of innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 30

cytokines

Question 31

also called acquired or specific immunity

Answer 31

adaptive immunity

Question 32

less rapid yet more effective type of immune defense which used focused recognition of every unique microbe or foreign substance exposure followed, in days by intensified immune response

Answer 32

adaptive immunity

Question 33

unlike innate immunity that is inherent to all individuals, the adaptive immunity _____ from individual to individual and depends one one's exposure to infectious and foreign agents

Answer 33

differ

Question 34

the ability of the adaptive immunity is to recognize the uniqueness of each microbial and non-microbial substance allows it to develop _____ and specific immune response to each substance

Answer 34

memory

Question 35

the substance which elicits an adaptive immune response is called _____ or _____

Answer 35

antigen or immunogen

Question 36

in every antigen exposure, an antigen receptor found in adaptive immune cells (e.g. T- and B-lymphocytes/cells) reacts to a specific antigen and respond by producing an _____

Answer 36

antibody or immunoglobulin

Question 37

the recognition of the antigen also develops an _____ of the microbe or foreign agent which allows a faster and more vigorous response upon repeated exposures this results to the specificity of the adaptive immunity

Answer 37

immunological memory

Question 38

adaptive immunity - types provides defense against intracellular microbes and virus thru the response of specific t-cells

Answer 38

cell-mediated or cellular immunity

Question 39

t-cells - types the master regulator of the immune system triggers for immune response and secretes cytokines which activates and regulate cytotoxic t-cell, NK cells, macrophages, and other immune cells and is essential for the differentiation of b-cells

Answer 39

helper t-cell (cd4+)

Question 40

target cell of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Answer 40

helper t-cell (cd4+)

Question 41

t-cells - types destroys target virus infected or altered cells by injecting preformed cytotoxic proteins into target cells, thereby triggering apoptosis or programmed cell death

Answer 41

cytotoxic t-cell (cd8+)

Question 42

t-cells - types suppresses immune responses by inhibiting the proliferation of other potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes

Answer 42

regulatory t cell

Question 43

t-cells - types long lived t-cell which has immunological memory that is upon recognizing a pathogen from previous exposure, the adaptive immune system responds faster and stronger

Answer 43

memory t cell

Question 44

the primary defense against extracellular microbes and toxins mediated by the secreted antibodies of b-cells the combination of antigen w/ antibody can result in several effector responses, such as precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes, agglutination or clumping of cells, neutralization of bacterial toxins and viruses, lysis and destruction of pathogens or cells, adherence of antigen to immune cells, facilitation of phagocytosis, and complement activation

Answer 44

humoral immunity

Question 45

b-cells - types long-lived b cell that remember previous microbial exposure to elicit a faster and more vigorous immune response

Answer 45

b-memory cell

Question 46

differentiated b-cell which is responsible for the secretion of antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) in the blood and lymph

Answer 46

plasma cell

Question 47

classes and characteristics of antibodies class: ? characteristic: displays antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial properties; only Ig crosses the placenta and thus responsible for the protection of newborn; activates complement and binds to macrophages; prominent in the secondary immune response

Answer 47

Ig G

Question 48

classes and characteristics of antibodies class: ? characteristic: predominant Ig in body secretions (saliva, nasal and respiratory secretions, and breast milk); protects mucous membranes

Answer 48

IgA

Question 49

classes and characteristics of antibodies class: ? characteristic: forms the natural antibodies such as those for ABO blood antigens; prominent in early immune responses; activates complement

Answer 49

IgM

Question 50

classes and characteristics of antibodies class: ? characteristic: found on B lymphocytes; needed for maturation of B cells

Answer 50

IgD

Question 51

classes and characteristics of antibodies class: ? characteristic: binds to mast cells and basophils and trigger the release of histamine and other mediators; involved in parasitic infections and allergic hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 51

IgE

Question 52

active vs passive immunity long-lasting adaptive immunity acquire thru exposure to antigens either thru immunization or actually having the disease

Answer 52

active immunity

Question 53

active vs passive immunity short-term adaptive immunity acquire thru transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen such as an infant receiving antibodies in utero and thru breast milk and injection of hyperimmune serum

Answer 53

passive immunity

Question 54

T cell or B cell in cell-mediated or cellular immunity

Answer 54

T cell

Question 55

T cell or B cell in humoral immunity

Answer 55

B cells

Question 56

white blood cells - actions _____ (2) are found in the white blood cells

Answer 56

macrophages and granulocytes

Question 57

white blood cells - actions _____ engulf foreign organism entering the body through phagocytosis

Answer 57

granulocytes

Question 58

white blood cells - actions granulocytes engulf foreign organism entering the body through_____

Answer 58

phagocytosis

Question 59

white blood cells - actions similar to granulocytes, _____ engulf foreign organism through phagocytosis it displays antigens on their surface that inactivates lymphocytes

Answer 59

macrophages

Question 60

secrete monokine that activates lymphocytes, suppress appetite, and induce malaise and fever

Answer 60

macrophages