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UWorld > Sat Week 1 SA Portion 3 > Flashcards

Sat Week 1 SA Portion 3 Flashcards

1
Q

___ dx w inc PA pressure and RV failure

injury to pulm __
pulm vasculature __ w RVH
inc PA pressure leads to vasc __
__ furthered

RV then __

pt presents w S, A, peripheral __, inc intensity of __, __ heave

__ of endothelium, smooth muscle, intimal cells seen
also concentric __ intimal fibrosis

A

IPAH

endothelium
narrows
injury
RVH

dilates

SOB, angina, edema, S2, RV

thickening
laminar

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2
Q

uterine __ is benign tumor of SM cells in oremen woman
usually __, but can have pain w pressure and Infertility due to distortion
heavy __ can occur

venous __ due to release of factors
overwhelms __ mechs
___w fibroid formation

__ produces glands/vessels but no features of malig
can have __ bleeding, but no uterine enlargement
HMB not seen in E__

A

leiomyomas
asx
bleeding

ectasia
hemostatic
anemia

endometrial polyp
intermenstrual
endometriosis

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3
Q

histo findings in Ischemic colitis inclde mucosal __ and patchy __
bowel wall can _ and become __ w frank __
__ infarct can result in perf

__ is caused by mutation in type 1 collagen
genes include __/__
predominnt component found in B/T/L/S/S

A

hemorrhage, necrosis
thicken, edematous, bleeding
transmural

OI
COL1A1/COL1A2
bone, tendon, lig, skin, sclera

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4
Q

most common defect in Boxidation is __ def
pt presents w NV, seizure, H__ after prolonged fasting

__ are last fuel form to be used in fast
occurs via __ starting w acyl coa dehydro
if __ builds up and exceeds TCA, excess ketone bodies are formed
this process has low __ levels

A

MCAD
hypoketotic hypoglycemia

fatty acids
b oxidation
acetly coa
ketone levels

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5
Q

__ is protooncogene
when bound to GTP, is active and translocates from __ to __ promotng cell growth

mutated ras has dec __ activity

kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reaction measured via __ graph
inverse is the __ plot

if enzyme conc is inc, a rise in __ will be seen
__ for substrate is not affected

A

RAS
cell surface, nucleus

GTPase

MM plot
lineweaver burke

velocity
affinity

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6
Q

LB plot

if line has same Y intercept but x intercept is moved to R, a ___ inhib has been added

if line has same x intercept, but y intercept shifted up, __ inhib added

if line has different x/y intercept, __ inhib added

A

competitive

noncompetitive

uncompetitive

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7
Q

cartilage destruxn in OA caused by excessive __ stress an inc __ activity

carcinoid tumor can result from __ deficiency, as tryptophan stores depleted bc of excess __ prodxn

P__ is alpha blocker that can be used for HTN from EPI/NOREPI

A

biochemical, metalloprotease

niacin
serotonin

phentolamine

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8
Q

prokaryotes have __ genome
no __ present
prokaryote cell wall bw outer/inner plasma membranes is a __ bacteria

Mycoplasma have no __ thus cannot be tx w penicillin

Fungi have __ genome and celll walls w __

A

haploid
nuclei
gram neg

cell wall

diploid, chitin

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9
Q

eukaryotic translation begins w small ribosomal subunit binding __ of mRNA and scans for start codon (AUG)
known as the __ sequence
facilitated by __

w apoptosis, __ degraded
trxn must occur via internal _ entry
IRES attracts ribosome to mRNA and begin in __
usually located just __ of translation start codon

__ sequence facilitates trnsl in prokaryotes

__ is continuous stretch of codons for popypeptide w/out stop codon
Eukaryotic mRNA have __
prokaryotes have __

A

5’ cap
Kozak, eIF

eIF, ribosome
middle
upstream

shine delgarno

open reading frame
1
many

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10
Q

__ is oral antidiabetic med that is a PPARG agonist
inc trxn of __ genes
such as __ transmembrane glucose transporter in adipcytes/myocytes to inc glucose uptake
and A___ a cytokine from fat tissue to inc insulin responsive __ for FA oxidation

main SE is __ and HF __

A

thiazolidinediones
insulin sensitive
GLUT4
adiponectin, adipocytes

fluid retention, exacerbation

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11
Q

insulin secretagogues like S/M inc insulin sec by inhibiting B cell __ channels
SE is hypo__ and Weight __

Biguanides aka M stimulates AMPK and dec __ prodxn/insulin resistance
se is __

GLP1 agonsits like E/L inc glucose dep insulin sec, dec gastric emptying
se is __

DPP4 inhibts –G__ inc endogenous __/__ levels
se is N__

A

SFU, meglitinides, K ATP
glycemia, gain

metformin, glucose
LA

exenatide, liraglutide
panc

gliptin
GLP1, G1P
nasopharyngitiss

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12
Q

a glucosidase inhibs M/A reduce intestinal __ absorp
se is D/F

SGLT2 inhibs –F__
inc glucose __
SE is __ and hypo__

A

miglitol, acarbose
glucose
diarrhea, flatulence

flozins
UTI, tension

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13
Q

Warfarin affects PT and the __ pathway of anticoag
depletion of factor __ causes early rise in PT, while full effect is seen w depletion of factor __
this takes several __, so PT will only inc __

warfarin works by inhibiting VK depedent __

A

extrinsic
7, 2
days, gradually

gamma carboxylation

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14
Q

hepatic enceph caused by accumulation of __ in blood brain barrier
tx w nonabsorbable disaccharide __ to dec pH and deplete NH3

antibiotics __ CYP450
thus, __ dose of warfarin and monitor levels closely

A

ammonia
lactulose

inhibit
dec

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15
Q

in acute asthma, B__ indictaed first line
receptor activates ___ receptor to activate Gs and AC
this produces cAMP and downstream ___ of smooth muscle

cAMP inhibits myosin __ for smooth muscle relaxation
cause a __ in calcium, favoring bronchodilation

A

agonist
GPCR
relaxation

phosphorylation
dec

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16
Q

__ is bone pain/weakness in response to low mineralization of osteoid

usually have low / levels
MCC is __ deficiency w resulting ___
pt is at inc risk of __

__ is characterized by excessive bone resorption OOP to new bone formation
can impact __/__ bone
does not cause __ but inc risk fracture

__ bone is laidd down in fetal organogenesis following fracture
later remodeled to __ bone
abnromal formation of lamllar bone is seen in __

A

osteommalacia

Ca, Phos
VD, hypophosphatemia
fractures

osteoporosis
compact/trabecular
pain

woven
lamellar

Paget dz of bone

17
Q

atherosclerotic plauque charrracterized by eccentric __ thickening, _ cap, smooth muscle __ local inflam __ and _ filled core

only __ copy of a protooncogene is necessary for tumor development
ie __ in MEN2

A

intimal, fibrous, prolif, infiltrate, lipid

1
RET

18
Q

Li Fraumeni assc tumors
S/B/B/A/L

all muscles of the larynx except __ innervated by recrrent laryngeal nerves
instead, it is innervated by the __
external providng __
internal branch provides ___ to supraglottic area

RRLN loops below right __ artery
LRLF loops below __ and can be compressed w dilation

A

sarcoma, breast, brain, adrenocorticotroph, leukemia

cricothyroid
superior laryngeal
motor
sensation

SCA
AA

19
Q

__ virus is small, non __ and isocahedral
circular __ DNA
ex is __
rely on host __
gains access to nucleus, where viral proteins inhibit _/__ proteins allowing cells to enter S phase

__ viruses replicate in nucleus (except pox)
__ viruses enter cytoplasm

ssRNA+ can use __
ssRNA- must have own __ for translation

A 
papillomavirus, enveloped
ds
HPV
cell machinery
p53, rB

DNA
RNA

host machinery
RNA dep RNA poly

20
Q

__ viruses are enveloped, ssRNA__

Togaviruses are __ ssRNA__
Picornaviruses are __ ssRNA_

poxvirus is __ dsDNA
replicate in __ via enzymes

A

paramyxoviridae, +

enveloped, -
naked, -

linear, cytoplasm

21
Q

__ is dimorphic fungus that converts to __ form in humans
found in west/M and S_
host inhales __ which convert to spherules

produce __ which can form more spherules
cause mild __ w pleural effusion
usually see R/systemic sx
may pro`duce __ cavity w hemoptysis

A

cocci, spherules
mexico, america
arthroconidia

endospores
PNA
rash
thin walled

22
Q

fatigue, diffuse goiter indicate __ dx
autoimmune mediated __ of epitelial cells
serum thyroid antibodies against __/__
intense lymphocytic infiltration by __/__ cells
form lymphoid __ centers
destroy __ and form __ cellls

think follicular __ if there is a unilteral mass

A 
Hashimoto thyroiditis
destrxn
TG, TPO
B/T
germnal
follicles, hurthle

adenoma

23
Q

PDA can cause oxygenated blood from aorta to enter the __ causing inc in O2 value

__ is XLR affecting male children
__ muscle weakness at young age
pt dies from _/__ comps

mature defense mechanisms include S/S

A

pulm artery

DMD
proximal
resp, cardiac

sublimation, suppression

24
Q

Achalasia is due to impaired/absent esophageal __ due to hypertensive LES
caused by reduced numner of __ cells

G6PD is inherited in __ fashion
oxidant stress results in __/_ formation, and Hb __ resulting in hemolysis

A

peristalsis
excitatory ganglion

XL

free rads, methemoglobinemia, denaturation

25
Q

Pt w __ is aware of speaking problem
speaking is described as __

wernicke pt is __ of problem
pt presents w ___

destruction of frontal eye causes __ deviation of eye

A

broca aphasia
agrammatism

unaware
word salad

ipsi

26
Q

acute bacterial prostatitis caused by __ orgs similar to UTI

prostate normally is __ but contaminated via __ from bladder/urethra
pt will have C_/U__ sx

DRE of prostate will be __

A

enteric

sterile, reflux
const, urinary

tender

27
Q

postgang ANS axons are __
diameter is __ compared to myelinated
also referred to as group __ nerve fibers
found in affarent neurons for __ and __ pain, and __

motor neuron axons to skeletal muscles are myelinated __ alpha nerve fibers

sensory axons to Golgi tendon organs conduct __ info about muscle tension
A__ muscle fibers

pacinian corpuscles are mechanoreceptorrs of s/m/p/j
responsible for T/V
innervated by myelinated __ fibers

pregang ANS are myelinated __ fibers

A

unmyelinated
smaller
C
heat/dull, olfaction

A

affarent
beta

skin, mesenterty, peritoenum, Joint
touch/vibration
A beta

Beta

28
Q

Pt w delusional disorders are __ to fxn

Bipolar disorder requires __ episodes and __ periods

__ dec w a larger population size

A

able

manic, depressed

standard error

29
Q

Viral meningitis is usually caused by __

Enterovirus, C___, echovirus, poliovirus, R__ and hep ___ all comprise Picornaviridae
naked, I__, ssRNA __ RNA

rhinovirus more likely to cause __

A

enteroviruses
coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, A
isocahedral, positive sense

URI

30
Q

__ is ssRNA- virus
such as lassa virus which causes __ when dirt/dust contaminatd by rodent urine is inhaled

Caliciviruses are ssRNA+
include N

coronaviruses are ssRNA+
usually cause __

paramyoxyviruses are ssRNA-
include m/M/R

reovirus are __ genome
such as R

A

arenavirus
hemorragic fever

norovirus

uri

measles, mumps, RSV

dsRNA
rotavirus

31
Q 
MHC molecules are coded by \_\_ region
each class 2 is heterodimer composed of \_\_/\_\_ chain

invariant chain brings A/B chanin together in the __

as MHC leaves, __ is degraded in endocyic compartment

external protein inserted bw __ and tracels to surface
there, it is recognized by __

A

HLAD
A/B

RER

invariant chain

chains
helper t cells

32
Q

sx of angina + glossal pain, dry mouth, atrophied tongue, alopecia, pica dx is __

PA pt will have __ coloring, atrophic __ and broad based __

Folate def pt can have angular __ and __ Upset w hyper__

Sideroblastic anemia presents w __ stippling and H/m red cells
bone marrow aspirate shows __
assc w A/M syndromes

A

Fe def anemia

lemon yellow, glossits
gait

stomatitis, GI
pigmentation

basophilic
ring sideroblasts
alcoholism/myelodysplasia

33
Q

elevated baseline insulin levels suggests __
panc beta cells respond by inc secretion of __

eventually, pt loses __ cell fxn and blood glucose levels ___
assc w __

impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis would have low __ and baseline __

high baseline insulin and fasting hypoglycemia suggests ___

A

insulin resistance
insulin

B, inc
T2DM

glucose, insulin

insulinoma

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