Chapter 11: Water and Electrolytes

Question 1

water accounts for _____ of the total body weight of an adult, making it the most abundant constituent of the body

Answer 1

60%

Question 2

sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate, and magnesium are all

Answer 2

electrolytes

Question 3

water distribution

body water is found in 2 major compartments

Answer 3

intracellular and extracellular

Question 4

water distribution

compartment with its intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 4

intracellular

Question 5

water distribution

compartment with its extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 5

extracellular

Question 6

water distribution

intracellular - approximately _____ L

Answer 6

30 L

Question 7

major cation - intracellular

Answer 7

potassium

Question 8

major anion - intracellular

Answer 8

phosphate

Question 9

water distribution

extracellular - approximately _____ L

Answer 9

15-17 L

Question 10

major anion - extracellular

Answer 10

chloride

Question 11

major cation - extracellular

Answer 11

sodium

Question 12

extracellular (3)

all fluids within the blood vessel (around 3 L)

Answer 12

intravascular fluid compartment

Question 13

extracellular (3)

fluids around and between the cells

Answer 13

intercellular, interstitial, or extravascular fluid

Question 14

extracellular (3)

fluids in the eyeball (vitreous humor), around the joints (synovial fluid), and within digestive secretions

Answer 14

transcellular fluid compartment

Question 15

is the maintenance of normal ECF or the external environment of the cells

Answer 15

homeostasis

Question 16

water balance - maintenance

the body regulates both water _____ and _____

Answer 16

intake and excretion

Question 17

water balance - maintenance

thirst and satiety govern our water intake, sensed by the _____ (3)

Answer 17

mouth, hypothalamus, and stomach

Question 18

water balance - maintenance

the excretion of water, involves the brain cells (2) and _____

Answer 18

cells of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

kidney

Question 19

water balance of fluid balance is achieved through the (2)

Answer 19

-control of fluid intake;
-control of rate of fluid lost through kidneys

Question 20

water balance - maintenance

maintain through the actions of hormones (2)

Answer 20

anti-diuretic hormone and aldosterone

Question 21

water balance is disturbed in

refers to a condition resulting from excessive water loss, accompanied by losses of electrolytes

Answer 21

dehydration

Question 22

water balance is disturbed in

a condition that results from excessive intake of fluids without an equivalent amount of salt

Answer 22

overhydration or water intoxication

Question 23

regulators of water balance

hormonal control

Answer 23

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) mechanism

Question 24

regulators of water balance

an enzyme from the kidneys tat is secreted in response to low renal blood flow

converts the plasma proteins angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer 24

renin

Question 25

regulators of water balance hormone from the adrenal cortex that stimulates sodium retention

Answer 25

aldosterone

Question 26

regulators of water balance secreted by the pituitary gland retains water

Answer 26

vasopressin or ADH

Question 27

water requirements to compensate for water losses, the body must take in daily at least _____ of water based on a recommended intake of 1mL per kcal of energy expenditure

Answer 27

2.5 L

Question 28

products of ionization of salt, acid, or base dissolved in water, are electrically charged particles; exists as anions and cations distributed throughout the fluid compartments of the body

Answer 28

electrolytes

Question 29

electrolytes negatively-charged particles ex: chloride, bicarbonates phosphatase, and sulfates

Answer 29

anions

Question 30

electrolytes positively-charged particles ex: sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

Answer 30

cations

Question 31

daily requirements for water infants (birth to <6 months)

Answer 31

800 mL

Question 32

daily requirements for water infants (6 months to <12 months)

Answer 32

1000 mL

Question 33

daily requirements for water children (1-18 y/o) acc to weight 10-20 kg

Answer 33

1000 ml + 50 ml/kg for each kg in excess of 10

Question 34

daily requirements for water children (1-18 y/o) acc to weight >20 kg

Answer 34

1000 ml + 20 ml/kg for each kg in excess of 20

Question 35

daily requirements for water adults older than 18 y/o

Answer 35

2500 ml

Question 36

daily requirements for water older persons than 65 y/o

Answer 36

1500 ml

Question 37

daily requirements for water pregnant women (2500 ml)

Answer 37

+ 300 ml

Question 38

daily requirements for water lactating women (first 6 months) (2500 ml)

Answer 38

+750 - 1000 ml

Question 39

electrolyte balance used by the body to help regulate the distribution, composition, and acidity of fluids without these, water molecules in the body move freely across cell membranes cells have no way to hold onto water molecules directly, with the help of electrolytes, cells move water by indirect means as water follows salt or electrolytes

Answer 39

electrolytes

Question 40

electrolyte balance - mechanism _____ (both ecf electrolytes) and _____ (both icf electrolytes) are the major electrolytes regulating the water movement

Answer 40

sodium and chloride; potassium and phosphatase

Question 41

electrolyte balance - mechanism when water loss exceeds electrolytes loss, the ECF becomes _____ in relation to the ICF water moves from the cells to the ECF to restore equilibrium

Answer 41

hypertonic

Question 42

electrolyte balance - mechanism when water enters the ECF with insufficient electrolytes to maintain the density of the solution, the EC becomes _____ and moves into the cell

Answer 42

hypotonic

Question 43

electrolyte balance - mechanism other mechanisms involve a balance between _____ (exerted by the proteins in plasma, keeps the fluids inside the blood) and _____ (exerted by the pumping action of the heart on the fluids outside the blood vessels)

Answer 43

oncotic pressure; hydrostatic pressure

Question 44

acid-base balance body has certain buffer systems and uses _____ to help maintain water balance and regulate the acidity (pH) of fluids

Answer 44

ions

Question 45

acid-base balance the most important electrolyte buffering system is the _____ system in the blood

Answer 45

bicarbonate buffer

Question 46

maintenance of acid-base acid-balance or _____ concentration must be controlled

Answer 46

hydrogen ion

Question 47

maintenance of acid-base plasma pH is

Answer 47

pH 7.4

Question 48

maintenance of acid-base optimal pH at which the body can operate ranges from

Answer 48

pH 7.35 to pH 7.45