Translation:

Question 1

What is a genome?

Answer 1

= all of a genes in a cell
= ekaryotes: genes in chromosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts
=

Question 2

What is a proteome?

Answer 2

= all the proteins produced by the genome of an organisms
= only a fraction will be produced in any particular cell type
=

Question 3

What does the Mrna nucleotide/how is it read in?

Answer 3

= triplets
= genetic code
=

Question 4

What is one feature of the genetic code?

Answer 4

= amino acids can have more than 1 triplet
= degenerate code

Question 5

What is another feature of the genetic code?

Answer 5

= non-overlapping
= no base is read more than once
=

Question 6

What is the last feature of the genetic code?

Answer 6

= universal
= the same triplets encode the same amino acids for the vast majority of organisms

Question 7

What is a start triplet?

Answer 7

= one triplet determines where to start translating the Mrna molecule

Question 8

What is the stop triplet?

Answer 8

= 3 triplets determines where the translation stops

Question 9

What is a codon?

Answer 9

= each triplet in Mrna is a codon

Question 10

What other rna is involved in translation?

Answer 10

= Trna
= at the top is a binding spot for amino acids
= at the bottom, triplet of bases anticodon- complementary to the Mrna codon for that amino acid

Question 11

What is the first stage of translation?

Answer 11

= mrna moves from nucleus to cytoplasm
= small sub-unit of a ribosome binds with Mrna at the start codon- ribosomes catalyse formayion of peptide bonds moves along to the next mrna codon
= a trna molecule with an anticodon complementary to the start codon attaches
= held in place by hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs of the mrna and trna

Question 12

What is the second stage of translation?

Answer 12

= a second trna molecule moves into place
= anticodon is complementary to the second codon on mrna
= a peptide bond is formed between the 2 amino acids
=

Question 13

What is the formation of the peptide bond catalysed by?

Answer 13

= peptidyle transferase
= part of Rrna
= formation of peptide bond requires energy provided by ATP

Question 14

What is the third stage?

Answer 14

= ribosome moves to the next codon and forms another peptide bond between the amino acids
= first trna molecule is released
= ribosome continues moving down the mrna and forming peptide bonds
=

Question 15

What happens to trna molecules that have been released?

Answer 15

=are later attached to their amino acids by enzymes in the cytoplasm

Question 16

What is the fourth stage?

Answer 16

= ribosome reaches stop codon - detaches
= polypeptide chain is released

Question 17

What is a key point?

Answer 17

= once first ribosome has started moving along another ribosome attaches to the start codon and translates