Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UWorld > Renal 1 > Flashcards

Renal 1 Flashcards

1
Q

nephritic presentation following rash/infection think ___
Dysmorphic __, __ casts in urine
slight elevation in __/__ ratio

immune complexes formed on the __ side of BM

T cells, monocytes, eosinophils may be presnt in acute ___ folowing antibiotics

A

PSGN
red cells, RBC
BUN/creatinine

epithelial side

AIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

patient w bilateral RAS tx w ___ can lead to acute renal failure
other cx include ___ HF, hypo__ and chronic __ disease

locally produced __ in AA counterract effects of AT2

A

ACEI
congestive, volemia, kidney

VD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pt w DKA has __ ABG

kidney responds by inc __ resorption via Carbonic anhydrase
forms H2CO3, broken down and __ diffuses across BM membrane back to circulation

inc __ secretion via acidosis
Na/H antiporter in __ nephron and H/K ATPase are is important in __ segments via __ cells

Inc __ excretion
most importantly, __ and __
this helps to __ acid released in urine

urine will show ___ pH, __ HCO3, and __ H`2PO4

A

MA
HCO3
HCO3

H
proximal
distal nephron
a intercalated

buffer
H2PO4, NH3
dec

dec, dec, inc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pt w recent blood transfusion develops fever, chills, hpoTN, dyspnea, Chest/back pain and hemoglobinuria has __ rxn
this is __ HS rxn, w/in min/hours

usually due to __ Incompat
caused by IgM anti __ antibodies in recipient binding to donor __
activation of __ C3a and C5a produces Vd and sx of __
activation of __ leads to complement mediated __

Type 1 HS rxn occurs against __ in blood
usually in __ def pt

A

acute hemolytic
3

ABO
ABO, RBC
analphylatoxins
septic shock
MAC, cell lysis

plasma proteins
IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bilateral, enlarged cystic fetal kidneys w oligohydramnios suggsts ___ dx
mutation in __ gene for fibrocystn
dilation of renal __ and _ ducts
can present w O bc amniotic fluid is composed of fetal __
may have flat face, ilmb deforms, and pulm hypoplasia aka __ sequence

later comps include H and H comps
pt needs D or T for rx
On US, see bilateral enlarged __ kidneys

A 
ARPKD
PKHD1
tubules, bile
oligohydramnios
urine
potter

HTN, hepatic

dialysis, transplant
echogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

proximal ureter receives blood from branches of the__ artery
distal ureter receives blood from __ artery

donor kidney is placed __
blood supply occurs w anastamoses of donor __ w recipient __ artery
distal portion is susceptible to __,, usually 5-10 days later

presents w urine __

A

renal
superior vesicular

retroperitoneal
renal artery, external iliac
ischemia
leakage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

internal urethral sphincter under __ control
sympathetic __
PNS __

EUS is under __ ctrol by __ nerve

in filling, symp closes __ and inhibits detrusor __

PNS causes detrusor __ and IUS __

A

autonomic
contracts
relaxes

voluntary, pudendal

IUS, contraction

contraction, relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

urge incontince can be caused by infart to __ cortex and __ capsule

impaired detrustor contractility/BOO lead to __ incontinence

detrusor overactivity seen in __ incontinence

A

frontal, internal

overflow

urge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hypovolemia causes ___ RPF and __
leads to release of __ to constrict EA, causing a slight rise in __

hypovolemia results in __ of systemic vessels, esp __ arteries lowering the RPF

A

dec, GFR
AT2, GFR

VC, renal arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

__ allograft rejection occurs gradually
see worsening __ and rise in __

damage mediated by low grade __/__ responses against alloantigens

over time, fibrous __ thickening occurs
renal ischemia/inflam then leads to ___ and interstital fibrosis

A

chronic
HTN, creatitine

cellular/humoral

intimal
tubular atrophy,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dense mononuclear infiltrate seen in __ rejection of transplant
usually less than __ m
pt has rise in __ and H__
__ type occurs w PMN and necrotizing vasculitizis

__ type occurs w lymphs/endothelitis

vasc fibrinoid necrosis and PMN infiltration seen in ___ graft rejection
occurs w/in ___

A

acute cellular
6
creatinine, HTN

humoral

cellualr

hyperacute
min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

UTI caused by __ flora and are usually gram neg __
woman have short __ which facilitates UTI

bladder __ usually does not allow bacterial attachment
urine is __ due to high urea/osmolarity
urine __ washes bacteria out

vesicoureteral __ predisposes to pyelonephritis

suppression of endogenous flora/high freq of sex inc risk of ____

A

fecal, rod
urethra

mucosa
bacteriocidal
flow

reflux

UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

__ stones occur w low urine __ or ___ and high __ conc
such as G, high cell __ or chronic ___

Met acidosis leads to inc excretion of __ ions, lowering urine pH
w dehydration, fluid is __ leading to formation of uric acid stones

A

Uric acid, pH, volume, UA
gout, turnover, diarrhea

H
concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SCC, renal/bladder/breast/ovarian all cause HHM due to inc __
PTH is __, PTHrp us ___

breast/MM lead to O__ and hypercalcemia
PTH/PTHrp/VD is ___

Lymphoma can upregulate __ leading to hyperCa
PTH will be __ and VD will be __

A

PTHrp
low, high

osteolysis
low

125OHVD
low, high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

__ is used to tx cerebral edema/inc ICP
inc plasma/tubular fluid __, so water moves from interstitium into __

primarily works on __ and __ in kidney

SE include HA/N/V, volume __ and ___ edema, met __ and hyper__

avoid in pt w __ or preexisting ___

A

Mannitol
osmolarity
vasc space

PT, LoH

depletion, pulm, Kalemi
CHF, pulm edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gram positive cocci in pairs/chains that have gamma hemolysis is __
common cause of __
__ positivity, can grow in __/__
found in normal __

__ can decompose H2O2
thus, present in __
pigment is __

oxidase positivity is the possesion of __ oxidase
seen in P

A

enterococcus
UTI
PYR, bile/NaCl
intestinal flora

Catalse
Staph aureus
golden brown

cytochrome
pseudomonas

17
Q

alpha hemolytic strep that is optochin resistant/bile insoluble

alpha hemolytic strep optochin/bile sensitive __

beta hemolytic strep PYR pos and Bactitracin sensitive

Beta hemolytic strep that os PYR neg

A

strep viridians

strep pneumo

strep pyo

strep agalactiae

18
Q

aldosteone inc number of BL ___ pumps and apical __ channels in principal cells of collecting duct
inc __/__ sec

- is sparing diuretic that blocks ENAC Na channels in DCT/Collecting duct to inc Na excretion

use muscarinic agonist __ for postoperative urinary retention

anesthesia/analgesia cause __ of bladder, dec __ reflex, dec __ of detrusor, and incomplete ___

P__ is a1 agonist that promotes urine retention
O__ is antimuscarinic used for urge incont

A

Na/K atpase, Na
H/K

Triamterine/amiloride

Bethanechol

distension, micturation, contractility, emptying

phenylephrne
oxybutinin

19
Q

__ is DNA Dependent RNA polymerase for the production of RNA primers to allow replication

DNA poly 1 has 5-3 __ activity
replaces __ w DNA

DNA poly 1/3 has 3-5 activity for __

A

primase

exonuclease
primers

proofreading

20
Q

__ used for nephrolithiasis
inhibits __ to dec intracellular Na
thus, Ca is ___

__ induced by thiazides inc Na/H2O reabsorption in PT w __ reabsorption

__ inc risk of Ca stone formatin as Ca Phos released from bone

Ca reabsorption in loop of henle is __/__ cellular
Paracellular transport depnds on __ transport, inhib by LD

A

Thiazides, Na/Cl
reabsorbed

Hypovolemia, Ca

Acetazolamide

para/trans
NaK2Cl

21
Q

nodular glomerulosclerosis has __ in mesangium
stain __ on HE stain, and + for __
usually due to __
pt will have GBM __ and mesangial matrix __
leads to __ syndrome w __ urine

__ has hypercellular glomeruli thickening/splitting of GBM
__ IC deposition

__ glomerulonephritis occurs w solid tumor
capillary wall thickening and __ on stain

diffuse wire loops seen in __ w lupus

A 
KW nodules
eosinophilic, PAS
DM
thickening, deposition
nephrotic, bland

membranoproliferative
subendothelial

membranous
spikes

Diffuse PGN

22
Q

_ nephropathy presents w slight inc creatinine, proteinuria, tubular dysfxn, hematuria
NSAIDS concentrate in renal __, damaging oxidative __

resuts in chronic __ w inflamm/fibrosis/atrophy
eventually, get __ w chronic inflammation

overtime, can lead to __ necrosis

A

analgesic
medlla, phosphorylation

IN
calcification
ischemic

23
Q

lack of urine output in utero leads to __ sequence
usually due to renal __
cause of death is __

serum creatinine has nonlinear, neg relationship w __
creatitine can be normal until GFR is less than __
if GFR halves, ceatinine __

A

potter
agensis
pulm hypoplasia

GFR
60
doubles

24
Q

net renal excretion rate for substance is __ rate minus total __ rate

TFR is equal to __ multiplied by __ of substance a
GFR is approximated by __

Net excretion rate eq
(Inulin clearance x __ of subs A) - Tubular __ of subs a

A

total filtration, reabsorption

GFR, plasma conc
inulin

plasma conc, reabsorption

25
Q

tx patient w acute decomp heart failure w __ diuretic
inhibit __ transporter on TAL of LoH
dec medullar __ gradient

CA inhibs block NaCl and NaHCO3 __ in PCT
used for G/acute __ sickness

mannitol inhibits__/__ reabsoprtion in PCT and DL

A

loop
NaK2Cl
conc

reabsorption
glaucoma, mountain

Na, water

26
Q

Vasopressin inhibits free water __
acts on __ receptor for VC/prostaglandins
__ receptor for ADH

___ interstitium has highest osmolarity of kidney
this drives __ reabsorption

ADH inc number of passive __ transporters in inner medullary collecting duct
urea allows for __ absorption in medullary collecting duct and formation of conc urine

A

excretion
V1
V2

medullary
water

urea
water

27
Q

diffusion across semipermeable membrane is proportional to __ difference, __ of membrane, and __ of substance

inversely proportional to mebrane __ and __ of molecule

A

conc, SA, solubiiluty

thickness, MW

28
Q

Lithium toxicity sx
acute: N/V/D, __ sequelae

later, A/T/F

tx w __

interracts w __ diuretics, N, ___ inhibs, T/M

A

neuro

ataxia, tremor, fasciculation

dialysis

thiazide, NSAIDs, ACE, tetracycline, metro

29
Q

cANCA is found in __ dx
found in ___
autoantibody directed against __ enzymes of human PMN/monocytes
GPA is type __ pauci immunemediated RPGN

majority of Ca stones caused by _calciuria and __ calcemia

__uricosuria inc risk of Ca nephrolithiasis
hyperoxaluria (foods like choc/nuts/spinach) inc risk for ___
hypo__uria inc risk of Ca stones

A

GPA
cytoplasm
lysosomal
3

hyper, normo

hyper
Ca stones
citraturia

30
Q 
HUS occurs w \_\_ producing orgs
injure \_\_ of arterioles/capillares
leads to formation of \_\_ and MHA
platelet consumption leads to \_\_\_
triad of \_\_, \_\_, \_\_
pt has no \_\_

DIC pt has bleeding and __

A 
shiga toxin
endothelium
schistosytes
thrombocytopenia
MHA, thrombocytopenia, AKI
bleeding

bruising

31
Q

MM
fatigeud due to __
constipation due to __
elevated serum __
__ failure
__ nephropthy due to excretion of light chains aka __ protein
filtered, reabsorbed, and precipitate w __ proteins

leads to tubule __ and __ injury
may have large __ casts on microscopy

A 
anemia
HperCa
protein
renal
Myeloma cast
bence jones
tam horstfall

obs, epithelial
eosinophilic

32
Q

goss painless hematuria in older adult is always __ cancer
biopsy w rounded/polygonal cells and abundant clear cytoplasm is ___

originates from __ epithelial cells
high amount of __/__ which are washed away by stains, leaving __ spaces

A

urinary tract
RCC

proximal tubule
glycogen/lipids
clear

33
Q

water deprivation stimulates release of __ from PP gland
stimulates __ of principal cells to release cAMP
__ inserts into apical membrane

in proximal tubule, water/electrolytes reabsorbed, so fluid is __ w plasma

in DL of LoH, water is reabsorbed, so tubular fluid is __

__ is reabsorbed in thin/thick LoH, so tubular fluid becomes __
primary region of urine __ via NaCl reabsorption

DCT is imperm to __, so elevtrolytes reabsorbed and fluid is __

in collecting duct, water is __ reabsorbed, forming hyper__ fluid

A

ADH
principal cells
Aquaporin 2

isotonic

hypertonic

electrolytes, hypotonic
diluting

water, hypotonic

avidly, tonic

34
Q

MCD caused by __ dysreg
responds well to __
overproduction of glomerular ___ factor, damaging __
loss of __ property of GBM leads to __ in urine

dec __ pressure results in fluid shift to interstitium
triggers __/__ release for Na/Water retention

pt responds to low albumin by inc __-__ prodxn
__ is dec in consequence

A 
immune
CS
perm, podocytes
anionic
albumin

oncotic
ADH/aldosterone

Lipoprotein/albumin
LPL

35
Q

metabolic problems have pH and HCO3 change in __ direction

in resp acidosis, HCO3 will __
in resp alkalosis, bicarb will __

tx for DKA is __/__
dec prodxn of ketone bodies causing __ in serum bicarb
insulin causes __ shift of K, thus pt needs replacement
saline normalizes serum __ and dec serum ___

A

same

inc
dec

insulin/saline
inc
intracellular
sodium

36
Q

fever, ab pain, renal scarring in upper/lower poles of kidney is __ dx
ureter enters bladder at __ angle
if more perp, flaps cannot close leading to __ flow
condition known as __ reflux

pt at risk for chronic __
compound papillae always open, this __/__ poles more susceptible to scarring
overtime, can lead to __

__ is renal malformation w mutliple noncommuncating cysts in kidney w interveing dysplastic tissue
can present w severe __

A

recurrent pyelonephritis
oblique
retrograde
vesicoureteral

pyelonephritis
upper/lower
HTN

MCDK
renal insuff

37
Q

VC of EA inc hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries, __ GFR and __ RPF
overtime, this leads to flow mediated rise in __ pressure, this __ GFR

FF will be __

constriction of AA causes __ in both GFR/RPF
thus FF is __

A

inc, dec
oncotic, dec

inc

dec
same

38
Q

CKD dec GFR, thus causing inc __
this reduces __ and inc levels of __ which both reduce calcitriol synth

overtime, as PTH inc, OC stimulate __
this leads to friable bones and __ fibrosa
pt will have __ pain and f

A

phosphate
Ca, FGF23

bone turnover
osteitis
bone, fractures

UWorld (78 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions