Monday Wk 3 Endo 2 Flashcards
__ crests are structures composed of paired cells arising from ectoderm at margin of neural tube
includes thyroid __ c cells and __ cells of AM
NCC include MOTEL PASS
__ is enzyme in adipose tissue mobilizing TG to FFA and glycerol
stimulated by __ hormones
inhib by __
activates GPCR to release __ and activate PKA to release HSL
neural
parafollicular
chromaffin
Melanocytes, ondotoblasts, tracheal cartilage, enterochromaffin cells, laryngeal cartilage, parafollicular cells, AM, schwann cells, spiral membrane
stress
insulin
cAMP
FFA/glycerol released to circ and taken up by __
glycerol used for __
liver converts FFA to __ and formation of ketone bodies
thus, promotes __ and __ body formation
tumor similar to Pheo but arises outside AM is called a para___
E__ limits glucose use by insulin sensitive tissues and stimulates hepatic gluco/glyco
Liver
gluconeogenesis
acetly coa
gluco/ketone
paraganglionoma
epi
sx of hypogly
Neuro__ sx caused by SNS avtivation by EPI/NOREPI and ach released for __ fibers
include T/P/A w sweating, hunger, paresthesias
neuro__ sx include behavior change, confusion, visual probs, stupor/seizures
nonselective B blockers can block __ mediated sx, w/out affecting cholinergic sx
Avoid __B blockers
can use selective __ blockers or partial B agonists P/A bc they have minimal glucose metab effects
Insulin is downregulated w __ receptor agonists
stimulated w __ receptor agonists
genic
Postgang
tremor, palps, anxiety
glycopenic
catecholamine
nonselective
B1, pindolol, acetablol
A2
B2
aromatase is a __ enzyme highly expressed in ovarian tissue
also in AC/subq __ and breast
in post men women, follicular atresia leads to __ number of granulosa cells w dec estrogen synth
ovaries/adrenal glands produce __ and aromatase can maintain peripheral estrogen
Aromatase inhibs like A/L/E reduce prodxn of estrogen
slows progression of __ pos tumors
this dec A___
long acting GnRH analog G suppresses LH/FSH release dec estrogen, esp in premen woman w ER+ BC
T__ is estrogen receptor antag
p450
fat
dec
androgens
anastrazole, letrozole, exemastane
estrogen
aromatizatio
Goserelin
tamoxifen
Trastuzumab inhibits __/__/__ singal paths, inc degredation of HER2, and mediatrs __
pt w panhypopituitarism w failed lactation, central hypothyroid, adrenal insufficiency has ___ of pituitary aka Sheehan syndrome
in preg, pituitary inc due to __ induced hyperplasia of lactotrophs
blood supply does not inc, thus becoms susceptible to __ w hemorrhage
MAPK, PI3K, AKt, destrxn
ischemic necrosis
estrogen
ischemia
\_\_ def is CAH inherited AR defect in \_\_ gene may be classic, non \_\_ form males have early \_\_ and accelerated linear growth as CS shunted towards \_\_ path females have \_\_ genitalia at birth
Classic salt wasting boys have FtT, de__ and hyper__ w hypoNa w/in 2 wks
girls have __ genitalia
non classic, delayed has prmature __ or sexual precocity
women may have H and menstrual irregs
in all forms, __ enzyme builds up
21 hydroxylase def 21 hydroxylase virilization androgen ambig
dehydration, kalemia
ambig
puberty
hirsutism
17 hydroxyprogesterone
CAH cannot form 11-__ impairing cortisol synthesis
thus, hypothalamus inc __ release w androgen overprodxn
tx involves low dose exo __ to suppress ACTH
over time, leads to dec __
Glycogenolysis is primary source of glucose w/in __ hrs of fasting
then __ takes over
first step is biotin dependent carboxylation of __ to oxaloacetate via PC
oxaloacetate converted to __ by malate dhydro to exit mito, then forms O again via MD
goes to cytosol, where PEPCK forms __ from O
also F16BP bypasses P__
G6P bypasses H__
deoxycortisol
ACTH
corticosteroids
androgens
18hrs
gluco
pyruvate
malate
phosphoenolpyruvate
phosphofructokinase
hexokinase
Preproinsulin has __ N terminal signal peptide
interacts w cytosolic signal recog __ to take it to RER
endopeptidases in __ cleave proinsulin to C peptide and subsequently released via exocytosis
pt w PKU may have deficieny in __ reductase
presents w hyperphenylalanine and inc __
requires __ as cofactor, also necessary for tyrosine to DOPA conversion by tyrosine __
pt has progressive neuro __
hydrophobic
particle
secretory granules
dihydropertin
prolactin
BH4, hydroxylase
degeneration
__ are GI hormones produced by gut mucosa to stimulate insulin release by high sugar meal
independent of __ levels
includes __ and __
insulin also inc following IV glucose, but it is __
insulin released by panc at __ rate for steady conc
or postprandial __ to facilitate glucose uptake
regular insulin has Hydrogen bonds at __ of B chains, delaying absorption
can result in high __ glucose and eventual __ as insulin is absorbed
__ acting insulin has alteration of AA that prevents __
incretins
BG
GLP1, GIP
less
basal, spike
C terminal
postprandial, hypogly
rapid
polymerization
Beta blockers like P prevent adrenergic manifestations of hyperthyroidism
if __ soluble (Like propanolo) they can bocker peripheral conversion of T4-T3
inhibit 5’mono__
TSH receptors are also on orbital __, leading to graves ophthalmopathy
this has inc extracellular __ deposition w T cell activation and inflam __
expands EO muscles, pushing globe forward w ___ movement
can tx w __ to dec peripheral conversion of T4
also have __ effects to improve/stop ophthalmopathy progression
propanolol
lipid
deiodinase
fibroblasts GAG, infiltration dec GC anti inflam
G/G/G are SFU
glyburide/glimepiride are __ acting w high risk of hypogly
Glipizide is __ w lower risk of hypogly
__ has higher affinity for testosterone receptor
causes male __ genitalia and __ enlargement
can tx __ w 5AR inhib
pt w androgenetic alopecia has high __ levels, thus tx w F__ can tx alopecia
GnRH agonists L/G/H/N
glyburide, glipizide, glimeiride
long
short acting
DHT
external, prostate
BPH
DHT, finasteride
leuprolide, goserelin, nafarelin, histrelin
__ compartmentalization allows mutliple biochem processes to occur simultaneously
B oxidation of FA, TCA cycle, caboxylation of pyruvate occurs in __
Glycolysis, FA synth, PPP all occurs in ___
ACTH is primary trophic hormone of AC zona __/__
overprodxn leads to __
AT2 is primary trophic hormone of zona __
pt w noncoronary __ disease, Diabetes, and CKD at same risk for __ events as those w known CAD
cellular
mitochondria
cytosol
glomerulosa, fasciculatga
hyperplasia
reticularis
atherosclerotic, CV
CaSR are transmembrane __ receptors that regulate PTH sec
binding of __ leads to PTH inhib
low Ca releases __
FHH is AD disorder w defectve __ in PT gland/kidny
higher serum __ level is necessary to suppress PTH
pt has hyper__ and low uirnary __ w normal/high __
w prolonged fastin, gluco stops to conserve __ and body produces KB
this occurs in __ of cells
thus, __ cannot utilize KB
L__ also cannot utilize KB
GPCR
Ca
PTH
CaSR
Ca
calcemia, Ca, PTH
proteins
mitochondria
RBC
liver
GPCR have 3 domains: an extracellular domain for ligand __, transmembrane domain, and intracellular domain w heterotrimeric __
transmembrane domain is nonpolar, hydro__ AA in alpha helix to __ to the membrane of phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic AA found in __ domain to bind ligands
from middle to outer, bone has D, M, E, E
epiphyseal cartilage aka _
linear growth stops w closed __
sex steroids inc growth, but promote closure of __
thus, growth is __
binding, G protein
phobic
anchoring
extracellular
diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal plate, epiphysis growth plate epiphyseal plate growth plate stopped
Glucagon works through __ receptor
when bound to __ it is active, stimulating the release of cAMP/PKA
in fasting state, glucagon/epi levels ar __
C and GH are __ to induce glucose homeostasis
cortisol binds __ in the cytoplasm, normally complexed to HSP
receptors dimerize upon __ binding, and transport to nucleus to alter __ of gluconeogenic enzymes
GH receptors are __ bound
oppose actions of __
GPCR
GTP
high
cortisol, high
cortisol recepor
ligand, trxn
membrane
insulin
