Neuro 3 Flashcards
gray matter of spinal cord
ventral __ horn
dorsal __ horn
as we move rostral, __ matter inc
in lumbar/sacral region, the __ horn is larger to innvervate muscles of arm/leg
presence of __ horn indicates the thoracic spine
Intermediolateral columns made of __ pregang neurons
motor
sensory
white
ventral
lateral
symp
__/__ fasciculus are present in the c spine
only __ fasciculus is present in lumbar spine
gracile/cuneate
gracile
midline fusion of __ creates the neural tube in 3w
failure of neuropore to close leads to ___
anterior NTD leads to ___
posterior NTD leads to S__/M/M
meningomyelocele/meningocele present as cystic mass at __
covered w __/__
__ is protrusion of meninges
__ is protrusion of meninges/spinal cord
prevent w __ supplementation
prenatal __ use for BPD/epilepsy inc risk of NTD
neural folds
NTD
anencephaly
SB occulta, meningocele/meningomyelocele
lower spine
skin/hair
meningocele
meningomyelocele
Folate B9
valproate
__ in preg inc risk of Ebstein anomaly
dopamine agonist
Ergots like B
nonergots like R/P
act to stimulate __
tx __
Ebstein
bromocriptine
ropinorole/pramiexole
DA receptor
PD
__ is MAOB inhib
dec central __ degedation
used for ___
__ enhances effects of dopamine
__ effects dec tremors
COMT inhibs like E/T
Dopa decarboxylase inhibs C
dec breakdown of __ peripherally, allowing it to cross ___
Anticholinergics T/B inhiit central muscarinic receptors
dec tremor
selegiline
DA
PD
amantadine
antichol
entacapone/tolcapone
carbidopa
LDOPA
BBB
trihexylphenidyl/benztropine
HIV pt w medical non compliance/cog decline has ___ dementia
seen w low __
features of __ dementia
lost attention/working memory, executive fxn, slow info processing
inflammatory activation of __ cells
macros/microglial cells form __ nodules and giant cells
release __ to cause damage
HIV assc
CD4
subcorticl
microglial
microglial
cytokiens
__ tangles are IC aggreagates of hyperphosphorylated tau
__ plaques are composed of B amyloid
amyloid angiopathy characterized by __ deposition in cerebral arteries
all found in __ dz
neurofibrillary
senile
B amyloid
alzheimers
PTSD lasts longer than __ month
recurrent __/__
ASD is the same, just less thn __
posterior limb of IC carries corticospinal __ fibers and __ sensory fibrs
1m
nightmares/flashbacks
1m
motor, somatic
Beta endorphhin is endogenous opioid derived from __
therefore, it is closely related to __/__
IGF aka __ C
stimulates __ in target cells
POMC
ACTH, MSH
Somatomedin
growth
progressive neuro sx w parasagittal tumor has __
typically affect __ in areas of dural reflection
may have HA/S other neuro sx
__ is located behind central sulcus, superior to __ sulcus
Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe contains ___ cortex
damage results in contra _ loss
in nondominant hemisphere, can lead to contralatera __
this is the pareital assc corte
meningioma
adults
seizures
parietal lobe
lateral
somatosensory
sensory
hemineglect
GB has __ symmetric muscle weakness
due to molecular __ to myelin
__ inflammatory infiltrate w lmyphs/macros and segmental __ is seen
look for hx of __ or __
CSF shows inc ___ w normal __ aka albuminocytolic dissociation due to breakdown of __
ascending
mimicry
endomysial
demyelination
diarrhea/URI
protein, cells
BBB
__ is intracellular rod w narrow B hemolysis on blood agar
similar to __ strep
can be found on __ food
IC bacteria protected against A/C
listeria lyses vacuolar membrane via __ 0 a pore forming toxin
thus, __ immune response is necessary
__/__ particularly susceptible
Listeria
group b
refrigerated
antibodies/complement
listeriolysin
cell mediated
neonates/elderly
S/M prevent fusion of phagosome and lysosome
Tb prevents phagolysosome __
L/S escape from phagosome into cytosol
salmonella, Tb
acidification
Listeria, shigella
HyperTn, bradycardia, bradypnea is the __ triad
inc intracranial presssure involving __ love
space occupying lesion can have __ herniation of uncus
may compress CN __
may have loss of VO reflexes and __/_ posture
Cushing
temporal
transtentorial
3
cestibuloocular, decorticate/decerebrate
downward displacement of brainstem via __ leads to abducens palsy
lesion to __ hypothalamus/SNS can lead to Horner Syndrome
__ herniation leads to flaccid paralysis w hyporeflexia w spasticity/hyperreflexia later
__ seen w lesion to pons/medulla/cerebellum
central herniaton
lateral
uncal
nystagmus
N men includes __ capsule, lipooligosaccharide, and __ to permit attachment to respiratory mucosa + __ protease
conjugate vaccine is made from polysaccharide antigens and attached to __ protein
vaccine to outer membrane protein complex of bacteria seen in B/H
polysacch, pili, IgA
diptheria toxin
borrelia, Hib
__ is short acting hypnotic
bind to __ and enhance inhibitory action of __ on CNS
used to tx __
low potential for __
no __ properties
no __ effects
T/E are benzo hypnotics
T is short acting benzo hyponotic w lots of dependence
F is long actng benzo for insomnia
Zolpidem GABA A, GABA insomnia addiction muscle relaxant anticonvulsant
temazopan, estrazolam
traizolam
flurazepam
pupillary dilator muscle of the eye posses __ receptors
contraction leads to __
such as w P
uterus has __ receptors, w stimulation leads to __
such as R/T
A1
mydriasis
phenylephrine
B2, relaxation
ritodrine, terbutaline
Cholingeric agonists can dec HR, C__, and CO
can result in __TN
__ is cholinergic agonist used for postop ileus/atonic bladder
P__/C__ used to lower intraoculr pressure in glaucoma
contractility
hypoTN
Bethanecol
pilocarpine/Carbachol
transmission of meningococci w exposure to ___
Pregang PNS neurons arise from CN __/__/_/__ and __ SC
release __ to affect pre/postgang receptos
pregang neurons of SNS arise from __ SC, release __ to postgang nicotinic receptors, which release __ to target ograns
chromaffin cells of __ release EPI/NE into circulation
Pre/postgang SNS neurons of __ are cholingergic
resp droplets
3/7/9/10, sacral
Ach
TL, Ach
NE
AM
sweat glands
buildup of VLCFA/BCFA is due to impaired oxidation by _
assc w __ syndrome or X__
accumulation in __ leads to permanent neuro dysfxn
_ abnorms, HM, neuro defects
peroxisomes
Zellwegger, XLA
craniofacial
phrenic nerve palsy can lead to __ breath sounds on ipsi side and __ of hemidiaphragm
C1 only carries __ fibers
brachial plexus involvement of lung cancer can lead to pain in __/__/__ nerve roots
dec
elevation
muscle
C8/T1/T2
inferior MI can lead to __
tx w anticholinegic __ to dec vagal influence on _/__ nodes,
leads to __ and potential for glaucoma
atropine dec formation of I__
bradycardia
Atropine, SA/AV
mydriasis
iridiocyclitis
HSV encephalaitis causes rise in L/E
due to hemorrhagic inflammation of __ lobe
__ radiculopathy has pain/sensory loss over __ thigh, weakness to thigh __, numb over ___ foot
absent __ reflex
__/__ have pain down anterior thigh w weakness on hip flexion
__ radiculopathy has pain down anterior thigh to medial leg
weakness on knee __
lymphs/erythrocytes
temporal
S1, posterior, extension, lateral, ankle
L2/L3
L4, extension
__ peroneal nerve gives off sensory branches to dorsum of foot/lateral shin
__ peroneal nerve provides sensation bw 1/2 toes
damage to peroneal nerve occurs at ___
__ syndrome occurs w inc pressure that compromises blood flow
severe pin w __/__ loss
superficial
deep
fibular neck
compartment
weakness/sensory
lower trunk of brachial plexus contains nerve fibers of __/__
responsible for __ muscles of hand via / nerves
forms __ deformity
_ nerv provides sensation to posterior arm/forearm/lateral hand
motor innervation to __ muscles of upper limb
damage can lead to ___
C8/T1
intrinsic
median/ulnar
total claw hand
radial
extensor
wrist drop
tx for urea cycle disorders __
only need __ aa
also P__ which provides alternative for nitrogen excretion
V/hypoglycemia in pt w fruit/juice has __ deficiency
aka __ dz
limit __/__
lethargy, seizure, hypoketotic hypogly can lead to __ defic
tx w __ restriction
homocystinuria hs elevated __ w marfan presentation
tx w __
protein restriction
essential
phenylacetate
F1P
aldolase B
fructose/sucrose
MCAD
MCFA
homocysteine
VB6
__ transport into Mito is necessary for urea cycle
major disposal of __ from catabolism of aa
infant has positive babinksi due to incomplete __ of CS tracts
ornithine
Nitrogen
myelination
middle forearm receives sensory info from branch of __ of bracial plexus
__ cutaneous nerve of forearm
__ innervates flexors of forearm BB/B and C (flexes/abducts arm)
provides sensory info to __ forearm
derived from C_-_ of upper trunk in brachial plexus
medial cord
median
Musculocutaneous nerve
BB, brachialias, corachobrachialis
lateral
C5-C7
Wilson dz due to AR mutation in __ gene
toxic accumulation of copper in L/BG/C
tx w __ to chelate
__ is mcc of spontaneous lobar hemorrhage
usually occurs in __/__ lobes
ATP7B
liver, basal ganglia, cornea
d penicillamine
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
occipital/parietal
paraneoplastic syndrome from SCLC can result in __ against tumor cells
can cross react w __ cells
such as degeneration of __ of cerebellum
sx progressively worsening __, limb/truncal __, dysarthria/__ disturbances
anti-__/__/__
autoimmune rxn
normal
perkinje neurons
dizziness, ataxia, visual
Yo, PQ, Hu
Early onset alzheimers mutations
APP on chromo __
__ on chromo 14
__ on chromo 1
late onset alzheimers assc w __ genotype
symmetrical enlargement of ventriculi is __ hydrocephalus
secondary to dysfxn of __
result of __ infection or subarachnoid/intraventricular __
CSF path
lateral ventricle- foramen on __- 3rd ventricl- cerebral __- 4th ventricle- formaina of L/M- subarachnoid space
absorbed by __
21
presenilin 1
presenilin 2
apoE4
communicating
arachnoid granulations, meningieal infection, hemorrhage
monroe, aqueduct, Lsuchka/magendie
subarachnoid granulation
noncommunicating hydrocephalus has ventriculi __ obstruction enlarged
below are __
seen w aqueductal __, AC/DW malformations
above
normal
stensosi, arnold chiari, dandy walker
__ is AR caused by mutaton in __ gene
codes for essential __ protein for formation of Fe-Sulfur enzymes
inc number of __ repeats dec expression
dec mito _ prodxn and inc __ stress
SC/lateral CS degenration leads to __ w spastic muscle __
degeneration of dorsal column/root ganglia leads to loss of __/__ sense
K and F abnormalities
H__ of heart
D
__ presents similarly but w out hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Friedrich ataxia, FXN
mito
GAA
energy, oxidative
gait ataxia, weakness vibration/position kyphoscoliosis/foot hypertrophic cardiomyopathy DM
CMT
loss of neurons in anterior horn can lead to P/A
__ paralysis,atrophy, muscle __
red nucleus occurs __ hrs after insult
look for __
later __ infiltrate, w __/__ later
__ peroneal nerve damage can lead to foot drop
__ peroneal nerve damage can lead to problems w foot eversion
poliomyelitis, ALS
flaccid, fasciculations
12-24
eosinophilic staining
PMN, macros/microglial
deep
superficial
__ intox can lead to miosis, bradycardia, hypoTN due to __ release
dec __ sounds
mydriasis, tachycardia, HTN seen in __ intox
opioid, histamine
bowel
cocaine
main factors for cerebral circulation
__ BP and __ blood gases
autoregulation keeps BP normal bw __-__ mmHG
below/above leads to __/__
drop in CO2 leads to __ (hyperventiltion), this __ CBF
systemic, arterial
60-140
hypoperfusion, inc ICP
VC, dec
processing amyloid protein via __ and gama pathway produces B amyloid
can lead to formation of amyloid __
gene found on __ of Chromo 21
weaknes worse over course of day, extraocular weakness, dec contraction dx is ___
look for __ that appears as anterior mediastinal mass on imaging
beta
plaques
long arm
MG
thymoma
Guillan Barre syndrome has segmental demyelination via __ cells and __ formation
CD8 T, autoantibody
