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UWorld > Neuro 3 > Flashcards

Neuro 3 Flashcards

1
Q

gray matter of spinal cord
ventral __ horn
dorsal __ horn

as we move rostral, __ matter inc

in lumbar/sacral region, the __ horn is larger to innvervate muscles of arm/leg

presence of __ horn indicates the thoracic spine
Intermediolateral columns made of __ pregang neurons

A

motor
sensory

white

ventral

lateral
symp

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2
Q

__/__ fasciculus are present in the c spine

only __ fasciculus is present in lumbar spine

A

gracile/cuneate

gracile

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3
Q

midline fusion of __ creates the neural tube in 3w

failure of neuropore to close leads to ___
anterior NTD leads to ___

posterior NTD leads to S__/M/M
meningomyelocele/meningocele present as cystic mass at __
covered w __/__

__ is protrusion of meninges
__ is protrusion of meninges/spinal cord

prevent w __ supplementation
prenatal __ use for BPD/epilepsy inc risk of NTD

A

neural folds

NTD
anencephaly

SB occulta, meningocele/meningomyelocele

lower spine
skin/hair

meningocele
meningomyelocele

Folate B9
valproate

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4
Q

__ in preg inc risk of Ebstein anomaly

dopamine agonist
Ergots like B
nonergots like R/P
act to stimulate __

tx __

A

Ebstein

bromocriptine
ropinorole/pramiexole
DA receptor

PD

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5
Q

__ is MAOB inhib
dec central __ degedation
used for ___

__ enhances effects of dopamine
__ effects dec tremors

COMT inhibs like E/T
Dopa decarboxylase inhibs C
dec breakdown of __ peripherally, allowing it to cross ___

Anticholinergics T/B inhiit central muscarinic receptors
dec tremor

A

selegiline
DA
PD

amantadine
antichol

entacapone/tolcapone
carbidopa
LDOPA
BBB

trihexylphenidyl/benztropine

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6
Q

HIV pt w medical non compliance/cog decline has ___ dementia
seen w low __
features of __ dementia
lost attention/working memory, executive fxn, slow info processing

inflammatory activation of __ cells
macros/microglial cells form __ nodules and giant cells
release __ to cause damage

A

HIV assc
CD4
subcorticl

microglial
microglial
cytokiens

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7
Q

__ tangles are IC aggreagates of hyperphosphorylated tau

__ plaques are composed of B amyloid

amyloid angiopathy characterized by __ deposition in cerebral arteries

all found in __ dz

A

neurofibrillary

senile

B amyloid

alzheimers

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8
Q

PTSD lasts longer than __ month
recurrent __/__

ASD is the same, just less thn __

posterior limb of IC carries corticospinal __ fibers and __ sensory fibrs

A

1m
nightmares/flashbacks

1m

motor, somatic

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9
Q

Beta endorphhin is endogenous opioid derived from __
therefore, it is closely related to __/__

IGF aka __ C
stimulates __ in target cells

A

POMC
ACTH, MSH

Somatomedin
growth

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10
Q

progressive neuro sx w parasagittal tumor has __
typically affect __ in areas of dural reflection
may have HA/S other neuro sx

__ is located behind central sulcus, superior to __ sulcus

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe contains ___ cortex
damage results in contra _ loss
in nondominant hemisphere, can lead to contralatera __

this is the pareital assc corte

A

meningioma
adults
seizures

parietal lobe
lateral

somatosensory
sensory
hemineglect

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11
Q

GB has __ symmetric muscle weakness
due to molecular __ to myelin
__ inflammatory infiltrate w lmyphs/macros and segmental __ is seen

look for hx of __ or __
CSF shows inc ___ w normal __ aka albuminocytolic dissociation due to breakdown of __

A

ascending
mimicry
endomysial
demyelination

diarrhea/URI
protein, cells
BBB

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12
Q

__ is intracellular rod w narrow B hemolysis on blood agar
similar to __ strep
can be found on __ food

IC bacteria protected against A/C
listeria lyses vacuolar membrane via __ 0 a pore forming toxin
thus, __ immune response is necessary

__/__ particularly susceptible

A

Listeria
group b
refrigerated

antibodies/complement
listeriolysin
cell mediated

neonates/elderly

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13
Q

S/M prevent fusion of phagosome and lysosome

Tb prevents phagolysosome __

L/S escape from phagosome into cytosol

A

salmonella, Tb

acidification

Listeria, shigella

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14
Q

HyperTn, bradycardia, bradypnea is the __ triad
inc intracranial presssure involving __ love
space occupying lesion can have __ herniation of uncus

may compress CN __
may have loss of VO reflexes and __/_ posture

A

Cushing
temporal
transtentorial

3
cestibuloocular, decorticate/decerebrate

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15
Q

downward displacement of brainstem via __ leads to abducens palsy

lesion to __ hypothalamus/SNS can lead to Horner Syndrome

__ herniation leads to flaccid paralysis w hyporeflexia w spasticity/hyperreflexia later

__ seen w lesion to pons/medulla/cerebellum

A

central herniaton

lateral

uncal

nystagmus

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16
Q

N men includes __ capsule, lipooligosaccharide, and __ to permit attachment to respiratory mucosa + __ protease

conjugate vaccine is made from polysaccharide antigens and attached to __ protein

vaccine to outer membrane protein complex of bacteria seen in B/H

A

polysacch, pili, IgA

diptheria toxin

borrelia, Hib

17
Q

__ is short acting hypnotic
bind to __ and enhance inhibitory action of __ on CNS
used to tx __

low potential for __
no __ properties
no __ effects

T/E are benzo hypnotics
T is short acting benzo hyponotic w lots of dependence
F is long actng benzo for insomnia

A 
Zolpidem
GABA A, GABA
insomnia
addiction
muscle relaxant
anticonvulsant

temazopan, estrazolam
traizolam
flurazepam

18
Q

pupillary dilator muscle of the eye posses __ receptors
contraction leads to __
such as w P

uterus has __ receptors, w stimulation leads to __
such as R/T

A

A1
mydriasis
phenylephrine

B2, relaxation
ritodrine, terbutaline

19
Q

Cholingeric agonists can dec HR, C__, and CO
can result in __TN

__ is cholinergic agonist used for postop ileus/atonic bladder

P__/C__ used to lower intraoculr pressure in glaucoma

A

contractility
hypoTN

Bethanecol

pilocarpine/Carbachol

20
Q

transmission of meningococci w exposure to ___

Pregang PNS neurons arise from CN __/__/_/__ and __ SC
release __ to affect pre/postgang receptos

pregang neurons of SNS arise from __ SC, release __ to postgang nicotinic receptors, which release __ to target ograns

chromaffin cells of __ release EPI/NE into circulation

Pre/postgang SNS neurons of __ are cholingergic

A

resp droplets

3/7/9/10, sacral
Ach

TL, Ach
NE

AM

sweat glands

21
Q

buildup of VLCFA/BCFA is due to impaired oxidation by _
assc w __ syndrome or X__
accumulation in __ leads to permanent neuro dysfxn

_ abnorms, HM, neuro defects

A

peroxisomes
Zellwegger, XLA

craniofacial

22
Q

phrenic nerve palsy can lead to __ breath sounds on ipsi side and __ of hemidiaphragm

C1 only carries __ fibers

brachial plexus involvement of lung cancer can lead to pain in __/__/__ nerve roots

A

dec
elevation

muscle

C8/T1/T2

23
Q

inferior MI can lead to __
tx w anticholinegic __ to dec vagal influence on _/__ nodes,
leads to __ and potential for glaucoma

atropine dec formation of I__

A

bradycardia
Atropine, SA/AV
mydriasis

iridiocyclitis

24
Q

HSV encephalaitis causes rise in L/E
due to hemorrhagic inflammation of __ lobe

__ radiculopathy has pain/sensory loss over __ thigh, weakness to thigh __, numb over ___ foot
absent __ reflex

__/__ have pain down anterior thigh w weakness on hip flexion

__ radiculopathy has pain down anterior thigh to medial leg
weakness on knee __

A

lymphs/erythrocytes
temporal

S1, posterior, extension, lateral, ankle

L2/L3

L4, extension

25
Q

__ peroneal nerve gives off sensory branches to dorsum of foot/lateral shin
__ peroneal nerve provides sensation bw 1/2 toes

damage to peroneal nerve occurs at ___

__ syndrome occurs w inc pressure that compromises blood flow
severe pin w __/__ loss

A

superficial
deep

fibular neck

compartment
weakness/sensory

26
Q

lower trunk of brachial plexus contains nerve fibers of __/__
responsible for __ muscles of hand via / nerves
forms __ deformity

_ nerv provides sensation to posterior arm/forearm/lateral hand
motor innervation to __ muscles of upper limb
damage can lead to ___

A

C8/T1
intrinsic
median/ulnar
total claw hand

radial
extensor
wrist drop

27
Q

tx for urea cycle disorders __
only need __ aa
also P__ which provides alternative for nitrogen excretion

V/hypoglycemia in pt w fruit/juice has __ deficiency
aka __ dz
limit __/__

lethargy, seizure, hypoketotic hypogly can lead to __ defic
tx w __ restriction

homocystinuria hs elevated __ w marfan presentation
tx w __

A

protein restriction
essential
phenylacetate

F1P
aldolase B
fructose/sucrose

MCAD
MCFA

homocysteine
VB6

28
Q

__ transport into Mito is necessary for urea cycle

major disposal of __ from catabolism of aa

infant has positive babinksi due to incomplete __ of CS tracts

A

ornithine

Nitrogen

myelination

29
Q

middle forearm receives sensory info from branch of __ of bracial plexus
__ cutaneous nerve of forearm

__ innervates flexors of forearm BB/B and C (flexes/abducts arm)
provides sensory info to __ forearm
derived from C_-_ of upper trunk in brachial plexus

A

medial cord
median

Musculocutaneous nerve
BB, brachialias, corachobrachialis
lateral
C5-C7

30
Q

Wilson dz due to AR mutation in __ gene
toxic accumulation of copper in L/BG/C
tx w __ to chelate

__ is mcc of spontaneous lobar hemorrhage
usually occurs in __/__ lobes

A

ATP7B
liver, basal ganglia, cornea
d penicillamine

cerebral amyloid angiopathy
occipital/parietal

31
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome from SCLC can result in __ against tumor cells

can cross react w __ cells

such as degeneration of __ of cerebellum

sx progressively worsening __, limb/truncal __, dysarthria/__ disturbances

anti-__/__/__

A

autoimmune rxn

normal

perkinje neurons

dizziness, ataxia, visual

Yo, PQ, Hu

32
Q

Early onset alzheimers mutations
APP on chromo __
__ on chromo 14
__ on chromo 1

late onset alzheimers assc w __ genotype

symmetrical enlargement of ventriculi is __ hydrocephalus

secondary to dysfxn of __
result of __ infection or subarachnoid/intraventricular __

CSF path
lateral ventricle- foramen on __- 3rd ventricl- cerebral __- 4th ventricle- formaina of L/M- subarachnoid space
absorbed by __

A

21
presenilin 1
presenilin 2

apoE4

communicating

arachnoid granulations, meningieal infection, hemorrhage

monroe, aqueduct, Lsuchka/magendie
subarachnoid granulation

33
Q

noncommunicating hydrocephalus has ventriculi __ obstruction enlarged
below are __

seen w aqueductal __, AC/DW malformations

A

above
normal
stensosi, arnold chiari, dandy walker

34
Q

__ is AR caused by mutaton in __ gene
codes for essential __ protein for formation of Fe-Sulfur enzymes
inc number of __ repeats dec expression

dec mito _ prodxn and inc __ stress

SC/lateral CS degenration leads to __ w spastic muscle __
degeneration of dorsal column/root ganglia leads to loss of __/__ sense
K and F abnormalities
H__ of heart
D

__ presents similarly but w out hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Friedrich ataxia, FXN
mito
GAA

energy, oxidative

gait ataxia, weakness
vibration/position
kyphoscoliosis/foot
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
DM

CMT

35
Q

loss of neurons in anterior horn can lead to P/A
__ paralysis,atrophy, muscle __

red nucleus occurs __ hrs after insult
look for __
later __ infiltrate, w __/__ later

__ peroneal nerve damage can lead to foot drop
__ peroneal nerve damage can lead to problems w foot eversion

A

poliomyelitis, ALS
flaccid, fasciculations

12-24
eosinophilic staining
PMN, macros/microglial

deep
superficial

36
Q

__ intox can lead to miosis, bradycardia, hypoTN due to __ release
dec __ sounds

mydriasis, tachycardia, HTN seen in __ intox

A

opioid, histamine
bowel

cocaine

37
Q

main factors for cerebral circulation
__ BP and __ blood gases
autoregulation keeps BP normal bw __-__ mmHG
below/above leads to __/__

drop in CO2 leads to __ (hyperventiltion), this __ CBF

A

systemic, arterial
60-140
hypoperfusion, inc ICP

VC, dec

38
Q

processing amyloid protein via __ and gama pathway produces B amyloid
can lead to formation of amyloid __
gene found on __ of Chromo 21

weaknes worse over course of day, extraocular weakness, dec contraction dx is ___
look for __ that appears as anterior mediastinal mass on imaging

A

beta
plaques
long arm

MG
thymoma

39
Q

Guillan Barre syndrome has segmental demyelination via __ cells and __ formation

A

CD8 T, autoantibody

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