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Year 2 Medicine > Ventricular System > Flashcards

Ventricular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ventricles?

A
  • Series of CSF-filled interconnected spaces
    • Continuous with the subarachnoid space and central canal
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2
Q

Ventricular System

  • Series of …-filled interconnected spaces
  • Continuous with the … space and central canal
A
  • Series of CSF-filled interconnected spaces
  • Continuous with the subarachnoid space and central canal
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3
Q

Subarachnoid space - Between … and … layer of meninges

A

Subarachnoid space - Between pia and arachnoid layer of meninges

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4
Q

Development of the ventricles

  • … forms neural tube
  • … of neural tube becomes ventricles and central canal
  • Ependymal layer lines … and central canal
A
  • Neuroectoderm forms neural tube
  • Lumen of neural tube becomes ventricles and central canal
  • Ependymal layer lines ventricles and central canal
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5
Q

Development of the ventricles

  • Lumen expands at … end to form ventricles
  • There is a … associated with each part of the brain
A
  • Lumen expands at cranial end to form ventricles
  • There is a ventricle associated with each part of the brain
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6
Q

Lateral Ventricles

  • Two lateral ventricles (surrounded by ….)
  • Very large …-shape (one for each cerebral hemisphere)
  • Divided into:
    • Body - … lobe
    • Anterior horn - … lobe
    • Posterior horn - .. lobe
    • Inferior horn - … lobe
A
  • Two lateral ventricles (surrounded by telencephalon)
  • Very large C-shape ( one for each cerebral hemisphere)
  • Divided into:
    • Body - parietal lobe
    • Anterior horn - frontal lobe
    • Posterior horn - occipital lobe
    • Inferior horn - temporal lobe
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7
Q

Lateral Ventricles

  • … lateral ventricles (surrounded by telencephalon)
  • Very large C-shape ( one for each cerebral hemisphere)
  • Divided into:
    • … - parietal lobe
    • .. horn - frontal lobe
    • … horn - occipital lobe
    • … horn - temporal lobe
A
  • Two lateral ventricles (surrounded by telencephalon)
  • Very large C-shape ( one for each cerebral hemisphere)
  • Divided into:
    • Body - parietal lobe
    • Anterior horn - frontal lobe
    • Posterior horn - occipital lobe
    • Inferior horn - temporal lobe
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8
Q

What is the best imaging to view the lateral ventricles?

A

MRI

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9
Q

Lateral ventricles on MRI

  • CSF on T1 weighted appears …
A

black

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10
Q

Lateral ventricle borders

  • Septum … separates lateral ventricles - both white and grey matter
  • Corpus callosum sits in …
  • … nucleus sits in lateral wall
  • … (part of limbic system) sits in floor of inferior horn
A
  • Septum pellucidum separates lateral ventricles - both white and grey matter
  • Corpus callosum sits in roof
  • Caudate nucleus sits in lateral wall
  • Hippocampus (part of limbic system) sits in floor of inferior horn
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11
Q

Lateral ventricle borders

  • … … separates lateral ventricles - both white and grey matter
  • Corpus callosum sits in roof
  • Caudate nucleus sits in lateral wall
  • Hippocampus (part of limbic system) sits in floor of … horn
A
  • Septum pellucidum separates lateral ventricles - both white and grey matter
  • Corpus callosum sits in roof
  • Caudate nucleus sits in lateral wall
  • Hippocampus (part of limbic system) sits in floor of inferior horn
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12
Q

Interventricular foramen

  • Lateral ventricles communicate with the … ventricle through the Interventricular foramen
    • (also called Foramen of …)
A
  • Lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the Interventricular foramen
    • (also called Foramen of Monro)
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13
Q

Lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the ….

A

Interventricular foramen

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14
Q

Third ventricle

  • Third ventricle appears as a …-like cleft
  • Thalami sit in lateral walls
  • … forms the roof
A
  • Third ventricle appears as a slit-like cleft
  • Thalami sit in lateral walls
  • Fornix forms the roof
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15
Q

Summary of associated structure - Ventricles

A
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16
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

  • … ventricle communicates with … ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
  • Also called Aqueduct of Sylvius
  • Surrounded by the …
A
  • Third ventricle communicates with fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct
  • Also called Aqueduct of Sylvius
  • Surrounded by the midbrain
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17
Q

Third ventricle communicates with fourth ventricle through the … …

A

Third ventricle communicates with fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct

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18
Q

Fourth ventricle

  • Surrounded by …:
    • … posterior
    • Pons and medulla anterior
    • Cerebellar peduncles lateral
    • superior and inferior medullary … form the roof
  • Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and … space
A
  • Surrounded by hindbrain:
    • Cerebellum posterior
    • Pons and medulla anterior
    • Cerebellar peduncles lateral
    • superior and inferior medullary velum form the roof
  • Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
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19
Q

Fourth ventricle

  • Surrounded by hindbrain:
    • Cerebellum posterior
    • … and … anterior
    • … peduncles lateral
    • superior and inferior … velum form the roof
  • Continuous with the … canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
A
  • Surrounded by hindbrain:
    • Cerebellum posterior
    • Pons and medulla anterior
    • Cerebellar peduncles lateral
    • superior and inferior medullary velum form the roof
  • Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
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20
Q

How does the fourth ventricle communicate?

A
  • Three foramina exit into subarachnoid space:
    • 2 Foramen of Luschka (lateral)
    • 1 Foramen of Magendie (middle)
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21
Q

Fourth ventricle communication

  • Three foramina exit into subarachnoid space:
    • 2 Foramen of … (lateral)
    • 1 Foramen of … (middle)
A
  • Three foramina exit into subarachnoid space:
    • 2 Foramen of Luschka (lateral)
    • 1 Foramen of Magendie (middle)
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22
Q

In a coronal view of the fourth ventricles, what is the shape?

A

Rhomboid (diamond) shape of fourth ventricles

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23
Q

CSF produced by … …

A

CSF produced by choroid plexus

24
Q

Choroid Plexus

  • … produced by choroid plexus
  • Filters blood from branches of internal carotid and basilar arteries
  • Choroid plexus present throughout ventricles:
A
  • CSF produced by choroid plexus
  • Filters blood from branches of internal carotid and basilar arteries
  • Choroid plexus present throughout ventricles:
25
_Structure of the choroid plexus_ * Very simple structure * Capillary network surrounded by ... epithelium * During CSF production * Blood filtered through ... capillaries * Components transported through ... epithelium into ventricles
* **Very simple structure** * **Capillary network surrounded by cuboidal epithelium** * **During CSF production** * **Blood filtered through fenestrated capillaries** * **Components transported through cuboidal epithelium into ventricles**
26
_Structure of the choroid plexus_
27
_Cuboidal epithelium_ * Specialized ependymal cells * ... present to increase SA * Actively transport ... components (or by facilitated diffusion) * ...directional (uptake of metabolites into circulatory system) * Not all ... produced by choroid plexus within ventricles * ...% from other sites within brain parenchyma
* **Specialized ependymal cells** * **Villi present to increase SA** * **Actively transport CSF components (or by facilitated diffusion)** * **Bidirectional (uptake of metabolites into circulatory system)** * **Not all CSF produced by choroid plexus within ventricles** * **40% from other sites within brain parenchyma**
28
_CSF composition_ * CSF differs in composition compared to blood plasma - ... protein in CSF compared to plasma * Differences maintained by ... transport process * Very few cells (0-3 lymphocytes/cubic mm) * CSF composition ideal for physiological functioning of neurons
* CSF differs in composition compared to blood plasma - lower protein in CSF compared to plasma * Differences maintained by active transport process * Very few cells (0-3 lymphocytes/cubic mm) * CSF composition ideal for physiological functioning of neurons *
29
More protein in plasma or CSF?
More in plasma - lower in CSF
30
_CSF circulation within ventricles_
31
CSF passes out of ventricles into the ... space
**CSF passes out of ventricles into the subarachnoid space**
32
_CSF circulation within subarachnoid space_
33
Not much CSF passes through central canal - why?
**Central canal is usually blocked in adults**
34
_Subarachnoid space_ * Lies between ... and ... * Subarachnoid space follows contours of brain * CSF in contact with brain ... - IMPORTANT * Transfer of micronutrients into brain * Removal of ...
* Lies between pia and arachnoid * Subarachnoid space follows contours of brain * CSF in contact with brain parenchyma - IMPORTANT * Transfer of micronutrients into brain * Removal of metabolites
35
T2 weighted MRI - CSF appears...
white
36
_Arachnoid granulations_ * ... of arachnoid membrane (villi) through dura mater into venous sinuses * Mainly within the superior ... and ... venous sinuses
* Herniations of arachnoid membrane (villi) through dura mater into venous sinuses * Mainly within the superior sagittal and transverse venous sinuses *
37
_Absorption of CSF_ * CSF pressure in subarachnoid space ... pressure in venous sinuses - in order for CSF to ... through * Prevents blood ... in subarachnoid space * In disease: * If venous pressure ... CSF pressure * Tips of arachnoid ... close off - act as ...-way ...
* **CSF pressure in subarachnoid space exceeds pressure in venous sinuses - in order for CSF to move through** * **Prevents blood pooling in subarachnoid space** * **In disease:** * **If venous pressure exceeds CSF pressure** * **Tips of arachnoid granulations close off - act as one-way valves**
38
_CSF volume_ * ... CSF produced per day (0.35 ml/min) * Total volume in system = 90-140ml * Normally quoted ... * 30 ml ventricles, 110 ml subarachnoid space * Continuously moving * Excess absorbed by arachnoid ...
* **500ml** CSF produced per day (0.35 ml/min) * Total volume in system = 90-140ml * Normally quoted **140** * 30 ml ventricles, 110 ml subarachnoid space * Continuously moving * Excess absorbed by arachnoid **granulations**
39
_Main functions of CSF_ * CSF is functionally important * **Lots of functions:** * Hydraulic buffer to cushion brain against ... * Vehicle for removal of ... from CNS * Stable ... environment for neuronal function * Transport of ... and chemicals
* CSF is functionally important * **Lots of functions:** * Hydraulic buffer to cushion brain against trauma * Vehicle for removal of metabolites from CNS * Stable ionic environment for neuronal function * Transport of neurotransmitters and chemicals
40
_Colour of CSF in disease_ * CSF normally ..., ... fluid, but is discoloured in some pathological states: * .../.../... (Xanthocromia) * E.g. subarachnoid haemorrhage - Lysis of RBC, haemoglobin release * .../... * E.g. Bacterial meningitis - Leukocytes increased, Indicative of infection
* CSF normally clear, sterile fluid, but is discoloured in some pathological states: * Yellow/Orange/Pink (Xanthocromia) * E.g. subarachnoid haemorrhage - Lysis of RBC, haemoglobin release * Cloudy/Turbid * E.g. Bacterial meningitis - Leukocytes increased, Indicative of infection
41
CSF is normally what colour?
clear - but discoloured in some pathological states
42
If CSF is cloudy/turbid...
indicates infection
43
If CSF is yellow/orange/pink (xanthocromia) it means...
lysis of RBC, haemoglobin release - e.g. in subarachnoid haemorrhage
44
CSF sampling - how?
* Taken by lumbar puncture * At lumbar cistern - no spinal cord
45
_CSF sampling_ * Taken by ... .. * At lumbar cistern - no .. ..
* **Taken by lumbar puncture** * **At lumbar cistern - no spinal cord**
46
CSF sampling between L.. and L.. in adults
lumbar puncture - L3 and L4
47
_Hydrocephalus_ * Dilation of brain ... * Due to blocked ... circulation, impaired absorption, or over secretion * Increased intracranial (...) pressure * ... on surrounding tissues affects neurological function * Symptoms include: headaches, vomiting, visual disturbances, papilledema (Swelling of optic disc), seizures, altered cognition, balance and coordination problems * Can be congenital or ...
* **Dilation of brain ventricles** * **Due to blocked CSF circulation, impaired absorption, or over secretion** * **Increased intracranial (CSF) pressure** * **Pressure** on surrounding tissues affects neurological function * Symptoms include: headaches, vomiting, visual disturbances, papilledema (Swelling of optic disc), seizures, altered cognition, balance and coordination problems * Can be congenital or **acquired**
48
_Hydrocephalus_ * ... of brain ventricles * Due to ... CSF circulation, impaired ..., or over ... * Increased ... (CSF) ... * Pressure on surrounding tissues affects neurological function * Symptoms include: headaches, vomiting, visual disturbances, papilledema (Swelling of optic disc), seizures, altered cognition, balance and coordination problems * Can be ... or acquired
* Dilation of brain ventricles * Due to blocked CSF circulation, impaired absorption, or over secretion * Increased intracranial (CSF) pressure * Pressure on surrounding tissues affects neurological function * Symptoms include: headaches, vomiting, visual disturbances, papilledema (Swelling of optic disc), seizures, altered cognition, balance and coordination problems * Can be congenital or acquired
49
Symptoms of hydrocephalus:
**Symptoms include: headaches, vomiting, visual disturbances, papilledema (Swelling of optic disc), seizures, altered cognition, balance and coordination problems**
50
_Non-communicating hydrocephalus_ * ... within the ventricular system * Due to ..., cyst, ... (E.g. narrowing of cerebral aqueduct) * CSF does not ... over surface of brain
* **Blockage within the ventricular system** * **Due to tumour, cyst, stenosis (E.g. narrowing of cerebral aqueduct)** * **CSF does not circulate over surface of brain**
51
Surgery for non-communicating hydrocephalus:
insert shunt to reduce intracranial pressure
52
What is Dandy-Walker syndrome?
* Type of non-communicating hydrocephaly - Congenital malformation of the cerebellum (1:30,000 births) * Obstruction within foramina of fourth ventricle * Symmetrical dilation of lateral, third and fourth ventricles * In infancy, child's head may become enlarged
53
_Dandy-Walker syndrome_ * Type of non-communicating hydrocephaly - ... malformation of the cerebellum (1:30,000 births) * Obstruction within foramina of ... ventricle * Symmetrical ... of ..., ... and ... ventricles * In infancy, child's head may become ...
* Type of non-communicating hydrocephaly - Congenital malformation of the cerebellum (1:30,000 births) * Obstruction within foramina of fourth ventricle * Symmetrical dilation of lateral, third and fourth ventricles * In infancy, child's head may become enlarged
54
_Communicating hydrocephalus_ * Obstruction in the ... villi * Movement of CSF into ... sinuses is impeded * E.g. impaired absorption following subarachnoid ..., trauma or bacterial ...
* **Obstruction in the arachnoid villi** * **Movement of CSF into venous sinuses is impeded** * **E.g. impaired absorption following subarachnoid haemorrhage, trauma or bacterial meningitis**
55
What is communicating hydrocephalus?
* Obstruction in the arachnoid villi * Movement of CSF into venous sinuses is impeded * E.g. impaired absorption following subarachnoid haemorrhage, trauma or bacterial meningitis

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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