Saturday Week 1 SA Portion 2 Flashcards
in pt w B12 deficieny, supplementation w __ alone can precipitate demyelination
can also cause __ phenom like MS
in younger pt w new onset muscle fatigue w use/diplopia, think __
look for __
folate
Lhermette
MG
thymoma
retinoblastoma tumors occur via ___ 2 hit hypothesis
Conontruncal defects in Digeorge syndrome T, T, interrupted ___
primarily deficient in __ cells
pt will have normal numbers of __ cells
KOH mount from oral thrush shows dimorphic fungus as __/__/__ yeast
Knudson
truncus arteriosus, Tet of fallot, aortic arch
T
B
hyphae, pseudohyphae, budding
polyuria in DKA occurs secondary to __ diurses via glycosuria
acidemia and _ deposition in smooth muscle known to cause ab pain
see hypo__ and hyper__, __ volemia
can have hyper__ due to muscle breakdown
osmotic
carb
Na, Kalemia, hypo
ammonemia
occipital headache, cerebellar dysfunction esp w valsava and downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils indicates __ as dx
small __
incomplete development/separation of embryonic forebrain seen w H__
chiari 1 malformation
posterior fossa
holoprosencephaly
46XY karyotype with female phenotype is __ syndrome
mutated __ receptors in body
cryptorchid testes present in ab/inguinal region, secrete __, which is peripherally converted to estradiol and __ develops
vagina ends in __
antimullerian hormone prevents formation of __/__ vagina
male ssc are ___
__ is AR disorder w ambiguous genitals at birth
look for inc __/__ ratio
LH/FSH will be ___
AIS
testosterone
testosterone, breast
blind pouch
uterus, upper vagina
absent
5AR deficieny
Test/DHT
CAH is caused by __ def
life threatening __
affected girls will ahve __ genitalia and inc __ but dec __/__
__ agenesis w amenorrhea and absence of __/__/__
LH/FSH/Estrogen is ___
21 hydroxylase
salt wastng, ambiguous
Testosterone, LH/FSH
mullerian, uterus, FT, proximal vagina
noraml
Pheo arises from __ in AM
stimulates peripheral __ and cardiac __ receptors to cause severe HTN
Phenoxybenzamine is long acting A __ to prevent peripheral VC (always 1st)
secondary beta blcokers like P/M dec adrenergic stim to heart
I__ is nonselective B agonist used in bradycardia/heart block
P__ is alpha agonist used as decongestant/pressor
chromaffin cells
A1, B2
blocker
propanolol, metoprolol
isoprotenerol
phenylephrine
IVH occurs due to rupture of the __
vasc network is __, vulnerable to damage
hemorrhage occurs in caudate/thalamus, can extend into L/3/4 ventricles
pt develops H/bulging __
look for c__/h__
__ is neuro damage as a result of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates
brain appears __
germinal matrix
weak
lateral, 3/4
hydrocephalus, AF
clots, hemorrhage
kernicterus
yellow
ototoxic drugs can tinnitus by damaging hair cells in organ of __ in cochlear membranous labrynth
occurs in apical __ of hair cells
lose ability to hear __ freq sounds
__ can cause alopecia, myocardial damage, myelosuppression
__results in myelosuppression and fatty liver
corti
stereocilia
high
etoposide
MTX
fever, SOB, dry crackles, inflam/fibrosis seen in SE of __ use
called interstital __
resolves w __/___ dose
other se include A/__ abnorms, __ skin discoloration
ILD is a SE of N/M/B
amiodarone
pneumonitiis
dec, stopping
arrhythmias, thyroid, blue/grey
nitrofurantoin, MTX, bleo
Apixiban can cause __ as se
cough, SOB, __ and fever acutely
SE of hydroxychloroquine skin __ and R___
SE of sotalol include T__ and excessive __ blockade
pt w HFrEF can get __ and pulm __
DAH
hemoptysis
pigmentation, retinopathy
TdP, beta
exacerbation, edema
PGE1 stimulates gastric epithelial __ prodxn, protecting against acid
w heavy __ use, ulcers can form
M__ is PGE1 analog to tx/prevent NSAID induced ulcers
Aspirin exacerbated airway disease presents w chronic __ and intranasal __
due to dysregulation of __ metabolism via inhibited __ enzymes
AA pumped down __ pathway, leads to formation of bronchoconstrictive leuks _/__/__
tx w M__ (leuk inhib)
mucus
NSAID
misoprostol
rhinitis, polyps
AA, COX
5lipooxygenase
C4, D4, E4
montelukast
__ releases AA from lipids
Thromboxane A2/PGI2 products of __ pathway of AA metabolism
both blocked by ___
SCC of h/n occurs in ventral __ and floor of __, __ lip
metastasizes to __/__ LN, L/L/B
Phospholipase A2
COX, NSAIDS
tongue, mouth, lower
Regional, mediastinal, lung/liver/bones
difference in phenotype in pt w same mutation is known as variable __
Marfan syndrome due to mutation in __ gene for fibrillin
important in producing __ fibers
nitrates directly __ vasc smooth muscle
results in systemic _ and dec peripheral __
lowers E__ and P__ and reduces myocardial __ by dec wall stress
also reduce A___
drop in blood pressure results in reflex ___
BB/CCB dec __ and __
expressivity
FBN1
elastic
relax
VenoD, venous return
EDV, preload, oxygen demand
afterload
tachycardia
HR/contractility
CFTR function varies from tissue/tissue bc of __ funcionaltiy of CFTR
in sweat glands, CFTR works to reabsorb __/__
if mutated, reabsorption is __ so sweat has high Na/Cl
in intestinal/res epithelium, CFTR channel normally secretes __ and stops __ reabsorption
w mutation, this is opposite, so thick/viscous sec are low in __/__
tissue specific
Cl, Na
dec
Cl, Na
Na/Cl