Neuro 2.5 Flashcards
several intellectual disabilities, history of seizures, abnormal pallor of catecholamine nuclei indicates ___
cannot convert PKU to __ due to lack of __
requires __ as cofactor, generated by __ reductase
may see __ of skin/hair/eyes due to phenylalanine inhibiting __ synthesis
may have _/__ body odor
PKU
tyrosine, PAH
BH4
dihydropteridine reductase
hypopigmentation, melanin
musty/mousy
deficiency of __ ketoacid dehydrogenase leads to __
normally decarboxylates L/I/V
pstosis, ortho HypoTN, hypoGLy, hypoThermia may be see in __
mutation in __ hydroxylase, converting NE to __
__ is AR disorder of tyrosine degredation
deficient in __ acid oxidase
HA accumulates, leading to __ and degenrative __ disease
albinism is AR defect in distribution of __
depressed/absent __ activity
branched chain
MSUD
leucine, isoleucine, valine
dysautonomia
DA, DA
alkaptonuria
homogentistic
hyperpigmentation, joint
melanin
tyrosinase
Dopamine is unable to cross the ___
formed by ___ bw nonfenestrated capillary __ cells
prevent paracellular passage
TJ composed of __ proteins and actin filaments
forms a __ seal
only permits passage via __ movement
LDOPA can enter brain due to high affinity for large neutral __ transporter
BBB
TJ
transmembrane
belt like
transcellular
AA
Gap jxns allow passage of small __/__
aneurysms affecting CN3 involve __ artery
beware acute __
CN 3 innervates SR/MR/IR/IO/LPS
molecules/ions
PComm
CN3 palsy
__ anesthesia causes loss of conciousness, analgesia, amnesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, and inhibited reflexes
due to inhibiting __ of neurons
Inhaled/barbiturates/benzos achieve depression by infuencing ___ receptors and inc inhib action of __
inhaled also affect __ on neuronal membranes
General
electrical ativity
GABA, GABA
Potassium
inhaled anesthetics also dec __, inc atrial/ventricular __
may result in __
all are __ depressants
dec __/__
can lead to A__
halothane/sevoflurane have __ properties
in brain, dec __ and inc __
inc __ pressure
dec __, inc renal __, and dec renal __
also dec ___
CO, pressures
hypoTN
resp
TV/MV
atalectasis
bronchodilation
VR, CBF
intracranial
GFR, VR, plasma flow
hepatic blood flow
C tetani is only found in the __ so culture is not __
Tramua like MVC/penetration/burn makes us think __
sx include T/RS/O
wound, effective
C tetani
trsimus, risus sardonicus, opisthotnos
nerve fibers from the __ parts pass to ipsi optic tract
nerve fibers from __ part of retina passes to contra optic tract
typically present to __ of striate cortex (optic radiation)
lower fibers then carry info to the __ lobe before reaching lingual gyrus
upper fibers carry inforation to __ lobe
damage to temporal lobe can produce contralateral __
may also see A/__ problems/seizure/hallucinations
temporal
nasal
LGN
temporal
parietal
superior quadrantopia
aphasia, memory
__ acidemia is AR organic acidemia due to deficiency in methylmalonly CoA mutase
__ builds up w proprionic acid, leading to __
pt becomes __ due to inc glucose metabolism
this leads to inc __ metabolism and prodxn of ketones
organic acids then inhibit __ cycle, leading to hyperammonemia
sx include Hypotonia/L/R
urine has high levels of __/__
methylmalonic acidemia
MMA, AGAP MA
hypoglyceic
FFA
urea
lethargy, RDS
MMA/PPA
Proprionic acidemia is deficient in __ carboxylase
similar presentation, but no inc ___
anterior pituitary is __ derived
bitemporal hemaniopsia, amenorrhea, enlarged PG indicate
neural plate gives rise to __/__
germ layers form via
propionyl CoA
MMA
surface ectoderm
prolactinoma
neuroectoderm/neural plate
gastrulation
__ is most common fatal encephalitis
usually due to primary __ infection via olfactory tract
or __ of latent virus in _ ganglion
look for E/H__ of temporal lobe
Dx made w __
sx include HA/F/AMS/Seizures
also A/__ changes
__ enceph seen with ventricular enlargement
HSV1
herpes
reactivation, trigeminal
edema, hemorrhagic necrosis
PCR
aphasia, personality
CMV
embolic stroke commonly seen in __
look for __ area
PCA branches off __ artery
supplies CN __/__, T, medial temporal lobe, splenium of CC, and __ lobe
most common stroke finding is contralateral __ w macular sparing
involvement of __ results in contralateral paresthesias/numbness
a fib
hypodense
basilar
3/4, thalamus, occipital
hemaniopia
thalamus
bilateral thalamic/dorsal midbrain strokes is seen in artery of __ off the PCA
__ artery supplies brainstem/cerebellar hemispheres
__ stroke most common in the MCA
Percheron
basilar
ischemic
__ nerve is a branch of C8-T1
passes poster to __
at wrist, passes by __ and pisiform bone in __ canal
nerve supplies sensation over medial __ digits and __ eminence
deep branch supplies __ muscles of hand
most commonly injured at __ due to tramua/compression
weakness in wrst F/A, finger A/A. flexion of digits __/__
may have __ claw
ulnar
medial epicondyle
hamate, Guyons
1.5, hypothenar
intrinsic
elbow
flexion, adduction
ad/abduction
4/5
ulnar
culture cryptococcus on __ agar to confirm dx
__ findings are sensitive/specific
tx w A/F
maintain w F
__ is gram positive rod w tumblin motility
sabourad
CSF
amphotericin, flucytosine
fluconazole
listeria
mitochondrial disease affect __/__
mito are randomly distributed in __ cells
thus, women have __ w cells composed of mixtures of DNA
variable expressivity seen in __ disorders
boys/girls
daughter
heterplasmy
AD
pain in migraine is due to activation of __ innvervatign the meninges
causes release of __/__/__
results in VD and __ sensitization
tx w __ which are 5HT1b/d agonists
inhibit release of __
promotes __
avoid in pt w __/__ dz
trigeminal neural
substance P/CGRP/calcitonin
neuronal
triptans
VC
vasoactive amines
cardiac/CV
migraine prophylaxis w __ which block postsynaptic __ receptor
anticonvulsants like V/T for prophylaxis
other prophylaxis w __/__
do not use __
__ is NDRI to tx depression/smoking cessation
BB
NE
valproate/topiramate
TCA/SNRI
SSRI
buproprion
initial drug for status epilepticus is IV __
leads to influx of __ ions
hyperpolarization and suppressed __ (anticonvulsant)
__ is anticonvulsant blocks voltage gated Ca channels
benzos
Cl, AP
gabapentin
__ provides motor/sensory innervation to perineal region
originates from __-__
located near __
sensory to __/__/__
motor to __ muscles and __ sphincters
vulnerable to __ injury, such as w __
can lead to __ and weakness of musculature
may have pain/sex dysfxn
pudendal nerve
S2-S4
ischial spine
EG/perineum/anus
pelvic floor
anal
stretch
child birth
fecal/urinary incontinence
__ is due to compression of SC below conus medullaris
presents w bilateral __ pain, __ anesthesia, hypo__
late manifestations are __/__ incont
__ plexopathy occurs during fetal descent
may have __ drop and numb to __ aspect of leg/__ of foot
CES
radicular, saddle, reflexia
bowel/bladder
lumbosacral
foot
lateral/dorsal
C tetani bacteria is lysed, toxin released and access __ in axon terminal
then, travels to __ by retrograde transport to SC/medulla
tetanus toxin inhibits __ interneurons
motor neuron
motor neuron axon
inhibitory
Wond- neuron axon- salvary gland dz
bite from __
then enters Cerebellim, brainstem, hippocampus to salivary gland
fibrinous exudate- systemic circ- cortical neurons
path for ___
forms __ in pharynx, then enters C/N tissue
food-systemic circ- meninges is dz of __
food-systemic circ- peripheral nerves is path for food borne __
rabies
animal
diptheria
pseudomembrane
cardiac/neural
listeria
c botulism
pt w __ experiences excessive __ about multiple issues
__ tension, __ disturb
tx w __ and __/__
__ occur in response to social interactions
GAD, worrying
muscle, sleep
CBT, SSRI/SNRI
social anx disorder
obstructive hydrocephalus from aqueductal stenosis sx
P/HA/V
Dorsal midbrain syndrome- compressed __ region of midbrain
limited __ gaze, ilateral __ retraction, and __ light dissociation
look for mass in __
most commonly __ on midline
arises from embryonic __
__ location can present w endocrinopathies due to pituitary/hypothalamic dysfxn
papilledema, HA, vomiting pretectal upward eyelid near
pineal gland
germinoma
germ cells
suprasellar
voltage gated __ channels important for generation/propagation of __
when AP reaches axon terminal, voltage gatedd __ open and ca influxes
essential for fusion and release of __
Na, AP
Ca
NT vesicles
cell bodies of neurons contain basophilic granules called __
responsivle for __ synthesis
irreversibly injured neuron is a __ neuron
see cell __, __ of cytoplasm, __ of nucleus, lost __ substance
Nissl substance
protein
red
shrinkage, eosinophilia, pyknosis, Nissl
Loss of axon leads to __ rxn
enlarged __ body
__ nucleus
enlarged __
dispensed __
axonal
cell
eccentric
nucleolus
nissl
progressive degenerative disease leads to __ atrophy
lose __ and fxnal groups of __
reactive __
neuornal
nueuons
gliosis
