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UWorld > Neuro 2.5 > Flashcards

Neuro 2.5 Flashcards

1
Q

several intellectual disabilities, history of seizures, abnormal pallor of catecholamine nuclei indicates ___

cannot convert PKU to __ due to lack of __
requires __ as cofactor, generated by __ reductase

may see __ of skin/hair/eyes due to phenylalanine inhibiting __ synthesis

may have _/__ body odor

A

PKU

tyrosine, PAH
BH4
dihydropteridine reductase

hypopigmentation, melanin

musty/mousy

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2
Q

deficiency of __ ketoacid dehydrogenase leads to __
normally decarboxylates L/I/V

pstosis, ortho HypoTN, hypoGLy, hypoThermia may be see in __
mutation in __ hydroxylase, converting NE to __

__ is AR disorder of tyrosine degredation
deficient in __ acid oxidase
HA accumulates, leading to __ and degenrative __ disease

albinism is AR defect in distribution of __
depressed/absent __ activity

A

branched chain
MSUD
leucine, isoleucine, valine

dysautonomia
DA, DA

alkaptonuria
homogentistic
hyperpigmentation, joint

melanin
tyrosinase

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3
Q

Dopamine is unable to cross the ___
formed by ___ bw nonfenestrated capillary __ cells
prevent paracellular passage

TJ composed of __ proteins and actin filaments
forms a __ seal
only permits passage via __ movement

LDOPA can enter brain due to high affinity for large neutral __ transporter

A

BBB
TJ

transmembrane
belt like
transcellular

AA

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4
Q

Gap jxns allow passage of small __/__

aneurysms affecting CN3 involve __ artery

beware acute __

CN 3 innervates SR/MR/IR/IO/LPS

A

molecules/ions

PComm

CN3 palsy

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5
Q

__ anesthesia causes loss of conciousness, analgesia, amnesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, and inhibited reflexes

due to inhibiting __ of neurons

Inhaled/barbiturates/benzos achieve depression by infuencing ___ receptors and inc inhib action of __

inhaled also affect __ on neuronal membranes

A

General

electrical ativity

GABA, GABA

Potassium

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6
Q

inhaled anesthetics also dec __, inc atrial/ventricular __
may result in __

all are __ depressants
dec __/__
can lead to A__
halothane/sevoflurane have __ properties

in brain, dec __ and inc __
inc __ pressure

dec __, inc renal __, and dec renal __

also dec ___

A

CO, pressures
hypoTN

resp
TV/MV
atalectasis
bronchodilation

VR, CBF
intracranial

GFR, VR, plasma flow

hepatic blood flow

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7
Q

C tetani is only found in the __ so culture is not __

Tramua like MVC/penetration/burn makes us think __

sx include T/RS/O

A

wound, effective

C tetani

trsimus, risus sardonicus, opisthotnos

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8
Q

nerve fibers from the __ parts pass to ipsi optic tract

nerve fibers from __ part of retina passes to contra optic tract

typically present to __ of striate cortex (optic radiation)

lower fibers then carry info to the __ lobe before reaching lingual gyrus

upper fibers carry inforation to __ lobe

damage to temporal lobe can produce contralateral __

may also see A/__ problems/seizure/hallucinations

A

temporal

nasal

LGN

temporal

parietal

superior quadrantopia

aphasia, memory

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9
Q

__ acidemia is AR organic acidemia due to deficiency in methylmalonly CoA mutase

__ builds up w proprionic acid, leading to __

pt becomes __ due to inc glucose metabolism

this leads to inc __ metabolism and prodxn of ketones

organic acids then inhibit __ cycle, leading to hyperammonemia

sx include Hypotonia/L/R

urine has high levels of __/__

A

methylmalonic acidemia

MMA, AGAP MA

hypoglyceic

FFA

urea

lethargy, RDS

MMA/PPA

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10
Q

Proprionic acidemia is deficient in __ carboxylase
similar presentation, but no inc ___

anterior pituitary is __ derived

bitemporal hemaniopsia, amenorrhea, enlarged PG indicate

neural plate gives rise to __/__

germ layers form via

A

propionyl CoA
MMA

surface ectoderm

prolactinoma

neuroectoderm/neural plate

gastrulation

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11
Q

__ is most common fatal encephalitis

usually due to primary __ infection via olfactory tract

or __ of latent virus in _ ganglion

look for E/H__ of temporal lobe

Dx made w __

sx include HA/F/AMS/Seizures
also A/__ changes

__ enceph seen with ventricular enlargement

A

HSV1

herpes

reactivation, trigeminal

edema, hemorrhagic necrosis

PCR

aphasia, personality

CMV

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12
Q

embolic stroke commonly seen in __
look for __ area

PCA branches off __ artery
supplies CN __/__, T, medial temporal lobe, splenium of CC, and __ lobe

most common stroke finding is contralateral __ w macular sparing

involvement of __ results in contralateral paresthesias/numbness

A

a fib
hypodense

basilar
3/4, thalamus, occipital

hemaniopia

thalamus

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13
Q

bilateral thalamic/dorsal midbrain strokes is seen in artery of __ off the PCA

__ artery supplies brainstem/cerebellar hemispheres

__ stroke most common in the MCA

A

Percheron

basilar

ischemic

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14
Q

__ nerve is a branch of C8-T1

passes poster to __
at wrist, passes by __ and pisiform bone in __ canal

nerve supplies sensation over medial __ digits and __ eminence

deep branch supplies __ muscles of hand

most commonly injured at __ due to tramua/compression
weakness in wrst F/A, finger A/A. flexion of digits __/__

may have __ claw

A

ulnar

medial epicondyle
hamate, Guyons

1.5, hypothenar

intrinsic

elbow
flexion, adduction
ad/abduction
4/5

ulnar

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15
Q

culture cryptococcus on __ agar to confirm dx
__ findings are sensitive/specific

tx w A/F
maintain w F

__ is gram positive rod w tumblin motility

A

sabourad
CSF

amphotericin, flucytosine
fluconazole

listeria

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16
Q

mitochondrial disease affect __/__

mito are randomly distributed in __ cells
thus, women have __ w cells composed of mixtures of DNA

variable expressivity seen in __ disorders

A

boys/girls
daughter
heterplasmy

AD

17
Q

pain in migraine is due to activation of __ innvervatign the meninges

causes release of __/__/__
results in VD and __ sensitization

tx w __ which are 5HT1b/d agonists
inhibit release of __
promotes __

avoid in pt w __/__ dz

A

trigeminal neural

substance P/CGRP/calcitonin
neuronal

triptans
VC
vasoactive amines

cardiac/CV

18
Q

migraine prophylaxis w __ which block postsynaptic __ receptor

anticonvulsants like V/T for prophylaxis

other prophylaxis w __/__
do not use __

__ is NDRI to tx depression/smoking cessation

A

BB
NE

valproate/topiramate

TCA/SNRI
SSRI

buproprion

19
Q

initial drug for status epilepticus is IV __

leads to influx of __ ions
hyperpolarization and suppressed __ (anticonvulsant)

__ is anticonvulsant blocks voltage gated Ca channels

A

benzos

Cl, AP

gabapentin

20
Q

__ provides motor/sensory innervation to perineal region

originates from __-__
located near __

sensory to __/__/__
motor to __ muscles and __ sphincters

vulnerable to __ injury, such as w __
can lead to __ and weakness of musculature

may have pain/sex dysfxn

A

pudendal nerve

S2-S4
ischial spine

EG/perineum/anus
pelvic floor
anal

stretch
child birth
fecal/urinary incontinence

21
Q

__ is due to compression of SC below conus medullaris

presents w bilateral __ pain, __ anesthesia, hypo__
late manifestations are __/__ incont

__ plexopathy occurs during fetal descent
may have __ drop and numb to __ aspect of leg/__ of foot

A

CES

radicular, saddle, reflexia
bowel/bladder

lumbosacral
foot
lateral/dorsal

22
Q

C tetani bacteria is lysed, toxin released and access __ in axon terminal

then, travels to __ by retrograde transport to SC/medulla

tetanus toxin inhibits __ interneurons

A

motor neuron

motor neuron axon

inhibitory

23
Q

Wond- neuron axon- salvary gland dz

bite from __
then enters Cerebellim, brainstem, hippocampus to salivary gland

fibrinous exudate- systemic circ- cortical neurons
path for ___
forms __ in pharynx, then enters C/N tissue

food-systemic circ- meninges is dz of __

food-systemic circ- peripheral nerves is path for food borne __

A

rabies
animal

diptheria
pseudomembrane
cardiac/neural

listeria

c botulism

24
Q

pt w __ experiences excessive __ about multiple issues

__ tension, __ disturb
tx w __ and __/__

__ occur in response to social interactions

A

GAD, worrying

muscle, sleep
CBT, SSRI/SNRI

social anx disorder

25
Q

obstructive hydrocephalus from aqueductal stenosis sx
P/HA/V

Dorsal midbrain syndrome- compressed __ region of midbrain
limited __ gaze, ilateral __ retraction, and __ light dissociation

look for mass in __
most commonly __ on midline
arises from embryonic __
__ location can present w endocrinopathies due to pituitary/hypothalamic dysfxn

A 
papilledema, HA, vomiting
pretectal
upward
eyelid
near

pineal gland
germinoma
germ cells
suprasellar

26
Q

voltage gated __ channels important for generation/propagation of __

when AP reaches axon terminal, voltage gatedd __ open and ca influxes

essential for fusion and release of __

A

Na, AP

Ca

NT vesicles

27
Q

cell bodies of neurons contain basophilic granules called __
responsivle for __ synthesis

irreversibly injured neuron is a __ neuron
see cell __, __ of cytoplasm, __ of nucleus, lost __ substance

A

Nissl substance
protein

red
shrinkage, eosinophilia, pyknosis, Nissl

28
Q

Loss of axon leads to __ rxn

enlarged __ body
__ nucleus
enlarged __
dispensed __

A

axonal

cell
eccentric
nucleolus
nissl

29
Q

progressive degenerative disease leads to __ atrophy

lose __ and fxnal groups of __
reactive __

A

neuornal
nueuons

gliosis

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