Analgesics, Anaesthetic and Sedative Drugs Flashcards
1
Q
What is analgesia?
A
the inability to feel pain.
2
Q
What are analgesics?
A
medication that acts to relieve pain.
3
Q
PAIN
A
- “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associate with actual or potential tissue damage”
- “What ever the patient says it is”
4
Q
Gate Theory pain
- Melzack and Wall
- … fibres lets pain through
- … Fibres stimulate inhibitory neurones
- … Pathways prevent central passage
A
- Melzack and Wall
- C fibres lets pain through
- Ab Fibres stimulate inhibitory neurones
- Descending Pathways prevent central passage
5
Q
PAIN MODIFICATION
- … C, A … fibres
- Central Interpretation
- Not just …!
A
- Nociceptor C, A delta fibres
- Central Interpretation
- Not just Drugs!
6
Q
Ladder - analgesia
- …/Paracetamol
- Weak …/ Local …
- Strong …
A
- NSAIDS/Paracetamol
- Weak Opiates/ Local Anaesthetics
- Strong Opiates
7
Q
PAIN LADDER
A
8
Q
OPIOIDS
- Act on opioid Receptor and antagonised by …
- Naturally occurring eg … ,…
- Semi Synthetic eg …
- Synthetic eg …
- Weaker eg …
A
- Act on opioid Receptor and antagonised by Naloxone
- Naturally occurring eg Morphine ,Codeine
- Semi Synthetic eg Diamorphine
- Synthetic eg Fentanyl
- Weaker eg Codeine
9
Q
Naltrexone vs Naloxone
A
Naloxone is administered via nasal spray or auto-injector. Naltrexone is administered by an oral tablet or injection. While Naloxone is used to rescue people from an opioid overdose, Naltrexone helps to prevent relapse in people who have been clean for a minimum of 7 days.
10
Q
Methods of administration - OPIOIDS
- Intra… pca/infusion
- Intra…
- O…
- Intra …/aerosol
- …/spinal
A
- Intravenous pca/infusion
- Intramuscular
- Oral
- Intra nasal/aerosol
- Epidural/spinal
11
Q
Where are Receptors - OPIOIDS
- … and … brain
- Periaqueductal … Matter
- Nucleus Raphe Magnus
- Spinal Cord Posterior Horn 1 and 2
- G I T
- Peripheral Tissues
A
- Pons and Mid brain
- Periaqueductal Grey Matter
- Nucleus Raphe Magnus
- Spinal Cord Posterior Horn 1 and 2
- G I T
- Peripheral Tissues
12
Q
Morphine
- Effects
- Side Effects
- … Depression/… Loss
- Nausea and …
- …/…
- Miosis
A
- Effects
- Side Effects
- Respiratory Depression/Airway Loss
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Constipation/Pruritis
- Miosis
13
Q
Ketamine
- … Receptors
- Kappa and delta receptors
- Not …
- Analgesic local/general
- Anaesthetic
- Sedative
- SIDE EFFECTS … phenomena
A
- NMDA Receptors
- Kappa and delta receptors
- Not GABA
- Analgesic local/general
- Anaesthetic
-
Sedative
- SIDE EFFECTS emergence phenomena
14
Q
NSAIDS
- Act by inhibiting Cyclooxygenase 1and 2
- Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti inflammatory
- Side Effects
- … Irritation
- …ospasm
- … Impairment
- Platelet function …
A
- Act by inhibiting Cyclooxygenase 1and 2
- Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti inflammatory
- Side Effects
- Gastric Irritation
- Bronchospasm
- Renal Impairment
- Platelet function ASPIRIN
15
Q
ASPIRIN
- Acetylsalycilic acid
- … phosphorylation
- Air Hunger
- … Syndrome - not given to children
A
- Acetylsalycilic acid
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Air Hunger
- Reyes Syndrome - not given to children
18
Q
Anti-emetics
- An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against … and …
A
An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea
