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Pathoma > 10.5 - Small bowel > Flashcards

10.5 - Small bowel Flashcards

1
Q

double bubble sign is seen in ______________

A

duodenal atresia

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2
Q

does duodenal atresia have bilious or nonbilious vomiting?

A

bilious

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3
Q

is meckel diverticulum a true or false diverticulum?

A

true

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4
Q

what is the cause of a meckel diverticulum?

A

failure of vitelline duct to involute

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5
Q

what are the most common sites of volvulus?

A
  • sigmoid

- cecum

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6
Q

in intussusception, which part telescopes?

A

telescoping of proximal segment forward into distal segment

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7
Q

what is the most common cause of intussusception in children? adults?

A
  • children: lymphoid hyperplasia

- adults: tumor

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8
Q

transmural bowel infarction is due to _________________

A

thrombosis / embolism of SMA or mesenteric vein

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9
Q

mucosal bowel infarction is due to _________________

A

marked hypotension

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10
Q

thrombosis / embolism of SMA or mesenteric vein leads to what type of bowel infarction?

A

transmural

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11
Q

marked hypotension leads to what type of bowel infarction?

A

mucosal

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12
Q

where is the lactase enzyme located?

A

brush border of enterocytes

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13
Q

lactase breaks down ____________ into _________ and ____________

A
  • lactose

- glucose and galactose

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14
Q

celiac disease is associated with what HLA haplotypes?

A

HLA-DQ2 and DQ8

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15
Q

once absorbed, gliadin is deaminated by ____________

A

tissue transglutaminase (tTG)

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16
Q

what immune cell mediates tissue damage in celiac disease?

A

helper T cells

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17
Q

deamidated gliadin is presented by APCs via MHC ____

A

II

18
Q

dermatitis herpetiformis is seen in what condition? what is the pathophysiology?

A
  • celiac

- deposition of IgA

19
Q

in celiac disease there are antibodies against ________ (3 antigens)

A
  • tTG
  • gliadin
  • endomysium
20
Q

what is the duodenal biopsy histology seen in celiac disease?

A
  • flattening of villi
  • hyperplasia of crypts
  • increased intraepithelial lymphocytes
21
Q

in celiac disease, which segment of the GI tract is most heavily involved?

A

duodenum

22
Q

what are late complications of celiac disease despite good dietary control?

A
  • small bowel carcinoma

- T cell lymphoma

23
Q

duoenal biopsy show:

  • flattening of villi
  • hyperplasia of crypts
  • increased intraepithelial lymphocytes

diagnosis?

A

celiac disease

24
Q

where is damage most prominent in tropical sprue?

A

jejunum and ileum

25
Q

whipple disease is a systemic tissue disease characterized by _________ loaded with tropheryma whippelii

A

macrophages

26
Q

what is the classic site of involvement in whipple disease?

A

small bowel lamina propria

27
Q

what is the pathophysiology of whipple disease?

A
  • macrophages compress lacteals
  • chylomicrons cannot be transferred from enterocytes to lymphatics
  • fat malabsorption and steatorrhea
28
Q

what is the cause of steatorrhea in whipple disease?

A
  • macrophages compress lacteals

- chylomicrons cannot be transferred from enterocytes to lymphatics

29
Q

PAS positive organisms are observed macrophage lysosomes of the small bowel lamina propria - diagnosis?

A

whipple disease

30
Q

what is the inheritance of abetalipoproteinemia?

A

AR

31
Q

abetalipoproteinemia is an AR deficiency of _________ and __________

A

B48 and B100

32
Q

what are the features of abetalipoproteinemia?

A
  • malabsorption

- absent plasma VLDL and LDL

33
Q

in abetalipoproteinemia which lipoproteins are absent? why?

A
  • VLDL and LDL

- these require B-100

34
Q

what is the cause of malabsorption in abetalipoproteinemia? why?

A
  • defective chylomicron formation

- requires B48

35
Q

carcinoid tumor is a malignant proliferation of what type of cells?

A

neuroendocrine

36
Q

carcinoid tumors have tumor cells containing neurosecretory granules that stain positive for _____________

A

chromogranin

37
Q

how does carcinoid sydrome arise?

A

metastasis of carcinoid tumor from GI tract (small bowel) to the liver, bypassing metabolism

38
Q

what are the findings of carcinoid syndrome?

A
  • bronchospasm
  • diarrhea
  • flushing
39
Q

what are the findings in carcinoid HEART disease?

A
  • right sided valvular fibrosis (increased collagen)
  • tricuspid regurg
  • pulmonary stenosis
40
Q

why aren’t left sided lesions seen in carcinoid heart disease?

A

due to presence of MAO (metabolizes serotonin)

Pathoma (120 decks)

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