Monday wk2 Pulm 2 Flashcards
probability of child of parents from 2 pops w different allele carrier freq inheriting an AR disease is __ multiplied by carrier freq
majority of alveolar surface is covered by flat __
remaining portion is covered by cuboidal __
T2 pneumos are source of __/__, and __ in response to injury
__ is primary cell clearing inhaled foreign particles from terminal resp units
L/S ratio measured in premature labor/PROM to determine timing of _ and if __ are needed
1/4
type 1 pneumocytes
type2 pneumos
surfactant, type 1 pneumos
alveolar macros
delivery, CS
Larger droplets of Tb contact tracheal/bronchial epithelium and are __ via cilia
smaller droplets are carried to __ and establish infection, usually in the ___ lobes
mycobacteria are __ by alveolar macros, and __ virulence factor allows for IC bacterial proliferation
this __ macro and allows for cell lysis, allowing subsequent phagocytosis/infection of macros
this Th1 response recruits __ and antigen carrying macros/DC go to lymph nodes (at a month)
become __ macros after losing motility
larger areas will __ and form a Gohn complex
Ab not effective bc Tb is __
removed alveoli, lower engulfed sulfatide kills
other macros
epithelioid
calcify
intracellular
lung apices extend above level of the __ through the superior thoracic aperture
puncture can lead to _/__ ptx, and H__
carotid body found at __ of common carotid artery
clavicle
PTX, tension, hemothorax
bifurcation
Train of four stimlation is used during anesthesia to assess degree of __ by NMJ blocking agent
w nondepolarizing agent like V/P/T used, competitize inhib of post syn AChR shows progressive __ in responses
less __ is released w each impulse due to addtl presynsaptic blockade
w depolarizing blocker like S__, it initially shows __ reduction during phase 1 blockade
presynaptic AchR allows release of __
w subsequent exposure, transition to phase __ blockde has Ach receptors depolarized and present similarly to nondepolarizng blockers
used for anesthesia bc of __
paralysis
vecuronium, pancuronium, tubocurarane, reduction
Ach
succinylcholine, equal
Ach vesicles
2
rapid onset
acute bronchial constriction during asthma begins w __ activation after interaction w IgE antibodies or other trigger
releases __ causes bronchail __/__, and inc __ prodxn
C/N inhibit mast cell degranulation by stopping release of mediators
P__ agent
anti IgE antibody O__ prevents IgE binding to mast cell
GC inhibit __ to stop release of meidatiors
Z is inhib of Leuk pathway
Z/M are LD4 inhibs
mast cell
mediators, constriction/edema, mucus
cromolyn, nedocromil
prohylactic
Omalizumab
Phsopholipase A2
Ziluteon
Zafirlukast, montelukast
adequate __ is necessary for maintaing O2 and CO2 excretion
to reduce work, TV and RR are optimized by __
work done against elastic resistance inc when __ is inc
work done against airflow resistance is inc w __ freq inc
pt w restrictive lung dz has minimal work of breathing w __ rr and __ TV
diseases w airflow resistance (OLD) pt have less work at __ rate
MV
control centers
RV
breathing
high, minimal
slow, deep
flagella/cilia have central __ w circular array of microtubule doublets and 2 central microtubules
anchored to cell by ___
doublet connected to __ arms containing an ATPase for energy to slide MT past each other
IL__ and __ fxn in IgE class switching
asthma may be caused by excess __ cell activity relative to Th1
IL1 released by CD4 t cells to stimulate T cell __ or secrete __
__ is involved in tissue regen and repair
axoneme
basal body
dynein
4, 13
Th2
prolif, lymphokines
TGFB
alveolar transmural pressure is always __
chest wall transmits expanding force, so __ transmural pressure
the forces opposed equally at __ where airway pressure is 0
at FRC, pressures oppose each other for a __ IP pressure to -5
w inspiration, pressure __ and air is brought into alveoli
thus is seen esp in __ as pleura communicates w atmosphere, and air __ pleural space
positive
negative
FRC
negative
drops
PTX, enters
__ lung cancer is more common in women/nonsmokers
tumor cells form __/__ structures peripherally
Assc w C/H
__/__ strong assc w smoking
__ carcinoma is extremely aggressive
__ carcinoma affects larger bronchi and arises from areas of __ bronchial metaplasia
SCLC arises from __ of bronchial epithelium
__ carcinoma may have features of adeno/SCC
large __ that form solid sheets/nests
usually located __
assc w G/G
adenocarcinoma
gland/papillary
clubbing, hypertrophic osteodystrophy
SCLC, SCC
SCLC
SCC, squamous
basal cells
large cell
polygonal cells
peripherally
galactorrhea, gynecomastia
___ PE in small arteries most likely to cause infarct due to watershed location
__ is primary mech for removing inhaled particles
mucus/fluid secreted onto epithelial surface to trap particles __ in air
clearance of particles that lodge distal to terminal bronchioles is dependent on phagocytic clearance by __
__ are found on alveolar wall for gas exchange
distal
mucociliary clearance
suspended
alveolar macros
T1 pneumocytes
Mycoplasma attaches to resp epithelium via __ surface antigens
these antigens also present on __ membranes
pt can develop cross reactive __ antibodies that attach to RBC, activate complement and cause __
called __ agglutinin bc it occurs at low temps
also seen in __/__
surfactant is deficient in __
results in __ due to inc surface tension
surfactant is stored/transported via __ bodies which cntain parallel lamella
released via __ into alveolar spaces
I antigen RBC IgM lysis cold
mono, hematologic malignancies
neonatal RDS
atalectasis
lamellar
exocytosis
partial pressure of O2 in alveoli is normally ___
blood pO2 in systemic circulaton is __ due to addition of deoxy blood
difference is termed __ gradient
normal value is less than __
greater numbers indicate __ w thickening of alveolar membranes
or __ mismatch w poor ventilation
If A-a gradient is normal but values are low, must be due to alveolar __ or inspiration of __ air
104
less
A-a
15
diffusion impairment
V/Q
hypoventilation, high altitude
patchy inflamm of a number of lobules is __ PNA
in __ PNA, infiltrate is confined to alveolar walls
when PNA involves entire lobe, it is __
Congestion: lobe is __ heavy and boggy
vascular __ and alveolar exudate contains __
Red hepatization: lobe is red and __
exudate contains __, PMN, fibrin
grey hepatization: lobe is __
RBC __, exudate mostly PMN/fibrin
resolution: looks __
__ digestion
Bronchopneumonia
interstitial
lobar
red
dilation, PMN
firm, RBC
pale
disintegrate
normal, enzymatic
aerobic exercise homeostatic mechanism maintain arterial / contents and arterial pH
more effects on __ circ
muscles extract excess __, so venous blood is __
venous blood CO2 is __, due to inc prodxn
venous pH is ___
CO2, O2
venous
O2, def
inc
low
__ is facultative gram neg bacillus
sx include high _ and cough, cofunsion, diarrhea
labs show low __ and inc __
pulm infiltrates/bronchiectasis in pt w asthma, high eosin, IgE, aspergillus ab is ___
Mycoplasma more likely to cause T__
xray looks __ than clinical sx
Legionella
fever
Na, LFTs
ABA
tracheobronchitis
worse
