Saturday Wk 2 Endo 1.5 Flashcards
during gluconeogenesis, L/A are converted to pyruvate
pyruvate becomes phosphoenolpyruvate using __ dependent carboxylation to oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase
activity inc activity of __
when acetyl coa is low, pyruvate is shunted to pyuvate __ to generate energy
muscles convert pyruvate to alanine via T___
alanine inhibits pyruvae __ to stop PP from being consumed by glycolysis during_
Citrate is important positive regulator of acetyl coa __ and F16BP
enzymes involved in fatty acid __ and __
lactate, alanine biotin acetyl coa pyruvate carboxulase dehydrogenase
transamination
kinase
gluconeogesis
carboxylase
synthesis, gluconeogenesis
Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis occurs via __
high levels of 26BFG activate P__ to inc glycolysis
low levels of 26BFG disinhibit F__ and promote gluconeogenesis
in glycolysis, pyrvuate is converted to __ via lactate dehydrogenase
this is released in blood to liver, allowing formation of __
26BFG
phosphofructokinase 1
F16bisphosphatase
lactate
glucose
Thiazolidinediones like P__ inc insulin sensitivity
bind to __ to form heterodimer complex __ receptor
this binds __ reg sequences, altering DNA expression
esp inc A__ a cytokine secreted by fat tissue that enhances insulin sensitivity/FA oxidation
M__ inhibs mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, dec hepatic gluoneogenesis
__ inhibs like A/M dec activity of membrane disaccharidases on the intestinal BB, dec __ absorption
_/__ bind reg subunits of ATP K channel on panc B cells
causes membrane __ and Ca influx, releasing insulin
pioglitazone
PPARG, retinoid X
trxn
adiponectin
metformin
alpha glucosidase inhibs, acarbose, miglitol
carbohydrate
SFU, meglinitides
depolarization
GLP1 ags like E/L dec blood glucose by inducing __ and slowing gastric __ w inc insulin release
uses G protein __ system
I__ binds to a cell surface receptor on target cells
alpha subunits __ insulin, beta subunits contain __ domains
tyrosine hydroxylase converts tyrosine to __
__ step of catecholamine synth
DOPA then converted to dopamine by __
dopamine to NE by dopamine __ hydroxylase
NE then becomes epi in __ via PNMT
activity is upregulated by __
w out cortisol, enzyme level is very __
exenatide, liraglutide
satiety, emptying
AC
insulin
bind, intracellular TK
DOPA RLS DOPA decarboxylase beta AM cortisol low
In digeorge synrome, involvement of ___/__ pharyngeal pouch may lead to hypertelorism, short palpebral fissures, micrognathia, bifid uvula and cleft palate
inferior parathyroid/thymus assc w __ pouch
superior parathyroid assc w __ pouch
__ adipose tissues have more mitochndria, higher O2 req and more capillaries
ETC and phosphorylation are __
protons pumped out return to __ via thermogenin
no __ is synthesized, and only heat is produced
1st/2nd
3rd
4th
brown
uncoupled
matrix
ATP
superior thyroid artery is branch of __ artery
found w vein and external branch of __ nerve in a triad superior/lateral to thyroid
cricothyroid acts to __ vocal cords, so denervation results in __, hoarse voice
RLN provides __ innervation to larynx below vocal cords
above vocal folds, __ nerve provides sensation
Graves dz caused by __ immunoglobulin
hyperThyroid assc w inc expression of __ receptors, resulting in sx
exophthalmos caused by __ infiltration, enlarged EO mucles from __ w fibroblast/mucopolysaccharide prodxn
graves __ occurs via same mech
external carotid superior laryngeal tense, low sensation internal branch of superior laryngeal
thyroid stimulating
beta adrenegic
lymphocytic, myositis
dermopathy
T1DM is caused by __ response against panc b cells
sx occur when >__ of cells destroyed
destrxn occurs via __ immunity, w infiltration of __
process called I__
MODY is __ inherited dz w mutation impairing glucose sensing/insulin sec
panc beta cells also sec __ along w insulin
builds up in __
AI 90% cell mediated lymphocytes insulitis
AD
amyloid, T2DM
__ thyroid cancer are tumors of __ calcitonin sec C cells
assc w __ mutation in familial/sporadic cases
RET encodes membrane bound __
Follicular thyroid ca/adenoma assc w __ mutation
anaplastic thyroid ca assc w __ mutation
tumor arising from alpha cells of pancreatic islets of langerhans is __
presents w DM and necrolytic __
elevated, painful/pruritic rash on F/G/E
can coalesce to form indurated __ w central clearing
dx w high __ levels
amino acid levels are __
medullary
parafollicular
RET
TK
RAS
p53
glucagonoma migratory erythema fash, groin, extremities plaques glucagon low
pt w ab pain, gallstones, constipation, hyperGly and steatorrhea has __
pt w vesicules/pustules around orifices w hypogonadism, impaired taste/smell, night blindness/would healing has __ def
tx severe hypoGly w IV __ or IM/SC __
if not available oral glucose/__ can be used
inc VD can result in W/C/C and poor conc of __ w polyuria/polydipsia
high VD can also be seen in __/__ Lymphoma, esp granulomas
somatostatinoma
zinc
glucose
glucagon
sucrose
weakness, confusion, constipation, urine
NH/H
postop of parathyroidectomy in pt w hypoCa tx w C__
calcidiol is dependent on __
C__ is calcimimetic that activates the Ca sensing receptor in the Parathyroid gland
this dec release of __ in pt w renal disease
S_ is phosphate binding polymer used to dec Phos absorption
does not raise __ levels
Ca Phos binders usually result in __ Ca levels
calcitriol
PTH
cinacalcet
PTH
sevelamer
Ca
inc
pt w chronic sx of pituitary adenoma w sudden HA and visual probs likely has pituitary __
may lead to __ collapse due to ACTH/adrenalcoritcal def
tx w __ to maintain BP
___ is neccesary
Adipocytes cannot metab __
glycerol is thus release to liver and __ to form G3P by glycerol kinase
converted to ___ to stimulate gluconeogensis
Glycerol kinase will be inc in __ via breakdown of TG
apoplexy
CV
glucocorticoids
surgery
glycerol
phosphorylated
DHAP
DKA
Ezetemibe inhibits __ transport protein
dec __ absorption, and liver inc __ receptor expression
Bile acid sequestrants bind __ in small intestine
dec absorption inc __ activity to convert cholesterol to BA
PCSK9 inhib A inhibits hepatic LDL receptor degredation
NPC1L1
LDL
bile salts
7a hydroxylase
alirocumab
Pt w myopathy, cardiomyopathy, hypoketotic hypogly w dec carnitine has primary __ def
def in protein to transport __ across PM
FA cannot go from __ to mitochondria, thus no B oxidation occurs
Cardiac/skeletal muscles cannot generate __ from FA
liver cannot produce __
ATP can be generated in the CAC via __ level phosphorylation
direct transfer of __ group from reactive intermediate to NDP
succinyl coa ___ converts succinyl coa to __ using the thioester to drive __ synthesis
enzyme PP carboxykinase converts oxaloacetate to __ using that GTP
carnitine
carnitine
cytoplasm
ATP, ketone bodies
substrate phosphate synthetase succinate GTP phosphoenolpyruvate
pt on long term GC use can suffer acute __ insufficiency in stressful situation
leads to __ of AP and AC
results in __ GC deficiency
bc GC maintain normal tone, this def promotes __/__
thus, __ dose is necessary to compensate
in aerobic glycolysis, glucose goes to __ and later __ to enter TCA
in anaerobic, glucose becomes pyruvate and then __
G3P dehydrogenase needs __ to form NADH
in aerobic cx, NAD+ is converted to __ and NAD+ regenerated by __ chain
in anaerobic cx, NAD+ is regenrated by __ dehydrogenase
w def, NAD+ is not regenerated and muscle is broken down w __/__
adrenal atrophy relative hypotn/shock higher
pyruvate, acetyl coa
lactate
NAD+
NADH, ET
lactate
pain/fatigue
__ is formed in 1st step of TCA and is important allosteric inhib of glycolysis
congenital __ is MCC of preventable intellectual disability in kids
can be due to thyroid dysgenesis like A/H/E or __ def as in europe
neonates are __ due to presence of maternal T4
as it wanes, __ is impaired w slowing of activity
accumulation of matrix substances leads to __ edema, __ hernia, __ tongue and large __
T4 is necessary for __ development and myelination
infant at risk for __ disability
tx w __ by 2 w
citrate
hypothyroid agenesis, hypoplasia, ectopy, iodine asx metabolism nonpitting, umbilical, protruding, AF brain intellectual levothyroxine
