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NBCD > Chapter 10: Minerals overview > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Minerals overview Flashcards

1
Q

essential inorganic nutrients needed by the body in small amounts

A

minerals

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2
Q

they are called “essentials” because they are not synthesized in the body and therefore must come from food

A

minerals

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3
Q

minerals are divided into 2 groups

A

major minerals and trace minerals

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4
Q

2 groups of minerals

not necessarily more important than trace, but it means there are greater amounts in the body

A

major minerals

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5
Q

inorganic elements that remain as ash when food is burned

A

minerals

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6
Q

minerals - classification

are essential for human nutrition and are present in amounts greater than 5 g

A

macronutrient minerals

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7
Q

minerals - classification

macronutrient minerals are (7)

A

calcium (ca), sodium (na), phosphorous (p), potassium (k), sulfur (s), chlorine (cl), and magnesium (mg)

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8
Q

minerals - classification

essential for nutrition and are present in amounts less than 5g

A

iron (fe), iodine (I), zinc (zn), selenium (se), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr)

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9
Q

minerals for which essentiality has not yet been established, although there is evidence of their participation in certain biologic reactions

A

silicon (si), vanadium (v), tin (sn), barium (ba), nickel (nI), arsenic (as), boron (bo), fluorine (fl), bromine (br), strontium (Sr), and cadmium (cd)

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10
Q

minerals found in the body have not been assigned a metabolic role yet

A

gold (Au), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), mercury (Hg), bismuth (Bi), gallium (Ga), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), lithium (Li), and 20 others

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11
Q

minerals - general functions

bones and teeth

A

calcium and phosphorous

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12
Q

minerals - general functions

bones

A

mg

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13
Q

minerals - general functions

hydrochloric acid

A

cl

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14
Q

minerals - general functions

in the hormone thyroxine

A

iodine

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15
Q

minerals - general functions

in vitamin b12

A

cobalt

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16
Q

minerals - general functions

in insulin

A

zinc

17
Q

minerals - general functions

in methionine

A

sulfur

18
Q

minerals - general functions

in hemoglobin (Hb)

A

iron

19
Q

minerals - cofactors in biologic reactions

some minerals acts as cofactors to specific enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions

iron, zinc, and copper form complexes with enzymes called

A

metalloenzymes

20
Q

minerals - cofactors in biologic reactions

some ions act as cofactor for proteins that are not enzymes, while others covalently bond to proteins to influence their activities

A

-

21
Q

minerals - cofactors in biologic reactions

proteins are activated by _____ where a phosphate ion (PO4 3-) attached to specific part of the protein

A

phosphorylation

22
Q

minerals - cofactors in biologic reactions

the protein _____ incorporates iron that binds to oxygen

A

HB (hemoglobin)

23
Q

minerals - absorption, digestion, and transport

_____ facilitates the absorption of cho

A

sodium

24
Q

minerals - absorption, digestion, and transport

facilitates the absorption of vitamin b12

A

calcium

25
Q

minerals - maintenance of acid-base balance

acid-forming minerals include (3) can combine with H+ (hydrogen ion)

A

chlorine, sulfur, phosphorous

26
Q

minerals - maintenance of acid-base balance

alkali-forming minerals (4) can combine with OH+ (hydroxide)

A

sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium

27
Q

minerals - maintenance of water balance

electrolytes (3) greatly influence the movement of water among the fluid compartments

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

28
Q

minerals - transmission of nerve impulses

the exchange of _____ (2) across the cell membrane is responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse

A

sodium and potassium

29
Q

minerals - transmission of nerve impulses

the release of acetylcholine is regulated by _____

A

calcium

30
Q

minerals - regulation of muscle contraction

stimulates muscle contraction

A

calcium

31
Q

minerals - regulation of muscle contraction

exert a relaxing effect

A

sodium, potassium, magnesium

NBCD (89 decks)

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