Sat Wk 3 Gen Principles 2 Flashcards
when ribosome encounters stop codons __, __, __ a releasing factor binds
releases PP chain and dissolves ribosome-__ complex
elongating factors aid in __ binding and translocation
anticodon of __ binds codon on mRNA
Down syndrome can be due to meiotic nondisjxn, unbalanced translocation, or M__ due to mitotic nondisjxn
2 distinct __ lines present
UAA, UAG, UGA
mRNA
tRNA
tRNA
mosaicism
w injury, __/__ release TNF, IL1, IL6
these acute phase reactants promotes systemic __ repsonse
these bind and fix __ which leads to aggregation in blood
w inc F__ esr increases
nucleosomes are DNA wrapped around h__
neg charge of DNA interacts w __ charge of histone
histone core has 2 of __/__/__/__
H1 is located __ core, binding linker segments to aid in packaging
PMN, macros
inflam
complement
fibrinogne
histones
positive
H2A, H2B, H3, H4
outside
most AE of drugs are __ aka predictable event
Exaggerated drug __ refers to AE that occurs at lower doses than expected
ie tinnitus w single __ dose
I__ drug rxn is unpredictable
think G6PD and __
I__ drug rxn is due to immunologic rxn
Pseudo__ rxn mimics immunologic rxn but occurs via nonimmunologic mechanism like anaphylaxis to dye
known
sensitivity
aspirin
idiosyncratic
hemolytic anemia
immunologic
immunologic
continuous infusion w first order kinetics, __ is reached in 4 or 5 half lives
reversible competitive antags form __ bond
can be overcome by __ dose of agonist
thus, ED50 will shift to __
efficacy is __ affected
irreversible forms ___ bond
Noncompetitive antags bind to different site, thus causing __ change in receptor
prevents agonist binding, and cannot be __ by inc dose as it is not displaced
shown as graph as same __ but dec efficacy
higher dose of antag, less __ is achieved
Css
ionic inc right not covalent
allosteric
overcome
ED50
effect
Dopamine acts on __ receptors to VD and inc blood flow to kidney/mesentery
at higher doses, begins to affect __ and __ receptors
Epi affects B1 then B2 then __
dec __ blood flow
NE affects B1 then __ then B2
dec __ blood flow
D1
B1, A1
A1
renal
A1
renal
B__ is fraction of drug that reaches systemic circ unchanged
if oral drug has high __ metabolism, lower conc will be seen in systemic circ
venous drainage above dentate line goes to portal system via __ veins into IMV
below dentate line, it goes to __ circ via middle/inferior rectal veins to II and IP veins
carrier proteins are __ proteins that bind EC ions to carry them to IC space
high __ aids in diffusion
higher T__ or M__ dec diffusion
bioavailability
first pass
superior rectal
systemic
transmembrane
SA
thickness, MW
DMD is usually due to __ mutations
can be due to __ mutations w truncated protein
__ mutation codes for different AA w similar structure
enhancer seq bind __ proteins to aid in bending of DNA
can be upstream or __
even in an __
only DNA poly 1 has __ exonuclease activity to remove a promoter
DNA poly 3 has 3’-5’ proofreading to remove __ bases
transfer RNA has __ structure
3’OH end of tRNA has __ tail to bind AA
aminoacyl tRNA S__ loads appropriate AA
Tloop aids in binding to R__
anticodon recognizes __ and assures proper AA addition to pp
D loop facilitates __and aa tRNA synthetase interaction
5’ end has terminal __ to prevent AA binding
frameshift
nonsense
conservative
activator
downstream
intron
5’-3’
mismatched
clover CCA synthetase ribosomes codon tRNA phosphate
RT PCR is used to quantify levels of __ in a sample
forms cDNA that goes through __ process
this segment only contains __
if mutation is single base deletion, this is a __ mutation
change in __ frame leads to prodxn of entirely different protein
a __ AE results in delayed diagnosis due to act of commission/omission
it is a fail to follow best __
near __ is medical error that is caught before damage is done
mRNA
PCR
exons
frameshift
reading
predictable
guidelines
miss
Northern blot for __
Southern blot for __
both use __ stranded RNA or DNA as probe
Western blot for __
probe w __
SW blot for __ binding protein
probe is __ DNA
SW blot can be used for nuclear __ factors like Jun/Fos
certain tRNA molecules can recognize multiple different __ for same AA
known as __ hypothesis
Genetic __ replaces purine for purine or py/py
Transversion is mutation replacing __ for pyrimidine and vice versa
RNA
DNA
single stranded
proteins
antibody
DNA
dsDNA
transcription
codons
wobble
transition
purine
w fixed proportion of drug converted to metabolite, graph shows __ order kinetics
as more drug is admin, more __ is produced
when transporter is saturated, graph will __ as zero order
c__ amnt of drug is metabolized and elminated regardless of dose
on drug conc graph, zero order kinetics show __ line w steady decline as fixed amnt eliminated
1st order kinetics show __ decay as fixed proportion is eliminated
first
metabolites
level
constant
straight
exponential
__ tail is added to consensus sequence AAuAAA
most metabolism __ from person to person
thus, people similar to each other have curve that is __ shaped
bimodal curve indicates two __ populations
can occur w elimination of Isoniazid via __ in liver
Km in MM plot is substance conc for which __ of binding sites bind substrate
substrate w high affinity has __ Km
competitive inhibs will inc __ but have no effect on Vm (enzyme fxn)
Noncomp inhibition does not change __ but dec Vm by allosterically inactivating enzyme
polyA
varies
bell
distinct
acetylation
half
low
Km
Km
proteins targeted for lysosomes will have Phosphotransferase enzyme add Phos to __ residues
enter lysosomes to __ degradation
if P enzyme is deficient, protein accumulates in __
forms inclusion bodies of __ dz
sx include FtT, coarse __ and corneal clouding, neuro dz
Secretory proteins are released from golgi and fuse to __ to enter cytoplasm
Proteins for mitochondria synthesized in __
translocases detect __ localization signal and allow entry
Proteins for nucleus have __ localization signal
Membrane proteins must undergo __ process to have lipid anchor covalently attached
mannose
catalyze
cytoplasm
I cell
facies
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
mito
nuclear
lipidation
ELISA test quantifies __
expression cloning takes signals for protein expression and places into DNA __
use eukaryotic DNA and prok __ seq w ribosomal binding site
vector is then __ to protein
DNA binding domains include TF like M, C
steroid receptors like C, A, P
T__ hormone FSV receptors
T hormone/FSV are located in __ at all times
w ligand binding, receptors aid in __ of DNA
closer a person is related to someone w a multifactorial disorder, __ likely person is to get it
proteins
vector
promoter
translated
myc, CREB
cortsiol, aldo, prog
thyroid
nucleus
trxn
more
Ubiquitin __ attaches ubiquitn to aid in degredation of tagged protein
used for __ proteins both naive and foreign
thus, degrade foreign IC proteins like viruses allows __ class 1 to present to CD8
T__ is protein that adds TTAGGG to end of chromo
RNA dep __ poly synthesizing single strands
TERC is rna __ for TERT to add the subunit
stem cells have long __ that have high telomerase activity
terminally differentiated stem cells like M, N cells have __ telomeres and get shorter w division
ligase
intracellular
MHC
telomerase
DNA
template
telomeres
myocardial, neural, short
in reperfusion injury of ischemic tissue, __ interacts w enzymes to form ROS
this can damage __ and protein synthesis or __ peroxidation
antioxidant enzymes like __ dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, C___ convert O2 to water, preventing damage
in post ischemic state, ROS __ neutralizing capabilities and oxidative stress develops
w swelling, dec pulses and pain upon movement, pt has acute __ syndrome
O2
DNA, lipid
superoxide, catalase
exceeds
compartment
