Sat Wk 3 General Principles Flashcards
N__ is found in nucleas, and produces rRNA components
main fxn is newly trxn __ and ribosomal proteins
RER has folded membranes coated w R__
electron dense H__ are found at periphery of nucleus and appears dark
Mito have C__ folding in inner membranes
X cell inactivation aka L__ is maintined across cell division
prevents development of __ recessive cx, unless skewed inactivation occurs
this inactive X becomes H__ Barr body
heavily M___ w deacytelyated histones
nucleolus
rRNA
ribosomes
heterochromatin
cristae
lyonization
X linked
heterochromatin
methylated
mtDNA is small __ chromosomes w different genetic code than nuclear DNA
encodes for __/__ RNA needed for mito protein synthesis
no lipid __ separate nucleolus from nucleus
apoptosis activates e__ to degrade DNA/protein
cell membrane remains I__ thus no inflam occurs
replacement of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl2 w __ proteins Bax inc permeability of mitochondria
circular
ribosomal/transfer
membane
enzyme
intact
pro
1/RT = 1/R for every __ in circuit that is parallel
take inverse for __
Resistance in series just __ resistances together
volume of __ is volume of fluid in which drug is uniformly distributed to match plasma conc
Vd = amount of drug given over__ of drug
ECF plasma is around __ L
thus, drugs w a Vd around this have __ Vd
usually bound to __ proteins, is charged, or has __ molecular weight
if smaller MW, and hydrophilic, can enter __ fluid and inc Vd to 14-16
if small MW and lipophilic, can enter __ compartment w very large Vd
resistance
TPR
adds
distribution
plasma conc
3
low
plasma
high
interstitial
intracellular
bc of high amount of Okazaki fragents on lagging strand, DNA __ must act much more freq than on leading strand
small ribosomal subunit binds __ and tRNA
large subunit contains __ transferase to form AA bonds
free ribosomes remain floating in __ throughout protein synthesis
translate proteins in C, N, Peroxosome, and nuclear endoded mito proteins
Ribosomes attached to RER after protein __
synthesize __ proteins, cell membrane proteins, and proteins in ER, golgi, lysosomes
Ribosomes attach to RER via T__
ligase
mRNA
peptidyl
cytosol
cytosol, nucleolus
translation
secretory
translocons
drugs w high lipophilicity enter __ compartment quickly, ie plasma
redistributed to __ vascularized peripheral compartmens of organs
next, poor vascularized peripheral compartment like __ and fat
multiple, unrelated phenotypic manifestations in diff organ systems w single gene defect is P__
to reduce risk of wrong site surgery, have __ verification from 2 sources
or use surgical __
superficial lymph system follows __
deep lymph system follows A__
medial track follows __ vein to superficial inguinal LN w out going to popliteal
lateral track communicates w __/_ LN and cause LAN in both areas
prostate lymph goes to I__ ln
central
well
skeletal muscle
pleiotropy
independent
timeout
veins
arteries
saphenous
popliteal, inguinal
internal iliac
trisomies/monosomies can result from N__ in meiosis
failed separation of hologous chromos is meiosis __
failed separation of sister chromatids is meiosis __
failure of sister chromatids to separate would produce same number of stains, just __ appearance as inc amount of DNA is obtained
most important prevention of nosocomial infect is __ hygiene
only need _ precautions w MRSA, VRE, parasites
E__ is maximum result of a drug
P__ is dose req to produce an effect
thus, high potentcy drugs have __ dose reg (ED50)
due to high __ for receptor, or better access to tissue
nondisjxn
1
2
darker
hand
contact
efficacy
potency
lower
affinity
Phosphorylase kinase must be __ to active form for glycogenolysis
in Liver, PK is activated via E/G activation of Gs and release of __ to PKA
in Skeletal muscle, epinpehrine causes rise in cAMP w inc intracellular __
this allows s__ of muscle contractions/glycogen breakdown
inc ATP/G6P tell PK/gluconeogenesis to __
t1/2= .7 *__
CL
used for __ order drugs
completely eliminated after __ half lifes
phosphorylated
epi, glucagon, cAMP
Ca
synchronization
stop
Vd
first
5
5’ capping, polyA tail, and intron splicing occur before mRNA leaves __
can bind to __ in cytosol for translation
or to __ bodies that control mRNA reg and turnover
dec __, cause decay, perform quality control
may release __ later for translation
5’ end of mRNA is capped w 7__ in 5’-5’ linkage
1st step adds __ via guanylyltransferase
M__ occurs via G7M
when polyA tail is shortened, mRNA is D__
nucleus ribosomes P translation mRNA
methylguanosine
GTP
methylation
degraded
when cDNA is used to identify mRNA seq, look at number of __ present
if shorter by nonmultiple of 3, _ mutation has occurred
missense/nonsense mutations manifest in P__
mutation forms a __ loop w recruitment of termination factors
does not affect mRNA/cDNA __
anticholinergic toxicity due to blockade of __ receptors
blockade of nictoninc receptors produces R__ paralysis and autonomic dysfxn
bases
frameshift
protein
hairpin
size
muscarinic
respiratory
drugs that undergo hepatic elimination are highly l__ and have high V__, and ability to enter BBB
allows them to cross renal tubular membranes and __ tissues
low Vd, high hydrophilicity will be eliminated by __
Beers criteria: avoid in \_\_ first gen anti\_\_ GI anti\_\_ alpha 1 \_\_, central A2 agonists many antiA\_\_
avoid TCA and anti__, all hypnotics/depressants
avoid _ and NSAID/relaxants
lipophilic, Vd
reenter
kidney
elderly antihistamines spasmodics agonists arryhthmias
psychotics
SFU
tumor cells, B/T cells, viral infected cells die through A__
cells damaged display __ signals in intrinsic pathway
or __ pathway has interaction w receptors
both pathways converge to activate __ which contain cysteine to cleave Aspartic acid residues
these kill intracellular __
P__ is cofactor in transamination/decarbox rxn
amino group of AA is transferred to __ acid, and a keto acid becomes AA
ex is G__ AA rxts w oxaloacetate (A keto acid)
produces aspartate (AA) and A__ (aketo acid)
apoptosis
apoptotic
extrinsic
caspases
pyridoxine
aketo acid
glutamate
a keto glutarate
biotin is found in pyruvate c__, acetyl coa __, propionyl coa __ and MCAD __ (all same)
arrangement in which employer pays predetermined fee to cover medical services is C__
found in __ plan
restricts pt to limited __ and requires referrals
can be made to private __ company, or large physician group
Discounted fee for service pays for each individual service at pre arranged, D__ rate
Global payment covers all __ assc w each incident (ie surgery and post op)
Point of service req pt to see __ physician first, then they are free to see other docs
carboxylase
capacitation
HMO
physicians
insurance
discounted
exoenses
primary care
C__ is most abundant protein in body
3 polypeptide __ chains w hydrogen bonds forming a rope like triple helix
most AA is __ and is present every 3 bases
proline and hydroxy__/__ are also freq
Proline maintains __ structure
Hydroxylsyine maintains __ of assembled fibrils
high altitude sickness due to __ hyoxia
less O2 in air due to lower __ w elevation
thus, __ chemoreceptors stimulated to ventilate
w/in 48 hrs, pH should be near __ as bicarb is lost
collagen alpha glycine proline/lysine rgidi strength
hypobaric
pressure
peripheral, ventilate
normal
pt w B__ syndrome has mutation in BLM gene encoding DNA helicase
cannot unwind, leading to chromo __ and breakage
pt has growth __ w facial anomalies, photosensitivity, and recurrent I_
T__ is found ahead of dna helicase to prevent supercoiling
in glycolysis, pyruvate formed is converted to __ via pyruvate dehydro
in hypoxic cx, NADH builds and inhibits the __
thus, pyruvate is shunted towards __, resulting in lactic acidosis
DNA poly 1 is only prokaryotic polymerase that has __ proofreading activity
__ recog sequence identifies origin of rep for helicase to act at
bloom
instability
retard, infections
topo
acetyl coa
enzyme
lactate
5’-3’
origin
__ is probabiliy of not having dz when test was neg
vaires w __ thus must determine pretest prob
if pt has high prob, neg test means __ NPV
if pt has low prob, neg test means __ NPV
eukaryotic genome is __ than prok, but can be copied more quickly due to __ origins of rep
euk pol alpha synthesis __ primer, starts DNA synth
Beta __ damaged DNA
gamma replicates m__ DNA and proofreads
Delta elongates __ fragments and proofreads
Sigma elongates __ strand and proofreads
NPV
population
low
high
larger
multiple
RNA repairs mtDNA okazaki leading
