Neuro 4 Flashcards
chronic sleep disorder characterized by freq overwhelming urge to sleep __
assc w sudden loss of motor tone w positive emotion aka __
reduced __ and enter __sleep immediately
hypnogogic (__) and hyponopompic (awakening) hallucinations
and sleep __
narcolepsy
cataplexy
sleep latency, REM
sleep
paralysis
Huntington may be caused by transcriptional __
seen w histone ___
DNA __ is epigenetic modification to inhibit gene trxn
silencing
deacetylation
methylation
Cryptococcus found in soil contaminated w __
inhaled into __ of lungs to establish the infection
meningitis occurs when Crypto penetrates __ cells of cerebral capillaries
__ in CSF leads to sx
bacterial meningitis usually due to organisms that infect the __
bird droppings
alveoli
endothelial
replication
nasopharynx
__ is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor
tx w muscarinic antag like __ or __ to reactivate cholinesterase
cholinergic overstimulation can also occur via cholinomimetics C/M
GABA stimulates release of __ ions
pushes membrane potential to become __
Organophosphates
atropine, palidoximine
carbachol, methacholine
Cl
hyperpolarized
Resting potential is _mv
maintained by __ permeability
Depolarization occurs w opening of __ Na channels
Repolarization closes _ channels and opens voltage gated __ channels
most __ enters here
hyperpolarization as __ K channels remain open
-70
K+
voltage gated
Na, K
K
voltage gated
Lesion to the __ nucleus of hypothalamus results in hyperphagia/obesity
Lesion to the __ nucleus of hypothalamus results in loss of apetite
Pt with long history of hemodialysis can develop __ due to deposition of B2 microglobulin
VM
Lateral
CTS
C tetani has ___ which has __ axonal transport to central inhibitory neurons in SC/brain stem
blocks release of inhibitory NT like G/G
leads to __ paralysis
vibrio cholera can cause release of __ from ECL cells
leads to extreme __ loss
tetanospasmin, retrograde
Glycine, gaba, spastic
serotonin
fluid
GBS in pt w pruritic maculopapular rash, low grade fever, arthralgia, conjunctivitis is caused by __
Pt w Restless leg syndrome may be deficient in __
tx w dopamine agonist like R/P
Myoclonic epilepsy is __ type
similar to Tonic clonic but no lost __
presents w seizure in both __ as the seizure involves both cerebral hemispheres
provoked by __
Zika
Iron
ropinirole, pramipexole
generalized
conciousness
UE
sleep deprivation
Focal seizures tx w C/G/P/P
Generalized seizures tx w L/L/T/V
__ is DA antagonist used for Tourettes
carbamezipine, gabapentin, phenobarbitol, phenytoin
Levetiracetem, lamotrigine, topiramate, valproate
Fluphenazine
Isoniazid is similar to __
competes w it for __ of GABA
also inc __ urinary excretion, leading to frank __
subthalamic nucleus is a component of the __, regulating output
damage can dec excitation of GPI, leading to __ w wild involuntary movements on one side
usually occurs from __ stroke
atrophy of lentiform nucleus (GP/Putamen) occurs in __
VB6
synthesis
pyridoxine, deficiency
basal ganglia
hemiballism
lacunar
wilson dz
Gait/limb ataxia indicates __ dysfxn
w sheets of primitive blue cells (aka PNET), basophilic nuclei and abundant mitoses, dx is ___
usually located in the ___ w inc __
Pilocytic astrocytoma is made of __ and __ fibers
also located in the __
cerebellar
medulloblastoma
vermis, ICP
astrocytes/Rosenthal
cerebellum
NMS caused by excessive blocking of __ receptors in the brain
overdose of anti-__
diffuse muscle _, high __, hyper__, tachy__, AMS
CK is __, leading to myoglobinuria
tx w __ the agent
also D antagonizing ryanodine receptors
or B a dopamine agonist
dopamine
dopamines
rigidity, fever, TN, cardia
high
discontinue
dantrole
bromocriptine
SS- excess __
see M, D, AMS, N/D
does not have muscle __
tx w C a serotonin receptor antagonist
serotonin
myoclonus
rigidity
cyproheptadine
Succinylcholine is a nondepolarizing agent similar to __ in that in depolarizes NM end plate
not __ by acetylcholinesterase
seen in pt w __ injury, __ injuries, burns
Phase 1 Na channels become __ until repolarization, so pt gets __ paralysis
Phase 2 occurs w __ and repolarization
Major SE is H__
tx pt w V/R instead
Ach
degraded
crush, denervating
inactivated, flaccid
desensitization
hyperKalemia
veuronium, rocuronium
CN 9 is motor to __ muscle
stimulates _ gland secretion
sensory/taste to __
lesions can lead to loss of __, general sensation in P/T, __ ear cavity
lose of taste/sensation in poster __ of tongue
salivary secretion by submandibular/sublingual glands come from PNS fibers of __ on CN 7 and __ nerves
stylopharyngeus
parotid
posterior 1/3
gag, pharynx, tonsils, 1/3, middle
superior salivary nucleus, lingual
voluntary muscle movements come from the __ tract
1st order neuron in __/__ cotex of frontal lobe
descend through IC/M/P/M
can ___and leave as Lateral CS tract
if not, form the __ CS tract
synapse on 2nd order neuron in __ cell
CS
prefrontal/frontal
internal capsule, midbrain/pons/medulla
decussate, anterior
anterior horn
Huntington disease has bilateral atrophy of the __ and__ which is the striatum
will see dec levels of __/__/__
HD gene located on chromosome __
__ is Xlinked Recessive disorder of self mutilation and hyperuricemia
def in \_\_, leading to defect in purine salvage pathway inc degredation of guanine/hypoxanthine to \_\_
thus, must increase activity of PRPP __ enzyme
caudate, putamen
GABA/Ach/SP
4
Lesch Nyhan
HGPRT, uric acid
amidotransferase
A Comm aneurysm can compress the __ leading to bitemporal hemianopia
P Comm aneurysm can compress CN __ w resultant palsy
Infarct of PCA can lead to __ problems
macula spared bc of collateral bf w ___
optic chiasm
3
visual
MCA
occlusion of \_\_ leads to lateral pontine syndrome ipsi loss of \_\_/\_\_ in face ipsi facial \_\_/\_\_ loss contra loss of \_\_/\_\_ in trunk also see \_\_ dysfxn
__ deficiency leads to WE/WK
affects mammillary body in the __ circuit
alcohol/malnourished pt needs __ supplementing before receiving dextrose
Anterior inferior cerebellar paint/temp muscle, hearing paint/temp cerebellar
Thiamine VB1
papez
thiamine
micro findings of prior disease shows large __ in gray matter
no __ changes
Pt w difficulty speaking, singing, writing has _ aphasia
located in the caudal part of __
brodmann area __/__
usually in the __ hemi
may also have right __
damage to __ gyrus can cause sensation loss
lesion in __ gyrus can cause paralysis of skeletal muscles
vacuoles
inflamm
inferior frontal gyrus
44-45
left
hemiparesis
post central
precentral
caudal superior temporal gyrus is __ area
Brodmann area __
susceptibility to MH is __
defect in __ on SR
large amounts of __ released, producing ATP dependent reuptake
thus, ATP loss and __ produced, leading to rhabdoo
look for __/muscle __ after surgery
also __ is common
tx w __
occurs after use of inhaled __ or S
Wernicke
22
AD
ryanodine receptor
Ca
heat
high fever, rigidity
myoglobinemia
Dantrolene
anesthetics, succinylcholine
CM of focal seizure depends on __ involved
frontal eye fields responsivle for __ eye movement
distal radial nerve lesions spare the __ muscle
brain region
horizontal
triceps brachialis
fixed segmental loss of UE pain/temp, upper extremity LMN signs, and LE UMN signs indicates ___
may occur w ___
w bacterial men, get L__, blood __ and _ ab
syringomyelia
scoliosis
LP, culture, empiric
__ occurs after halothane use w jaundice, hepatomegaly, inc AST/ALT, bilirubin
biopsy shows __ necrosis
occurs w halogenated __
matabolized by __ system, producing a reactive intermediate, and resulting __ damage
halothane hepatotoxicity
centrilobular
inhaled anesthetics, p450
hepatocellular
__ is NMDA receptor antag for dissocaitive amnesia
has adverse __/___ effects
__ is inhaled anesthetic that inhibits NMDA receptor
may reduce __synthase, leading megaloblastic anemia
__ is IV anesthetic that potentiates GABA
CN 3 found bw __/__ arteries
damage due to somatic __ injury
Ketamne
cardio/neruo
NO, methionine
propofol
PC, superior cerebellar
efferent fiber
Abusive head trauma is caused by __
infants have __ heads/SA spaces, __ brain water content, __ cervical muscle tone
presents w acute on chronic ___
look for __ hemorrhages
may have fracture of __
vigorous shaking
larger, greater, less
subdural hematoma
retinal
posterior ribs
Pt w PD may become __ after 5+ years of therapy
NS degen leads to excitation of GPI and excessive __ via STN
presents w rigidity and __ intractable to meds
thus, tx is high freq brain stimulation to inhibit the __ or __
refractory
inhibition
bradykinesia
GPI, STN
reduced sensation and spasticity of LE suggest lesion in __
w optic neuritis, dx is ___
sx will __/__
attract T cells and __ which take up myelin debris
then __ cells recruited and form antibodies
__ demyelination occurs, resulting in hypertrophy/hyperplasia and __
spinal cord lesion
MS
wax/wane
macrophage
B
patchy
glail scarring
__ is the process occurring when axon is damaged, resulting in breakdown of myelin sheath __ to injury
in PNS, schwann cells sense axonal degen, secreting __/__ to recruit macros
this clears __ and attempts to facilitate __
In CNS, __ is barrier, leading to macros/microglia being recruited slowly
debris __ as oligodendrocytes undergo apoptosis
suppresses __ growth via inhibitry factors
eventually, this forms a __
wallerian degeneration
distal
cytokines/chemokines
debris, axonal regen
BBB
persists
axonal
glial scar
hemorrhagic transformation of embolic stroke occurs w/in __ after event
__ is AD disorder, w inc number of CTG repeats encoding for __protein kinase
presents w slowed __
C/Frontal __/__ atrophy seen
atrophy of __ fibers is prominent
7 days
Myotonic dystrophy
myotonia
cataracts, frontal balding, gonadal
Type 1
first order SNS neurons located in __
descending to __-__ of SC and synapse on __ horns
exit via anterior nerve roots/white connecting rami to 3rd order neurons in __ ganglion
postgang fibers then travel along __ to target
damage to vagus nerve results in uvula deviating __ from side of lesion
hypothalamus
C8-T1
lateral
superior cervical
carotid arteries
away
__ is NSCLC near superior sulcus
may have ipsi __ pain, upper limb __, and __ arm weaknesss due to involvement of the brachial plexus
can see __ syndrome w involved __ symp ganglia
Pancoast tumor
shoulder, paresthesias, areflexic
Horner
cervical
__ virus is enveloped, ssRNA
has membrane bound __ for cell surface adhesion
__ protein for viral assembly
Subacute sclerosing panencehalitis is comp __ after initial infection
due to mutated/absent __
prevents __ virions from forming
accumulation of viral __ occurs, resulting in inflammation/demyelination and gliosis
sx are __ and D__, visual, myoclonus
__ of measles antibodies present in CSF
measles, hemagluttinin
matrix
years
matrix protein
enveloped
nucleocapsids
neuro, dementia
oligoclonal bands
Jc virus is __ stranded __ virus
leads to __ in IC individual
___ palsy is a form of parkinsonism
neurodeg of __ and frontal subcortical __
sx include __ dysfxn, __ gaze palsy
biopsy shows phosphorylated __ proteins
DS DNA
neuro deficits
