Digestion

Question 1

What is the general idea of digestion?

Answer 1

= larger biological molecules are hydrolysed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed across cell membranes

Question 2

What 2 enzymes are used to hydrolyse carbohydrates into monosaccharides?

Answer 2

= Amylase
= membrane bound dissacharides

Question 3

Where is amylase produced?

Answer 3

= pancreas + salivary gland
= begins in the mouth
= continues in duondeum and completed in illuem
= hydrloyses polysacharides into dissacharide maltose
=maltase secreted by the intestine

Question 4

What are the membrane bound enzymes?

Answer 4

= sucrase and lactase
= hydrolyses sucrose and lactose into their monosacharides

Question 5

What are the 3 enzymes that hydrolyse proteins?

Answer 5

= Endopeptidases
= exopeptidases
= membrane bound dipeptidases

Question 6

What do Endopeptidases do?

Answer 6

= hydrolyses peptide bond between amino acids in the middle of the polymer chain

Question 7

What do exopeptidases do?

Answer 7

= hydrolyse peptide bonds between amino acids at the end of the polymer chain

Question 8

What do the membrane bound dipeptidases do?

Answer 8

= hydrolyse peptide bonds between two amino acids- dipeptide

Question 9

Where does protein digestion occur?

Answer 9

= starts in stomach
= continues im duodeum
= and is fully digesteted in illuem

Question 10

What are lipids digested by?

Answer 10

= lipase enzyme
= bile salts

Question 11

What is lipase?

Answer 11

= produced in pancreas
= hydrolyse ester bond into trigclerides to form monoglycerides and fatty acids
=

Question 12

What are bile salts?

Answer 12

= produced in the liver
= emulsify lipids- forms tiny droplets micells
= increases surface area for lipase to act on

Question 13

What two stages does digesting lipids involves?

Answer 13

= physical( emulsiifcation andmiccele formation)
= chemical : lipase enzymes

Question 14

What is physical digestion?

Answer 14

= lipids coated in bile salt - emulsion
= breaks down the lipids into smaller molecules, increases the surface area for the acting of the lipase enzymes- faster hydrolosis

Question 15

What is chemical digestion?

Answer 15

= lipase hydrolosis into glycerel anf fatty acid s

Question 15

What is a micelle?

Answer 15

= water soluable vesicles
= formed from fatty acid glyceroel momogylcyerides and bile sanlt
= deliver fatty acids, glycereol, and monglyceriles. to the epithelial cells of the illuem for absorption
=

Question 16

How are the biological molecules absorbed?

Answer 16

= across the cell lining of the illuem
= covered in vili- thin walls surrounded by a network of blood cappilaries
= microvili
= these features increases the surface area, decreases diffusion pathway, maintains a concentration gradient

Question 17

How are monosacharides and amino acids absorbed?

Answer 17

= co-transport + active transport

Question 18

How are lipids absorbed?

Answer 18

= micelles encounter the illuem epithelial cells
= fatty acids and monoglycerides are non-polar in nature, pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion
= modified back into trigyclerides by the golgi apparatus by the endoplasmatic reticulum