3.2 - Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

naphthylamine can cause what type of cancer? where is it found?

A
  • urothelial carcinoma of bladder

- cigarette smoke

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2
Q

vinyl chloride can cause what type of cancer?

A

angiosarcoma of liver

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3
Q

aflatoxins can cause what type of cancer? where are they found?

A
  • HCC

- aspergillus

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4
Q

chinese male with nasopharyngeal carcinoma - what is the organism responsible?

A

EBV

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5
Q

what are the high risk HBV types?

A

16, 18, 31, 33

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6
Q

ionizing radiation can cause what types of cancers? what is the mechanism?

A
  • AML, CML, pap car of the thyroid

- hydroxyl free radicals

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7
Q

nonionizing radiation (UV) can cause what types of cancers? what is the mechanism?

A
  • basal, squamous, melanoma

- pyrimidine dimers which are normally excised by restriction endonucleases

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8
Q

the ________ complex phosphorylates the Rb protein, which promotes progression through the G1/S checkpoint

A

cyclin D / CDK4

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9
Q

the cyclin D / CDK4 complex phosphorylates the ____ protein, which promotes progression through the __________ checkpoint

A
  • Rb

- G1 / S

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10
Q

what protein regulates progression of the cell cycle from G1 to S phase?

A

p53 (and Rb)

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11
Q

what tumor is associated with PDGFB?

A

astrocytoma

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12
Q

what tumor is associated with KIT?

A

GI stromal

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13
Q

the RAS gene family serves what function normally?

A

GTP binding protein

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14
Q

what tumor is associated with c-MYC?

A

burkitt lymphoma

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15
Q

what is the translocation associated with burkitt lymphoma?

A

t(8;14) involving IgH

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16
Q

what tumor is associated with N-MYC?

A

neuroblastoma

17
Q

what tumor is associated with L-MYC?

A

lung carcinoma (small cell)

18
Q

what tumor is associated with CCND1 (cyclin D1)?

A

mantle cell lymphoma

19
Q

what translocation is associated with CCND1 (cyclin D1)?

A

t(11;14)

20
Q

what tumor is associated with CDK4?

A

melanoma

21
Q

melanoma is linked to dysfunction in what cell cycle regulator?

A

CDK4

22
Q

what is the pathogenesis of li fraumeni syndrome? what are the sequelae?

A
  • germline mutation of p53 gene

- propensity to develop multiple types of carcinoma and sarcomas

23
Q

how does Rb regulate progression from G1 to S phase?

A
  • Rb holds E2F tx factor

- E2F is released when RB is phosphorylated by the cyclin D / CDK4 complex

24
Q

how does Rb mutation lead to cancer?

A

constitutively free E2F, allowing progression through cycle

25
Q

disruption of what molecule allows cytochrome c to leave the mitochondria and activate apoptosis?

A

Bcl2

26
Q

what molecule is overexpressed in follicular lymphoma?

A

Bcl2

27
Q

what translocation is responsible for follicular lymphoma?

A

t(14;18)

28
Q

tumor cells can evade immune surveillance by downregulating expression of MHC class _____

A

MHC class I