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NBCD > Chapter 11: Water and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Water and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

water accounts for _____ of the total body weight of an adult, making it the most abundant constituent of the body

A

60%

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2
Q

sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate, and magnesium are all

A

electrolytes

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3
Q

water distribution

body water is found in 2 major compartments

A

intracellular and extracellular

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4
Q

water distribution

compartment with its intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

intracellular

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5
Q

water distribution

compartment with its extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

extracellular

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6
Q

water distribution

intracellular - approximately _____ L

A

30 L

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7
Q

major cation - intracellular

A

potassium

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8
Q

major anion - intracellular

A

phosphate

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9
Q

water distribution

extracellular - approximately _____ L

A

15-17 L

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10
Q

major anion - extracellular

A

chloride

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11
Q

major cation - extracellular

A

sodium

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12
Q

extracellular (3)

all fluids within the blood vessel (around 3 L)

A

intravascular fluid compartment

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13
Q

extracellular (3)

fluids around and between the cells

A

intercellular, interstitial, or extravascular fluid

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14
Q

extracellular (3)

fluids in the eyeball (vitreous humor), around the joints (synovial fluid), and within digestive secretions

A

transcellular fluid compartment

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15
Q

is the maintenance of normal ECF or the external environment of the cells

A

homeostasis

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16
Q

water balance - maintenance

the body regulates both water _____ and _____

A

intake and excretion

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17
Q

water balance - maintenance

thirst and satiety govern our water intake, sensed by the _____ (3)

A

mouth, hypothalamus, and stomach

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18
Q

water balance - maintenance

the excretion of water, involves the brain cells (2) and _____

A

cells of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

kidney

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19
Q

water balance of fluid balance is achieved through the (2)

A

-control of fluid intake;
-control of rate of fluid lost through kidneys

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20
Q

water balance - maintenance

maintain through the actions of hormones (2)

A

anti-diuretic hormone and aldosterone

21
Q

water balance is disturbed in

refers to a condition resulting from excessive water loss, accompanied by losses of electrolytes

A

dehydration

22
Q

water balance is disturbed in

a condition that results from excessive intake of fluids without an equivalent amount of salt

A

overhydration or water intoxication

23
Q

regulators of water balance

hormonal control

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) mechanism

24
Q

regulators of water balance

an enzyme from the kidneys tat is secreted in response to low renal blood flow

converts the plasma proteins angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

renin

25
Q

regulators of water balance

hormone from the adrenal cortex that stimulates sodium retention

A

aldosterone

26
Q

regulators of water balance

secreted by the pituitary gland

retains water

A

vasopressin or ADH

27
Q

water requirements

to compensate for water losses, the body must take in daily at least _____ of water based on a recommended intake of 1mL per kcal of energy expenditure

A

2.5 L

28
Q

products of ionization of salt, acid, or base dissolved in water, are electrically charged particles;

exists as anions and cations distributed throughout the fluid compartments of the body

A

electrolytes

29
Q

electrolytes

negatively-charged particles

ex: chloride, bicarbonates phosphatase, and sulfates

A

anions

30
Q

electrolytes

positively-charged particles

ex: sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

A

cations

31
Q

daily requirements for water

infants (birth to <6 months)

A

800 mL

32
Q

daily requirements for water

infants (6 months to <12 months)

A

1000 mL

33
Q

daily requirements for water

children (1-18 y/o) acc to weight
10-20 kg

A

1000 ml + 50 ml/kg for each kg in excess of 10

34
Q

daily requirements for water

children (1-18 y/o) acc to weight
>20 kg

A

1000 ml + 20 ml/kg for each kg in excess of 20

35
Q

daily requirements for water

adults older than 18 y/o

A

2500 ml

36
Q

daily requirements for water

older persons than 65 y/o

A

1500 ml

37
Q

daily requirements for water

pregnant women (2500 ml)

A

+ 300 ml

38
Q

daily requirements for water

lactating women (first 6 months) (2500 ml)

A

+750 - 1000 ml

39
Q

electrolyte balance

used by the body to help regulate the distribution, composition, and acidity of fluids

without these, water molecules in the body move freely across cell membranes

cells have no way to hold onto water molecules directly, with the help of electrolytes, cells move water by indirect means as water follows salt or electrolytes

A

electrolytes

40
Q

electrolyte balance - mechanism

_____ (both ecf electrolytes) and _____ (both icf electrolytes) are the major electrolytes regulating the water movement

A

sodium and chloride;
potassium and phosphatase

41
Q

electrolyte balance - mechanism

when water loss exceeds electrolytes loss, the ECF becomes _____ in relation to the ICF

water moves from the cells to the ECF to restore equilibrium

A

hypertonic

42
Q

electrolyte balance - mechanism

when water enters the ECF with insufficient electrolytes to maintain the density of the solution, the EC becomes _____ and moves into the cell

A

hypotonic

43
Q

electrolyte balance - mechanism

other mechanisms involve a balance between _____ (exerted by the proteins in plasma, keeps the fluids inside the blood) and _____ (exerted by the pumping action of the heart on the fluids outside the blood vessels)

A

oncotic pressure; hydrostatic pressure

44
Q

acid-base balance

body has certain buffer systems and uses _____ to help maintain water balance and regulate the acidity (pH) of fluids

A

ions

45
Q

acid-base balance

the most important electrolyte buffering system is the _____ system in the blood

A

bicarbonate buffer

46
Q

maintenance of acid-base

acid-balance or _____ concentration must be controlled

A

hydrogen ion

47
Q

maintenance of acid-base

plasma pH is

A

pH 7.4

48
Q

maintenance of acid-base

optimal pH at which the body can operate ranges from

A

pH 7.35 to pH 7.45

NBCD (89 decks)

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