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NBCD > Chapter 5: Proteins > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

proteins are compounds composed of _____ (4) which are arranged into amino acids linked in a chain

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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2
Q

have the same basic structure - a central carbon atom with a hydrogen (H) group, an amino group (NH2), and an acid group (COOH) attached to it

A

amino acids

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3
Q

a protein is made up of _____ different amino acids, each with a different side group

A

20

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4
Q

amino acid classification - essentiality

are those that the human body cannot make at all or cannot make in sufficient amount to meet its needs

ex: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, lysine, leucine

A

essential amino acid

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5
Q

amino acid classification - essentiality

are those whose rate of synthesis in the body are inadequate to support growth and are needed by young animals

ex: arginine, histidine

A

semi-essential amino acids

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6
Q

amino acid classification - essentiality

are those that can be synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts

ex: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cystine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, proline, serine, and tyrosine

A

nonessential amino acids

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7
Q

amino acid classification - chemical property

have one amino and one carboxyl group

A

neutral amino acids

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8
Q

neutral amino acids - types

have straight branched chains of carbon atoms, and other substituents

ex: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine

A

aliphatic amino acids

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9
Q

neutral amino acids - types

have aromatic rings attached

ex: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan

A

aromatic amino acids

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10
Q

neutral amino acids - types

contain sulfur as a substituent

ex: cysteine, methionine, and cystine

A

sulfur-containing amino acids

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11
Q

neutral amino acids - types

have an additional NH2 group attached

ex: aspartic acid and glutamic acid

A

acidic amino acids

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12
Q

neutral amino acids - types

amino nitrogen that forms part of a ring structure

ex: proline and hydroxyproline

A

imino acid

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13
Q

protein - metabolism

can be catabolized/broken down to form glucose or glycogen

A

glucogenic amino acids

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14
Q

protein - metabolism

glucogenic amino acid yield _____ components or pyruvate

A

tricarboxylic acid cycle

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15
Q

protein - metabolism

alanine, serine, glycine, cysteine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, histidine, valine, methionine, threonine, and proline

A

purely glucogenic

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16
Q

protein - metabolism

can be catabolized to form ketone bodies

A

ketogenic amino acids

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17
Q

ketogenic amino acids yield _____ or _____

A

acetyl coa or acetoacetate

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18
Q

protein - metabolism

leucine and lysine

A

purely ketogenic

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19
Q

protein - metabolism

isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan

A

both ketogenic and glucogenic

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20
Q

amino acids characteristics

ability to form mirror images called d and l forms

A

stereoisomerism

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21
Q

amino acids characteristics

nature of amino acid refers to having both the amino and carboxyl groups, which can regulate pH

A

amphoteric

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22
Q

proteins classification - acc to physicochemical properties

refers to degraded amino acids upon hydrolysis

ex: albumin, collages, elsatin, myosin

A

simple proteins

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23
Q

proteins classification - acc to physicochemical properties

pertain to simple proteins combined with a nonprotein

ex: mucoproteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins

A

compound proteins

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24
Q

proteins classification - acc to physicochemical properties

substances resulting from decomposition of simple and conjugated proteins

ex: peptides, peptones, and proteoses

A

derived proteins

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25
Q

proteins classification - acc to shape

coiled or ellipsoidal-shaped amino acids

ex: insulin, albumin, globulin

A

globular proteins

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26
Q

proteins classification - acc to shape

helical peptide chains

ex: elastin, fibrin, collages

A

fibrous proteins

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27
Q

proteins classification - acc to amino acid content

all the essential amino acids as with the case of all animal proteins except gelatin

A

complete proteins

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28
Q

proteins classification - acc to amino acid content

contain all the essential amino acids but in limited amounts to support growth

ex: gliadin and hordein

A

partially complete proteins

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29
Q

proteins classification - acc to amino acid content

lack one or more essential amino acids; cannot maintain life nor support growth

ex: zein and gelatin

A

incomplete proteins

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30
Q

protein functions

proteins provide amino acids needed for the synthesis of specific cellular tissue proteins and other essential nitrogen-containing substances

ex: enzymes, hormones

A

growth and maintenance of tissues

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31
Q

protein functions

some amino acids can be converted to glucose via _____

A

gluconeogenesis

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32
Q

protein functions - specific physiologic roles

refers to sulfur-containing amino acid formed from methionine and is abundant in human milk

needed for retinal and visual function, brain development, and stability of central nervous activity

A

taurine

33
Q

protein functions - specific physiologic roles

formed from methionine and lysine and converts acyl compounds (products of fat metabolism) to less toxic forms and removed them from the cell

A

carnitine

34
Q

protein functions - specific physiologic roles

exerts oncotic pressure for water balance

A

albumin

35
Q

protein functions - specific physiologic roles

transport lipids

A

lipoproteins

36
Q

protein functions - specific physiologic roles

involved with immune response

A

globulins

37
Q

protein functions - specific physiologic roles

necessary for blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

38
Q

protein functions - specific physiologic roles

both are for muscle contraction

A

actin and myosin

39
Q

protein - digestion

in the ____, mechanical digestion of proteins occurs when the food is chewed

A

mouth

40
Q

protein - digestion

chemical digestion of protein begins in the _____ with the help of the enzyme pepsin

A

stomach

41
Q

enzymes that helps chemical digestion of protein

A

pepsin

42
Q

protein - digestion

provides the degree of acidity necessary to convert inactive pepsinogen to its active form pepsin

A

hydrochloric acid

43
Q

protein - digestion

chon digestion proceeds with trypsin, chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase from the _____, and aminopeptidases and dipeptidase from the _____

A

pancreas; intestine

44
Q

end product of chon digestion are the amino acids that are ready to be absorbed by the

A

intestinal mucosa

45
Q

protein absorption

amino acid absorption occurs mostly by _____ in the proximal portion of the _____, requiring carrier, energy, pyridoxine (vitamin b6) and manganese (mn)

A

active transport; small intestine

46
Q

chon metabolism

amino acids pass through the portal vein into the liver, which maintains normal levels of amino acid nitrogen in the blood from _____ mg/dL

A

4-6 mg/dL

47
Q

chon metabolism - anabolism

is present in the cell nucleus and provides the genetic blueprint

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)

47
Q

chon metabolism

involves the incorporation of amino acids in the synthesis of tissue proteins

A

anabolism

47
Q

chon metabolism

sources of amino acids in the body can either be _____ (from dietary protein) or _____ (from tissue protein breakdown in the body)

A

exogenous; endogenous

48
Q

chon metabolism - anabolism

is carried from the dna to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome by messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

A

genetic code

49
Q

chon metabolism - anabolism

molecules that are present in the cytoplasm then transport the amino acids based on the code in mRNA

A

transfer RNA

50
Q

chon metabolism - anabolism

is formed through the addition of one amino acid at a time in the ribosomes

A

polypeptide chain

51
Q

chon metabolism - anabolism

when the chain is complete, the protein is release into the _____

A

cytoplasm

52
Q

chon metabolism

(tissue protein breakdown) involves the breakdown of amino acids into their component parts

ex: formation of glucose or ketone bodies whenever necessary

A

catabolism

53
Q

chon metabolism - catabolism

the breakdown of amino acids result to 2 components

A

nitrogenous and a non-nitrogenous residue

54
Q

chon metabolism - catabolism

deamination or removal of the nitrogenous portion to form ammonia that is excreted in the urine; occurs in the liver and kidneys

A

nitrogenous (nh2)

55
Q

chon metabolism - catabolism

or the transfer of the nitrogenous group to a keto-acid residue to form another nonessential amino acid

A

transamination

56
Q

chon metabolism - catabolism

chief nitrogenous end-product of protein metabolism

occurs through the urea cycle

formation of _____ the urea cycle, ammonia in the blood (toxic) combines with ornithine to form urea (nontoxic) that is excreted in the urine; occurs in the liver and involves the amino acid arginine

A

urea

57
Q

urea cycle is also known as

A

ornithine cycle

58
Q

urea cycle occurs in the

A

liver

59
Q

chon metabolism - catabolism

the carbon skeleton can form either carbohydrates (for glucogenic amino acids) or fat (for ketogenic amino acids)

A

non-nitrogenous or keto-acid residue

60
Q

-synthesis and repair of tissues
-source of energy
-formation of TAG or fat in the adipose tissue
-formation of ketone bodies
-source of glucose

A

fates of amino acids

61
Q

protein - supplementary value

amino acid that is inadequate in a food item

A

limiting amino acid

62
Q

protein - supplementary value

is the pairing with another protein, which can supply the lacking amino acid

A

supplementary value

63
Q

is the amino acid found in short supply relative to need

A

limiting amino acid in protein

64
Q

limiting amino acid

soybeans and rice

A

methionine

65
Q

limiting amino acid

legumes

A

methionine and tryptophan

66
Q

limiting amino acid

green leafy vegetables

A

methionine

67
Q

limiting amino acid

cereal grains

A

lysine and threonine

68
Q

nitrogen balance1 g nitrogen is equivalent to _____ g dietary protein

A

6.25

69
Q

nitrogen balance

at nitrogen equilibrium

A

n intake = n output

70
Q

nitrogen balance

at positive nitrogen balance

occurs in growth, pregnancy, rehabilitation from illness

A

n intake > n output

71
Q

nitrogen balance

at negative nitrogen balance

occurs in illness, malnutrition

A

n output > n intake

72
Q

protein - recommended intake

proteins must constitute _____ of the total energy requirement

A

10-15%

73
Q

protein sources

include meat, fish, poultry, egg, milk, and cheese

A

animal sources

74
Q

protein sources

include soybeans, cowpeas, lentils, and grains

A

plant sources

75
Q

protein - health effects

-burden on liver for ammonia detoxification and kidneys for nitrogen excretion
-obesity
-depressed calcium absorption
-hypercholesterolemia
-heart diseases (meat sources are high in saturated fat)
-cancer (protein intakes from meats, carcinogens)
-weight control (protein-rich foods are also high in fat sources)

A

excess

76
Q

protein - health effects

protein malnutrition

affects ages 1-6 y/o; severe protein deficiency

A

kwarshiorkor

77
Q

protein - health effects

clinical manifestations
-presence of bilateral pedal edema
-muscle wasting in the gluteal region
-loss of subcutaneous fats
-prominence of bony structures particularly over the thorax
-appetite loss
-pale, thin, peeling skin
-hair sparse
-infection

A

deficiency

NBCD (89 decks)

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