Sat Week 1 SA Portion 3 Flashcards
___ dx w inc PA pressure and RV failure
injury to pulm __
pulm vasculature __ w RVH
inc PA pressure leads to vasc __
__ furthered
RV then __
pt presents w S, A, peripheral __, inc intensity of __, __ heave
__ of endothelium, smooth muscle, intimal cells seen
also concentric __ intimal fibrosis
IPAH
endothelium
narrows
injury
RVH
dilates
SOB, angina, edema, S2, RV
thickening
laminar
uterine __ is benign tumor of SM cells in oremen woman
usually __, but can have pain w pressure and Infertility due to distortion
heavy __ can occur
venous __ due to release of factors
overwhelms __ mechs
___w fibroid formation
__ produces glands/vessels but no features of malig
can have __ bleeding, but no uterine enlargement
HMB not seen in E__
leiomyomas
asx
bleeding
ectasia
hemostatic
anemia
endometrial polyp
intermenstrual
endometriosis
histo findings in Ischemic colitis inclde mucosal __ and patchy __
bowel wall can _ and become __ w frank __
__ infarct can result in perf
__ is caused by mutation in type 1 collagen
genes include __/__
predominnt component found in B/T/L/S/S
hemorrhage, necrosis
thicken, edematous, bleeding
transmural
OI
COL1A1/COL1A2
bone, tendon, lig, skin, sclera
most common defect in Boxidation is __ def
pt presents w NV, seizure, H__ after prolonged fasting
__ are last fuel form to be used in fast
occurs via __ starting w acyl coa dehydro
if __ builds up and exceeds TCA, excess ketone bodies are formed
this process has low __ levels
MCAD
hypoketotic hypoglycemia
fatty acids
b oxidation
acetly coa
ketone levels
__ is protooncogene
when bound to GTP, is active and translocates from __ to __ promotng cell growth
mutated ras has dec __ activity
kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reaction measured via __ graph
inverse is the __ plot
if enzyme conc is inc, a rise in __ will be seen
__ for substrate is not affected
RAS
cell surface, nucleus
GTPase
MM plot
lineweaver burke
velocity
affinity
LB plot
if line has same Y intercept but x intercept is moved to R, a ___ inhib has been added
if line has same x intercept, but y intercept shifted up, __ inhib added
if line has different x/y intercept, __ inhib added
competitive
noncompetitive
uncompetitive
cartilage destruxn in OA caused by excessive __ stress an inc __ activity
carcinoid tumor can result from __ deficiency, as tryptophan stores depleted bc of excess __ prodxn
P__ is alpha blocker that can be used for HTN from EPI/NOREPI
biochemical, metalloprotease
niacin
serotonin
phentolamine
prokaryotes have __ genome
no __ present
prokaryote cell wall bw outer/inner plasma membranes is a __ bacteria
Mycoplasma have no __ thus cannot be tx w penicillin
Fungi have __ genome and celll walls w __
haploid
nuclei
gram neg
cell wall
diploid, chitin
eukaryotic translation begins w small ribosomal subunit binding __ of mRNA and scans for start codon (AUG)
known as the __ sequence
facilitated by __
w apoptosis, __ degraded
trxn must occur via internal _ entry
IRES attracts ribosome to mRNA and begin in __
usually located just __ of translation start codon
__ sequence facilitates trnsl in prokaryotes
__ is continuous stretch of codons for popypeptide w/out stop codon
Eukaryotic mRNA have __
prokaryotes have __
5’ cap
Kozak, eIF
eIF, ribosome
middle
upstream
shine delgarno
open reading frame
1
many
__ is oral antidiabetic med that is a PPARG agonist
inc trxn of __ genes
such as __ transmembrane glucose transporter in adipcytes/myocytes to inc glucose uptake
and A___ a cytokine from fat tissue to inc insulin responsive __ for FA oxidation
main SE is __ and HF __
thiazolidinediones
insulin sensitive
GLUT4
adiponectin, adipocytes
fluid retention, exacerbation
insulin secretagogues like S/M inc insulin sec by inhibiting B cell __ channels
SE is hypo__ and Weight __
Biguanides aka M stimulates AMPK and dec __ prodxn/insulin resistance
se is __
GLP1 agonsits like E/L inc glucose dep insulin sec, dec gastric emptying
se is __
DPP4 inhibts –G__ inc endogenous __/__ levels
se is N__
SFU, meglitinides, K ATP
glycemia, gain
metformin, glucose
LA
exenatide, liraglutide
panc
gliptin
GLP1, G1P
nasopharyngitiss
a glucosidase inhibs M/A reduce intestinal __ absorp
se is D/F
SGLT2 inhibs –F__
inc glucose __
SE is __ and hypo__
miglitol, acarbose
glucose
diarrhea, flatulence
flozins
UTI, tension
Warfarin affects PT and the __ pathway of anticoag
depletion of factor __ causes early rise in PT, while full effect is seen w depletion of factor __
this takes several __, so PT will only inc __
warfarin works by inhibiting VK depedent __
extrinsic
7, 2
days, gradually
gamma carboxylation
hepatic enceph caused by accumulation of __ in blood brain barrier
tx w nonabsorbable disaccharide __ to dec pH and deplete NH3
antibiotics __ CYP450
thus, __ dose of warfarin and monitor levels closely
ammonia
lactulose
inhibit
dec
in acute asthma, B__ indictaed first line
receptor activates ___ receptor to activate Gs and AC
this produces cAMP and downstream ___ of smooth muscle
cAMP inhibits myosin __ for smooth muscle relaxation
cause a __ in calcium, favoring bronchodilation
agonist
GPCR
relaxation
phosphorylation
dec
__ is bone pain/weakness in response to low mineralization of osteoid
usually have low / levels
MCC is __ deficiency w resulting ___
pt is at inc risk of __
__ is characterized by excessive bone resorption OOP to new bone formation
can impact __/__ bone
does not cause __ but inc risk fracture
__ bone is laidd down in fetal organogenesis following fracture
later remodeled to __ bone
abnromal formation of lamllar bone is seen in __
osteommalacia
Ca, Phos
VD, hypophosphatemia
fractures
osteoporosis
compact/trabecular
pain
woven
lamellar
Paget dz of bone
atherosclerotic plauque charrracterized by eccentric __ thickening, _ cap, smooth muscle __ local inflam __ and _ filled core
only __ copy of a protooncogene is necessary for tumor development
ie __ in MEN2
intimal, fibrous, prolif, infiltrate, lipid
1
RET
Li Fraumeni assc tumors
S/B/B/A/L
all muscles of the larynx except __ innervated by recrrent laryngeal nerves
instead, it is innervated by the __
external providng __
internal branch provides ___ to supraglottic area
RRLN loops below right __ artery
LRLF loops below __ and can be compressed w dilation
sarcoma, breast, brain, adrenocorticotroph, leukemia
cricothyroid
superior laryngeal
motor
sensation
SCA
AA
__ virus is small, non __ and isocahedral
circular __ DNA
ex is __
rely on host __
gains access to nucleus, where viral proteins inhibit _/__ proteins allowing cells to enter S phase
__ viruses replicate in nucleus (except pox)
__ viruses enter cytoplasm
ssRNA+ can use __
ssRNA- must have own __ for translation
papillomavirus, enveloped ds HPV cell machinery p53, rB
DNA
RNA
host machinery
RNA dep RNA poly
__ viruses are enveloped, ssRNA__
Togaviruses are __ ssRNA__
Picornaviruses are __ ssRNA_
poxvirus is __ dsDNA
replicate in __ via enzymes
paramyxoviridae, +
enveloped, -
naked, -
linear, cytoplasm
__ is dimorphic fungus that converts to __ form in humans
found in west/M and S_
host inhales __ which convert to spherules
produce __ which can form more spherules
cause mild __ w pleural effusion
usually see R/systemic sx
may pro`duce __ cavity w hemoptysis
cocci, spherules
mexico, america
arthroconidia
endospores
PNA
rash
thin walled
fatigue, diffuse goiter indicate __ dx
autoimmune mediated __ of epitelial cells
serum thyroid antibodies against __/__
intense lymphocytic infiltration by __/__ cells
form lymphoid __ centers
destroy __ and form __ cellls
think follicular __ if there is a unilteral mass
Hashimoto thyroiditis destrxn TG, TPO B/T germnal follicles, hurthle
adenoma
PDA can cause oxygenated blood from aorta to enter the __ causing inc in O2 value
__ is XLR affecting male children
__ muscle weakness at young age
pt dies from _/__ comps
mature defense mechanisms include S/S
pulm artery
DMD
proximal
resp, cardiac
sublimation, suppression
Achalasia is due to impaired/absent esophageal __ due to hypertensive LES
caused by reduced numner of __ cells
G6PD is inherited in __ fashion
oxidant stress results in __/_ formation, and Hb __ resulting in hemolysis
peristalsis
excitatory ganglion
XL
free rads, methemoglobinemia, denaturation
Pt w __ is aware of speaking problem
speaking is described as __
wernicke pt is __ of problem
pt presents w ___
destruction of frontal eye causes __ deviation of eye
broca aphasia
agrammatism
unaware
word salad
ipsi
acute bacterial prostatitis caused by __ orgs similar to UTI
prostate normally is __ but contaminated via __ from bladder/urethra
pt will have C_/U__ sx
DRE of prostate will be __
enteric
sterile, reflux
const, urinary
tender
postgang ANS axons are __
diameter is __ compared to myelinated
also referred to as group __ nerve fibers
found in affarent neurons for __ and __ pain, and __
motor neuron axons to skeletal muscles are myelinated __ alpha nerve fibers
sensory axons to Golgi tendon organs conduct __ info about muscle tension
A__ muscle fibers
pacinian corpuscles are mechanoreceptorrs of s/m/p/j
responsible for T/V
innervated by myelinated __ fibers
pregang ANS are myelinated __ fibers
unmyelinated
smaller
C
heat/dull, olfaction
A
affarent
beta
skin, mesenterty, peritoenum, Joint
touch/vibration
A beta
Beta
Pt w delusional disorders are __ to fxn
Bipolar disorder requires __ episodes and __ periods
__ dec w a larger population size
able
manic, depressed
standard error
Viral meningitis is usually caused by __
Enterovirus, C___, echovirus, poliovirus, R__ and hep ___ all comprise Picornaviridae
naked, I__, ssRNA __ RNA
rhinovirus more likely to cause __
enteroviruses
coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, A
isocahedral, positive sense
URI
__ is ssRNA- virus
such as lassa virus which causes __ when dirt/dust contaminatd by rodent urine is inhaled
Caliciviruses are ssRNA+
include N
coronaviruses are ssRNA+
usually cause __
paramyoxyviruses are ssRNA-
include m/M/R
reovirus are __ genome
such as R
arenavirus
hemorragic fever
norovirus
uri
measles, mumps, RSV
dsRNA
rotavirus
MHC molecules are coded by \_\_ region each class 2 is heterodimer composed of \_\_/\_\_ chain
invariant chain brings A/B chanin together in the __
as MHC leaves, __ is degraded in endocyic compartment
external protein inserted bw __ and tracels to surface
there, it is recognized by __
HLAD
A/B
RER
invariant chain
chains
helper t cells
sx of angina + glossal pain, dry mouth, atrophied tongue, alopecia, pica dx is __
PA pt will have __ coloring, atrophic __ and broad based __
Folate def pt can have angular __ and __ Upset w hyper__
Sideroblastic anemia presents w __ stippling and H/m red cells
bone marrow aspirate shows __
assc w A/M syndromes
Fe def anemia
lemon yellow, glossits
gait
stomatitis, GI
pigmentation
basophilic
ring sideroblasts
alcoholism/myelodysplasia
elevated baseline insulin levels suggests __
panc beta cells respond by inc secretion of __
eventually, pt loses __ cell fxn and blood glucose levels ___
assc w __
impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis would have low __ and baseline __
high baseline insulin and fasting hypoglycemia suggests ___
insulin resistance
insulin
B, inc
T2DM
glucose, insulin
insulinoma
