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Michael Gedestad
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Decks in this class (120)
1.1 - Growth adaptations
Permanent tissues can only underg...,
In atrophy decrease in cell numbe...,
Can apocrine metaplasia of breast...
8
cards
1.2 - Cellular injury
Hypoxemia is a low __________ of ...,
What is the pao2 in anemia sao2 why,
What is the pao2 in co poisoning ...
6
cards
1.3 - Cell death
What type of necrosis is characte...,
What is the gross appearance of c...,
Saponification is a an example of...
14
cards
1.4 - Free radical injury
In what part of the cell does cat...,
In what part of the cell does sod...,
In what part of the cell does glu...
5
cards
1.5 - Amyloidosis
Where does amyloid deposit,
Amyloid takes on what protein con...,
Primary amyloidosis is systemic d...
14
cards
2.1 - Acute inflammation
Which cd located on macrophages i...,
Cd14 on macrophages recognizes wh...,
Which cd on macrophages is respon...
47
cards
2.2 - Chronic inflammation
What complex do t cells use for a...,
The tcr complex is comprised of _...,
What are the two signals for cd4 ...
16
cards
2.3 - Primary immunodeficiency
Digeorge syndrome is due to failu...,
Digeorge syndrome is due to a mic...,
How does digeorge syndrome present
21
cards
2.4 - Autoimmune disorders
Central tolerance in the thymus l...,
What is the result of an aire mut...,
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome...
37
cards
2.5 - Wound healing
Scar formation is the result of t...,
What enzyme is responsible for re...,
Collagenase is responsible for re...
8
cards
3.1 - Neoplasia
What is the normal ratio of activ...,
How can isoform differentiate bet...,
How can clonality differentiate b...
8
cards
3.2 - Carcinogenesis
Naphthylamine can cause what type...,
Vinyl chloride can cause what typ...,
Aflatoxins can cause what type of...
28
cards
3.3 - Tumor progression
Downregulation of _________ leads...,
Cells attach to laminin and destr...,
What carcinomas are the exception...
3
cards
3.4 - Clinical characteristics
What is the hallmark of malignancy,
What is the ihc stain for epithelium,
What is the ihc stain for mesenchyme
7
cards
4.1 - Primary hemostasis and related bleeding disorders
Platelets bind vwf using the ____...,
Platelets bind _____ using the gp...,
Where is vwf found
29
cards
4.2 - Secondary hemostasis and related disorders
Where does the calcium required f...,
Hemophilia a is due to a defectiv...,
Hemophilia b is due to a defectiv...
11
cards
4.3 - Other disorders of hemostasis
How does adenocarcinoma cause dic,
What are the lab findings in dic ...,
What is the best screening test f...
8
cards
4.4 - Thrombosis
What are lines of zahn what are t...,
Will lines of zahn be present in ...,
Is pgi2 pro thrombotic or anti th...
11
cards
4.5 - Embolism
What is the inciting factor of di...,
What is elevated in pe
2
cards
5.1 - Anemia
Anemia is defined as hb below ___...
1
cards
5.2 - Microcytic anemia
What are the 4 etiologies of micr...,
Where does iron absorption occur,
Which is more readily absorbed he...
43
cards
5.3 - Macrocytic anemia
Where is folate absorbed,
Hypersegmented neutrophils glossi...,
Salivary enzymes liberate b12 whi...
6
cards
5.4 - Normocytic anemia
What lab value helps differentiat...,
What is the normal reticulocyte c...,
A properly functioning marrow res...
6
cards
5.5 - Normocytic anemias with extravascular hemolysis
Hereditary spherocytosis shows a ...,
What is seen on blood smear in sp...,
What are howell jolly bodies
15
cards
5.6 - Normocytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinur...,
Where is decay accelerating facto...,
What is the cd designation for daf
26
cards
5.7 - Anemia due to underproduction
Parvovirus b19 infects what type ...,
What is the treatment for parvovi...,
What is a myelophthisic process w...
3
cards
6.1 - Leukopenia and leukocytosis
Immature neutrophils are characte...,
Basophilia is classically seen in...,
In mononucleosis a positive monos...
4
cards
6.2 - Acute leukemia
Acute leukemia is defined as accu...,
In all lymphoblasts are character...,
Tdt is absent in what cell types
14
cards
6.3 - Chronic leukemia
Neoplastic proliferation of naive...,
Smudge cells are seen in ________,
What is the hallmark blood smear ...
18
cards
6.4 - Myeloproliferative disorders
How are myeloproliferative disord...,
What are the myeloproliferative d...,
What cell type is classically ele...
16
cards
6.5 - Lymphadenopathy
Lymph node enlargement is due to ...,
What region of the lymph node und...,
What region of the lymph node und...
3
cards
6.6 - Lymphoma
What are the 3 subtypes of nhl,
Follicular lymphoma is what subty...,
Mantle cell lymphoma is what subt...
27
cards
6.7 - Hodgkin lymphoma
Reed sternberg cells stain positi...,
What makes up the bulk of the tum...,
What are the 4 types of hl
9
cards
6.8 - Plasma cell disorders (dyscrasias)
Which interleukin may be elevated...,
Why is bone pain punched out lesi...,
Why is elevated serum protein see...
12
cards
6.9 - Langerhans cell histiocytosis
What are langherhans cells,
Langerhans cells are derived from...,
What is the classic em finding in...
7
cards
7.1 - Vasculitis
Is temporal arteritis granulomato...,
Biopsy of temporal arteritis reve...,
What is the treatment for giant c...
27
cards
7.2 - Hypertension
How does the jga respond to low b...,
Angiotensin ii raises the bp via ...
2
cards
7.3 - Arteriosclerosis
What are the 3 pathological patte...,
Atherosclerosis can undergo what ...,
What are the modifiable risk fact...
12
cards
7.4 - Aortic dissection and aneurysm
Aortic dissections occur in the p...,
What is the most common cause of ...,
Marfan and eds lead to weakness o...
6
cards
7.5 - Vascular tumors
Do hemangiomas regress during chi...,
Liver angiosarcoma is associated ...,
Kaposi sarcoma is associated with...
4
cards
8.1 - Ischemic heart disease
Angina is due to atherosclerosis ...,
St segment depression is due to i...,
What is the main moa of nitroglyc...
25
cards
8.2 - Congestive heart failure
What is the mainstay treatment fo...,
What are the clinical features of...
2
cards
8.3 - Congenital defects
What is eisenmenger syndrome what...,
Fetal alcohol syndrome has what c...,
What is the most common type of asd
25
cards
8.4 - Valvular disorders
Acute rheumatic fever is due to w...,
What is the etiology of acute rhe...,
How is diagnosis of acute rheumat...
23
cards
8.5 - Endocarditis
Which organism is the most common...,
What is the most common organism ...,
Does staph aureus induced endocar...
14
cards
8.6 - Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy is due to ...,
Does dilated cardiomyopathy resul...,
What are the complications of dil...
11
cards
8.7 - Cardiac tumors
Histology gelatinous appearance a...,
Myxomas are tumors of what embryo...,
Rhabdomyoma is associated with wh...
7
cards
9.1 - Nasopharynx
Nasal polyps are usually secondar...,
What is the triad for aspirin int...,
What is an angiofibroma who is th...
6
cards
9.2 - Larynx
What is the most common cause of ...,
A child presents with high fever ...,
What is the cause of laryngotrach...
5
cards
9.3 - Pulmonary infections
What is the most common cause of ...,
What are the gross phases of loba...,
What causes the congestion phase ...
16
cards
9.4 - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What is the result of copd on fev...,
What is the reid index,
What are the paco2 and pao2 level...
12
cards
9.5 - Restrictive diseases
What are the findings in restrict...,
What induces the fibrosis in idio...,
What are the ct findings in idiop...
8
cards
9.6 - Pulmonary hypertension
In pulmonary htn the map is over ...,
What is the normal map,
What characteristic feature is se...
5
cards
9.7 - Respiratory distress syndrome
Ards is due to diffuse damage to ...,
What is seen on biopsy in ards wh...,
What mediates the damage in secon...
10
cards
9.8 - Lung cancer
What can produce a coin lesion,
Bronchial hamartomas are composed...,
What are the subtypes of non smal...
17
cards
9.9 - Pleura
In a spontaneous pneumothorax whe...,
In a tension pneumothorax where d...,
How does mesothelioma present
3
cards
10.1 - Oral cavity
Cleft lip and palate is due to fa...,
What are the three physical findi...,
What is the pathophysiology of be...
7
cards
10.2 - Salivary gland
What is sialadenitis what is the ...,
What is a pleomorphic adenoma is ...,
What is a warthin tumor where doe...
6
cards
10.3 - Esophagus
What are the 3 findings in plumme...,
Is a zenker diverticulum false or...,
What is boerhaave syndrome
16
cards
10.4 - Stomach
Gastroschisis is a congenital mal...,
What is an omphalocele what is th...,
What are the layers covering an o...
35
cards
10.5 - Small bowel
Double bubble sign is seen in ___...,
Does duodenal atresia have biliou...,
Is meckel diverticulum a true or ...
40
cards
10.6 - Appendix
What is the most common cause of ...
1
cards
10.7 - Inflammatory bowel disease
Mucosal and submucosal ulcer is t...,
Full thickness inflammation with ...,
What is the most common site for ...
14
cards
10.8 - Colon
Hirschsprung disease is associate...,
What is the cause of of hirschspr...,
Hirschsprung disease is due to co...
46
cards
11.1 - Exocrine pancreas
Annular pancreas leads to a risk ...,
Acute pancreatitis is due to prem...,
Acute pancreatitis leads to _____...
12
cards
11.2 - Gall bladder and biliary tract
How does biliary atresia present,
Does biliary atresia involve the ...,
How do cholesterol stones appear ...
13
cards
11.3 - Liver
What protein carries unconjugated...,
What enzyme conjugates bilirubin,
What converts conjugated bilirubi...
64
cards
12.1 - Congenital kidney and urinary tract pathology
Horseshoe kidneys are connected a...,
Horseshoe kidney gets caught on w...,
What are the manifestations of po...
13
cards
12.2 - Acute renal failure
What is the hallmark of acute ren...,
What is the general cause of prer...,
What is the bun creatinine ratio ...
21
cards
12.3 - Nephrotic syndrome
Why does nephrotic syndrome resul...,
How does nephrotic syndrome lead ...,
Minimal change disease is associa...
28
cards
12.4 - Nephritic syndrome
Hypercellular inflamed glomeruli ...,
What mediates the damage seen in ...,
Post strep gn arises after infect...
26
cards
12.5 - Urinary tract infection
What is the gold standard test fo...,
What are the top 5 most common et...,
Young sexually active women have ...
12
cards
12.6 - Nephrolithiasis
What is the most common cause of ...,
What is the treatment for calcium...,
What is the most common cause of ...
7
cards
12.7 - Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure leads to a ...
1
cards
12.8 - Renal neoplasia
Angiomyolipomas have an increased...,
Renal cell carcinoma is a maligna...,
What is the classic triad of rcc ...
21
cards
12.9 - Lower urinary tract carcinoma
Urothelial transitional cell carc...,
What is the most common type of l...,
Urothelial transitional cell carc...
11
cards
13.1 - Vulva
The vulva is lined by ______________,
Unilateral painful cystic lesion ...,
Condyloma is due to which strains...
17
cards
13.2 - Vagina
What is adenosis,
Adenosis is a result of exposure ...,
Vaginal bleeding grape like mass ...
5
cards
13.3 - Cervix
The exocervix is lined by _______...,
The endocervix is lined by ______...,
What is the pathogenesis of hpv i...
6
cards
13.4 - Endometrium and myometrium
What is ashermann syndrome how is...,
What is the result of an anovulat...,
Endometriosis involving the uteri...
11
cards
13.5 - Ovary
Lh acts on what cells of the ovary,
Fsh acts on what cells of the ova...,
What are the levels of lh and fsh...
5
cards
13.6 - Ovarian tumors
Patients with what mutation have ...,
Brenner tumors are comprised of w...,
What is the serum marker used to ...
20
cards
13.7 - Gestational pathology
What is the key risk factor for e...,
When how does placenta previa pre...,
What drug can cause placental abr...
13
cards
14.1 - Penis
Hypospadias is opening of the ure...,
Epispadias is opening of the uret...,
What is the cause of hypospadias
12
cards
14.2 - Testicle
Cryptorchidism presents an increa...,
What organisms can cause orchitis...,
What organisms can cause orchitis...
10
cards
14.3 - Testicular tumors
Testicular tumors arise from what...,
Most testicular tumors are ______...,
Germ cell testicular tumors are s...
23
cards
14.4 - Prostate
The prostate secretes what type o...,
The glands and stroma of the pros...,
How does acute prostatitis present
20
cards
15.1 - Anterior pituitary gland
What is the treatment for prolact...,
Why does gigantism present with s...,
What are the igf 1 levels in giga...
5
cards
15.2 - Posterior pituitary gland
What is the serum osmolality in cdi,
What is the urine osmolality in cdi,
What are the serum sodium levels ...
9
cards
15.3 - Thyroid gland
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a cys...
1
cards
15.4 - Hyperthyroidism
The increased basal metabolic rat...,
The increased sympathetic nervous...,
What are the cholesterol levels l...
9
cards
15.5 - Hypothyroidism
Mental retardation short stature ...,
What are the causes of cretinism,
What is the cause of dyshormonoge...
4
cards
15.6 - Thyroiditis
Hashimoto thyroiditis is associat...,
What antibodies are often present...,
What histology is seen in hashimo...
9
cards
15.7 - Thyroid neoplasia
Orphan annie eye nuclei nuclear g...,
Can a distinction between follicu...,
How does follicular carcinoma spr...
9
cards
15.8 - Parathyroid gland
What cells secrete pth,
How does primary hyperpth lead to...,
High pth low serum calcium high s...
7
cards
15.9 - Endocrine pancreas
Type 1 dm is associated with what...,
What is the pathogenesis of dka,
Dka results in ___________ hypoka...
8
cards
15.10 - Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone works on what cells o...,
How does hyperaldosteronism present,
How does aldosterone affect potas...
15
cards
15.11 - Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla is derived fr...
1
cards
16.1 - Inflammatory conditions of the breast
What is the functional unit of th...,
Breast lobules and ducts are line...,
During pregnancy breast lobules u...
12
cards
16.2 - Benign tumors and fibrocystic changes of the breast
Lumpy breast upper outer quadrant...,
Gross exam reveals a blue dome ap...,
What are the different types of f...
12
cards
16.3 - Breast cancer
Malignant proliferation of cells ...,
What is the histology of comedo t...,
What is paget disease of the breast
20
cards
17.1 - Developmental anomalies of the CNS
The wall of the neural tube forms...,
Neural tube defects are detected ...,
Anencephaly results in __________...
7
cards
17.2 - Spinal cord lesions
Syringomyelia results in sensory ...,
How does syringomyelia present,
Why does horner syndrome result f...
12
cards
17.3 - Meningitis
Leptomeninges consists of the ___...,
What are the most common organism...,
What are the most common organism...
5
cards
17.4 - Cerebrovascular disease
Thrombotic strokes usually result...,
Embolic strokes usually result in...,
Embolic strokes usually involve w...
21
cards
17.5 - Trauma to the CNS
An epidural hematoma is _______ s...,
A subdural hematoma is __________...,
A subfalcine herniation involves ...
7
cards
17.6 - Demyelinating disorders
Meta chromatic leukodystrophy is ...,
What is the inheritance of metach...,
What product accumulates in metac...
15
cards
17.7 - Dementia and degenerative disorders
In ad are tau aggregates intracel...,
In ad there is a loss of choliner...,
What is seen on histology in pick...
9
cards
17.8 - CNS tumors
Where do metastatic brain tumors ...,
Which adult brain tumor crosses t...,
Gbm stains positive for _____
19
cards
18.1 - Skeletal system
Achondroplasia is due to impaired...,
Achondroplasia is due to a mutati...,
What is the inheritance of achond...
32
cards
18.2 - Bone tumors
Where do osteomas arise,
Osteomas are associated with what...,
What is the triad of gardner synd...
32
cards
18.3 - Joints
Degenerative joint disease consis...,
How does degenerative joint disea...,
Heberden and bouchard nodes are i...
25
cards
18.4 - Skeletal muscle
The presence of dermatomyositis c...,
What are the clinical features of...,
What are gottron papules in which...
15
cards
18.5 - Neuromuscular junction
What is the cause of myasthenia g...,
Myasthenia gravis is associated w...,
What is the cause of lambert eato...
4
cards
18.6 - Soft tissue tumors
What is the characteristic cell o...,
Cardiac rhabdomyoma is associated...,
What is the characteristic cell o...
4
cards
19.1 - Inflammatory dermatoses
Atopic dermatitis shows type ____...,
Contact dermatitis shows type ___...,
What is the pathogenesis of acne ...
10
cards
19.2 - Blistering dermatoses
Pemphigus vulgaris is due to an a...,
Pemphigus vulgaris is due to ____...,
Does pemphigus vulgaris involve t...
15
cards
19.3 - Epithelial tumors
Raised discolored plaques with wa...,
What is leser trelat sign what do...,
Acanthosis nigricans is seen in w...
10
cards
19.4 - Disorders of pigmentation and melanocytes
Melanocytes are responsible for s...,
Melanocytes are derived from what...,
How does pigmentation occur
10
cards
19.5 - Infectious disorders
Impetigo is due to what two organ...,
Dry crusted honey colored serum o...,
Cellulitis is due to what two org...
6
cards
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Pathoma
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