Tues Wk 3 Endo Flashcards
primary hyperaldosteronism can cause metabolic __ and hypokalemia
manifests as muscle __ and cramps, w occasional R and arrhytmias
Estrogen maintains __ in premen women
low levels inc release of __/__ cytokines, inc RANKL and inc __ activity
thus, low levels inc risk of __
alkalosis
weakness, rhabdomyolysis
bone mass
IL1/TNF, OC
osteoporosis
insulin dec blood glucose by inc peripheral __
also is anabolic hormone that aids in synthesis of G/T/N/P
binds to IR w intrinsic __ activity
activates IRS1, which starts __
activates __ to promote DNA synthesis/cell growth
activates __ to translocate GLUT4 to surface and glycogen/fat synthesis
glycogen synthesis occurs as protein __ dephos glycogen synthase for activation
On the other hand, PKA from __ activates glycogen phosphorylase via GP __
uptake
glycogen, TG, nucleic acids, proteins
TK
cascade
MAPK
PI3K
phosphatase
glucagon
kinase
__ disease is mcc of hyperthyroid
TRAb antibodies bind __ receptor, stimulating release of T4
specific sx include D/O
caused by accumulation of __ in affected tissues
fasting glucose > __
random glucose > __
HbA1c > __ all indicate DM
use glucose tolerance test for __/__ pts
copper reduction test can detect __ in urine, as it looks for reducing sugars
urine dipstick uses __ oxidase to look for urinary glucose
Graves
TSH
dermopathy, ophthalmopathy
GAG
126
200
6.5
CF, pregnant
fructose
glucose
maternal hyperglycemia is caused by transplacental __ delivery to infant
leads to fetal __ and beta cell hyperplasia
baby is __ w hypoglycemia
Fetal effects of DM -congenital malformations of H/NT
placental vasculopathy leads to A/__ restriction and P__
inc fetal insulin leads to M and __ cardiomyopathy
glucose
macrosomia
large
heart, neural tube
asphyxia, growth, polycythemia
macrosomia, hypertrophic
xanthelasma is dermal acculation of macros w cytoplasm composed of /
insulin resistance promotes inc __ prodxn
diabetics may get type 4 or 5 __ w inc VLDL/chylo or secondary diabetic dyslipidemia w inc LDL/low HDL
cholesterol/TG
LDL
hyperlipidemia
autoimmune adrenal insufficiency is due to antibodies to __ layers of adrenal cortex
ACTH can not stimulate __ release, thus pt has high ACTH/MSH w __
low cortisol cannot help in __ release, thus low cortsiol leads to lower insulin requirement
cannot excrete H leading to non gap metabolic __
pt retains _ in order to attempt maintaining neutrality
inc release of __ causes water reabsorption and further exacerbates hypoNa
pt w secondary/tertiary adrenal insufficeincy has fxnal __
thus, MC is present and pt does not have a __ presentation
exogenous ACTH will stimulate __ release
all 3
cortisol
hyperpigmentation
glucose
acidosis
Cl
ADH
adrenal gland
severe
cortisol
__ is the condition of having different mitochondrial genomes w/in single cell
severity of mito dz is directly related to proportion of abnormal to normal __ in pt cells
Pharyneal pouch 1 contains epithelium of __ ear and auditory tube
becomes Tympanic __ and epithelium of external __
Pharyngeal pouch 2 becomes epithelium of __ tonsil crypts
Pharyngeal pouch 3 becomes T and inferior __ glands
Pharyngeal pouch 4 becomes __ parathyroid and ultimobranchial body
heteroplasmy
mitochondria
middle, membrae, ear canal
palatine
thymus, parathyroid
superior
sarcomere is made of overlapping __/__ w structural binding proteins
single sarcomere is distance bw __ lines
actin is attached to __ line, w unbound ends fixed to __ filaments
__ band always remains same length
corresponds to __ fibers in sarcomere
Myosin filaments anchor to __ line in center of A band
actin does not overlap w myosin at __ band
__ band is where myosin does nt overlap w actin
actin/myosin
z
z, myosin
A
myosin
M
I
H
recurrent skin/mucosal infections w no pus, poor wound healing has __ do
delayed separation of __
marked peripheral __ w PMNs
usually due to S__ and gram neg __
Wiscott Aldrich is triad of __
__ is disorder w severe arthritis
inherited AR w def in __ dioxygenase
converts homogentistic acid to maleyl__
acculumation of HA leads to blue black __ in sclera/ear cartilge
deposits in large joints leads to ankylosis and sig __
pathognomic __ urine due to oxidation of homogentistic acid
LAD
umbilical cord
leukocytosis
staph aureus, rods
thromocytopenia, sinopulm infections, eczema
Alkaptonuria
homogentistic acid
acetoacetate
deposits
pain
black
osteomyelitis of bone/marrow can be due to __ seeding of bacteremia
spread from contiguous __ like in diabetic foot wound
or direct inoculation into bone via __
Hematogenous osteomyelitis is most common in __ affecting Tibia/femur/fibula
look for pain over __ bone
as abscess expands, bone __ and periosteal disruption w swelling occurs
most commonly due to __
hematogenous
infection
compund fracture
kids
long
necrosis
staph aureus
in SCD, osteomyelitis occurs from __ seeding
usually S/S to long bones
In Pott Dz, heme seeding from __ w mycobacterium Tb
affects __
in DM, location is bones of _
infection is __
Recumbent pt w impaired mobility has contiguous spread from __ ulcer
infection is __ usually on sacrum/heels
heme
salmonella, staph
lungs
spine
feet
polymicrobial
pressure
polymicrobial
skeletal muscle contraction req M, A, T, T
thick filament in SM is __ that forms cross link w actin
thin filament in SM is __ covered by tropomyosin
Troponin T binds __, Troponin I binds to __
Troponin C binds __
as Ca is released from SR, Ca binds __ and tropomyosin shifts to expose __ binding site for contraction
myosin, troponin, actin, tropomyosin
myosin
actin
tropomyosin
actin
Ca
troponin C, actin
pt w limb shortening, frontal bossing, midface hypoplasia, short limbs (Rhizomyelia), trident hand, bowed tibia has __ dx
AD point mutation in __ gene
affects __ ossification of long bones
in endochondral bone formation, mesenchymal cells differentiate into __ to secrete cartilage matrix
chondrocytes __ and form elongating cartilage template
later, is calcified and invaded by __/__ and blood vessels
deposition of osteoid __ forms woven bone, and is remodeled to compact
FGFR3 normally limits __ proliferation
w mutation, it is constituitively __ w inc inhibition
achondroplasia
FGFR3
endochondral chondrocytes proliferate OB/OC matrix
chondrocyte
active
pt w proportional short stature has __ deficiency
flat bones grow via __ ossification
mesenchymal cells become__ and secrete osteoid matrix w out forming cartilage first
GH
intramembranous
OB
