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Pathoma > 2.1 - Acute inflammation > Flashcards

2.1 - Acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

which CD located on macrophages is a coreceptor for TLR4?

A

CD14

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2
Q

CD14 on macrophages recognizes what bacterial component?

A

LPS

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3
Q

which CD on macrophages is responsible for recognition of LPS?

A

CD14

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4
Q

TLR activation results in upregulation of ______, a nuclear transcription factor

A

NFkB

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5
Q

PGE2 is responsible for mediating ______ and _______

A

pain and fever

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6
Q

5-lipoxygenase produces ______________

A

leukotrienes

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7
Q

what are the neutrophil chemoattractants? (4)

A
  • LTB4
  • C5a
  • IL-8
  • bacterial products
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8
Q

mast cells are activated by what 3 factors?

A
  • tissue trauma
  • C3a and C5a
  • cross linking of cell surface IgE by antigen
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9
Q

the second phase of the mast cell response is mediated by ____________

A

leukotrienes

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10
Q

what are the 3 main complement pathways, and activators?

A
  • classical: C1 binds IgG or IgM
  • alternative: microbial products
  • mannose-binding lectin: MBL binds mannose on microorganisms
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11
Q

all complement pathways converge in production of:

A

C3 convertase

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12
Q

what are the complement anaphylatoxins?

A

C3a and C5a

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13
Q

hageman factor is responsible for activation of what 3 systems?

A
  • coagulation / fibrinolytic
  • complement
  • kinin
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14
Q

in inflammation, vascular permeability occurs in what vessel type, specifically?

A

post-capillary venules

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15
Q

in inflammation, what two molecules are responsible for sensitization of nerve endings?

A
  • bradykinin

- PGE2

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16
Q

what is the pathophysiology behind fever?

A
  • pyrogens cause macrophages to release IL-1 and TNF, which increase cyclooxygenase activity in perivascular cells of the hypothalamus
  • increased PGE2 raises temperature set point
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17
Q

in fever production, macrophages release what compounds? what do they act on? where?

A
  • IL-1 and TNF

- increase cyclooxygenase activity in perivascular cells of hypothalamus

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18
Q

what PG is responsible for raising the temperature set point in fever?

A

PGE2

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19
Q

weibel palade bodies contain what mediators?

A
  • von willebrand factor (“W”)

- P-selectin (“P”)

20
Q

in the rolling phase of neutrophil chemotaxis, P-selectin is mediated by ______________

A

histamine

21
Q

in the rolling phase of neutrophil chemotaxis, E-selectin is induced by what two compounds?

A
  • TNF

- IL-1

22
Q

in the rolling phase of neutrophil chemotaxis, where are selectins located?

A

endothelial cells

23
Q

in the adhesion phase of neutrophil chemotaxis, where are CAMs located?

A

endothelium

24
Q

what 2 molecules are responsible for upregulation of ICAM and VCAM in the adhesion phase of neutrophil chemotaxis?

A

TNF and IL-1

25
Q

in the adhesion phase of neutrophil chemotaxis, where are integrins located?

A

leukocytes

26
Q

in the adhesion phase of neutrophil chemotaxis, leukocytes are upregulated by what two molecules?

A

C5a and LTB4

27
Q

what is the inheritance of leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

AR

28
Q

leukocytes adhesion deficiency is a defect of what molecule type, and on what cell type? what is the result?

A
  • integrins (CD18 subunit) on leukocytes

- delayed separation of umbilical cord, lack of pus

29
Q

leukocytes transmigrate across endothelium of what vessel type, specifically?

A

postcapillary venules

30
Q

chediak higashi syndrome is a defect in what process? what is the underlying cause?

A

impaired phagolysosome formation due to protein trafficking defect

31
Q

what is the inheritance of chediak higashi syndrome?

A

AR

32
Q

the following sequelae correspond to what syndrome?

  • increased risk of pyogenic infections
  • neutropenia
  • giant granules in leukocytes
  • defective primary hemostasis
  • albinism
  • peripheral neuropathy
A

chediak higashi syndrome

33
Q

the neutropenia seen in chediak higashi syndrome is due to________________

A

intramedullary death of neutrophils

34
Q

the giant granules in leukocytes seen in chediak higashi syndrome is due to________________

A

fusion of granules arising from golgi apparatus

35
Q

the defective primary hemostasis seen in chediak higashi syndrome is due to________________

A

abnormal dense granules in platelets

36
Q

chronic granulomatous disease is characterized by a defect in what process?

A

poor oxygen dependent killing

37
Q

chronic granulomatous disease is due to a defect in what ENZYME?

A

NADPH oxidase

38
Q

what are the main catalase positive organisms responsible for infections in chronic granulomatous disease?

A
  • pseudomonas cepacia**
  • s. aureus
  • serratia marcescens
  • nocardia
  • aspergillus
39
Q

what is the test used to diagnose chronic granulomatous disease? how does it work?

A
  • nitroblue tetrazolium
  • leukocytes are incubated with NBT dye, which turns blue if NADPH oxidase can convert oxygen to superoxide radical but remains colorless if NADPH oxidase is defective
40
Q

NBT test returns with a colorless result - what is the interpretation? why?

A
  • defect in NADPH oxidase

- NADPH oxidase cannot convert oxygen to superoxide radical

41
Q

myeloperoxidase is responsible for what step in oxygen dependent killing?

A

conversion of H2O2 to HOCl

42
Q

MPO deficiency predisposes to infection by what organism?

A

candida

43
Q

in MPO deficiency is the NBT test normal or abnormal? why or why not?

A
  • normal

- conversion from oxygen to superoxide radical is intact (NADPH oxidase function is normal, which is what NBT tests)

44
Q

during the resolution phase of neutrophil arrival and function, neutrophils regress via what mechanism?

A

apoptosis

45
Q

do macrophages typically use oxygen dependent or independent killing?

A

independent (with lysozyme, eg)

46
Q

in inflammation, macrophages are responsible for what main processes / pathways?

A
  • resolution and healing
  • continued acute inflammation
  • abscess
  • chronic inflammation

macrophages are the “managers” of inflammation - they dictate if a good job has been done and resolution can occur, or if more work needs to be done and more mediators need to be recruited

47
Q

during the resolution and healing phase of acute inflammation, macrophages secrete what 2 cytokines? what is their general purpose?

A
  • IL-10 and TGFB

- anti-inflammatory

Pathoma (120 decks)

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