3.2 - Carcinogenesis Flashcards
naphthylamine can cause what type of cancer? where is it found?
- urothelial carcinoma of bladder
- cigarette smoke
vinyl chloride can cause what type of cancer?
angiosarcoma of liver
aflatoxins can cause what type of cancer? where are they found?
- HCC
- aspergillus
chinese male with nasopharyngeal carcinoma - what is the organism responsible?
EBV
what are the high risk HBV types?
16, 18, 31, 33
ionizing radiation can cause what types of cancers? what is the mechanism?
- AML, CML, pap car of the thyroid
- hydroxyl free radicals
nonionizing radiation (UV) can cause what types of cancers? what is the mechanism?
- basal, squamous, melanoma
- pyrimidine dimers which are normally excised by restriction endonucleases
the ________ complex phosphorylates the Rb protein, which promotes progression through the G1/S checkpoint
cyclin D / CDK4
the cyclin D / CDK4 complex phosphorylates the ____ protein, which promotes progression through the __________ checkpoint
- Rb
- G1 / S
what protein regulates progression of the cell cycle from G1 to S phase?
p53 (and Rb)
what tumor is associated with PDGFB?
astrocytoma
what tumor is associated with KIT?
GI stromal
the RAS gene family serves what function normally?
GTP binding protein
what tumor is associated with c-MYC?
burkitt lymphoma
what is the translocation associated with burkitt lymphoma?
t(8;14) involving IgH
what tumor is associated with N-MYC?
neuroblastoma
what tumor is associated with L-MYC?
lung carcinoma (small cell)
what tumor is associated with CCND1 (cyclin D1)?
mantle cell lymphoma
what translocation is associated with CCND1 (cyclin D1)?
t(11;14)
what tumor is associated with CDK4?
melanoma
melanoma is linked to dysfunction in what cell cycle regulator?
CDK4
what is the pathogenesis of li fraumeni syndrome? what are the sequelae?
- germline mutation of p53 gene
- propensity to develop multiple types of carcinoma and sarcomas
how does Rb regulate progression from G1 to S phase?
- Rb holds E2F tx factor
- E2F is released when RB is phosphorylated by the cyclin D / CDK4 complex
how does Rb mutation lead to cancer?
constitutively free E2F, allowing progression through cycle
disruption of what molecule allows cytochrome c to leave the mitochondria and activate apoptosis?
Bcl2
what molecule is overexpressed in follicular lymphoma?
Bcl2
what translocation is responsible for follicular lymphoma?
t(14;18)
tumor cells can evade immune surveillance by downregulating expression of MHC class _____
MHC class I
