Chapter 10: Minerals overview Flashcards
essential inorganic nutrients needed by the body in small amounts
minerals
they are called “essentials” because they are not synthesized in the body and therefore must come from food
minerals
minerals are divided into 2 groups
major minerals and trace minerals
2 groups of minerals
not necessarily more important than trace, but it means there are greater amounts in the body
major minerals
inorganic elements that remain as ash when food is burned
minerals
minerals - classification
are essential for human nutrition and are present in amounts greater than 5 g
macronutrient minerals
minerals - classification
macronutrient minerals are (7)
calcium (ca), sodium (na), phosphorous (p), potassium (k), sulfur (s), chlorine (cl), and magnesium (mg)
minerals - classification
essential for nutrition and are present in amounts less than 5g
iron (fe), iodine (I), zinc (zn), selenium (se), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr)
minerals for which essentiality has not yet been established, although there is evidence of their participation in certain biologic reactions
silicon (si), vanadium (v), tin (sn), barium (ba), nickel (nI), arsenic (as), boron (bo), fluorine (fl), bromine (br), strontium (Sr), and cadmium (cd)
minerals found in the body have not been assigned a metabolic role yet
gold (Au), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), mercury (Hg), bismuth (Bi), gallium (Ga), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), lithium (Li), and 20 others
minerals - general functions
bones and teeth
calcium and phosphorous
minerals - general functions
bones
mg
minerals - general functions
hydrochloric acid
cl
minerals - general functions
in the hormone thyroxine
iodine
minerals - general functions
in vitamin b12
cobalt
minerals - general functions
in insulin
zinc
minerals - general functions
in methionine
sulfur
minerals - general functions
in hemoglobin (Hb)
iron
minerals - cofactors in biologic reactions
some minerals acts as cofactors to specific enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions
iron, zinc, and copper form complexes with enzymes called
metalloenzymes
minerals - cofactors in biologic reactions
some ions act as cofactor for proteins that are not enzymes, while others covalently bond to proteins to influence their activities
-
minerals - cofactors in biologic reactions
proteins are activated by _____ where a phosphate ion (PO4 3-) attached to specific part of the protein
phosphorylation
minerals - cofactors in biologic reactions
the protein _____ incorporates iron that binds to oxygen
HB (hemoglobin)
minerals - absorption, digestion, and transport
_____ facilitates the absorption of cho
sodium
minerals - absorption, digestion, and transport
facilitates the absorption of vitamin b12
calcium
minerals - maintenance of acid-base balance
acid-forming minerals include (3) can combine with H+ (hydrogen ion)
chlorine, sulfur, phosphorous
minerals - maintenance of acid-base balance
alkali-forming minerals (4) can combine with OH+ (hydroxide)
sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium
minerals - maintenance of water balance
electrolytes (3) greatly influence the movement of water among the fluid compartments
Na+, K+, Cl-
minerals - transmission of nerve impulses
the exchange of _____ (2) across the cell membrane is responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse
sodium and potassium
minerals - transmission of nerve impulses
the release of acetylcholine is regulated by _____
calcium
minerals - regulation of muscle contraction
stimulates muscle contraction
calcium
minerals - regulation of muscle contraction
exert a relaxing effect
sodium, potassium, magnesium
