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Year 2 Medicine > Principles of Articulation > Flashcards

Principles of Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation =

A

a joint

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2
Q

Joint =

A

From latin junctura - a joining

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3
Q

Arthrosis: An arthrosis is a …

A

Arthrosis: An arthrosis is a joint

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4
Q

An articulation or joint or arthrosis is a point of contact between:

A
  • neighbouring bones
  • bone and cartilage
  • bone and teeth
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5
Q

Joint classification - Structural classification

  • Presence or absence of a … cavity and the type of connective tissue
  • Described as either fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial
A
  • Presence or absence of a synovial cavity and the type of connective tissue
  • Described as either fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial
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6
Q

Joint classification - Structural classification

  • Presence or absence of a synovial cavity and the type of connective tissue
  • Described as either f… , c… or s…
A
  • Presence or absence of a synovial cavity and the type of connective tissue
  • Described as either fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial
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7
Q

Joint classification - Functional classification

  • Based on the degree of … permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
A
  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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8
Q

Joint classification - Functional classification

  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • … (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
A
  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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9
Q

Joint classification - Functional classification

  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • … (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
A
  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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10
Q

Joint classification - Functional classification

  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • … (freely moveable)
A
  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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11
Q

Joint classification - Functional classification

  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (…)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (… moveable)
A
  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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12
Q

Joint classification - Functional classification

  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (… moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
A
  • Based on the degree of movement permitted:
    • Synarthrosis (immovable)
      • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
      • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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13
Q

Fibrous Joints

  • No … cavity
  • Held together by a fibrous … tissue
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Three types of fibrous joint:
    • 1) Suture
    • 2) Syndesmosis
    • 3) Interosseous membrane
A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrous connective tissue
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Three types of fibrous joint:
    • 1) Suture
    • 2) Syndesmosis
    • 3) Interosseous membrane
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14
Q

Fibrous Joints

  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrous connective tissue
  • Permits little or no movement (termed…/…)
  • Three types of fibrous joint:
    • 1) Suture
    • 2) Syndesmosis
    • 3) Interosseous membrane
A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrous connective tissue
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Three types of fibrous joint:
    • 1) Suture
    • 2) Syndesmosis
    • 3) Interosseous membrane
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15
Q

What movement do fibrous joints permit?

A

little or no movement - synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis

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16
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

Suture, Syndesmosis, Interosseous membrane

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17
Q

Fibrous joints - Suture

  • Unite … bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (Synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
    • e.g left and right sides of frontal bones fuse - 6yrs of age
A
  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (Synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
    • e.g left and right sides of frontal bones fuse - 6yrs of age
      *
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18
Q

Fibrous joints - Suture

  • Unite skull bones
  • … layer of dense connective tissue
  • … in shape
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (Synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
    • e.g left and right sides of frontal bones fuse - 6yrs of age
A
  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (Synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
    • e.g left and right sides of frontal bones fuse - 6yrs of age
      *
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19
Q

Fibrous joints - Suture

  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • … edges provide …, permit no movement (Synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
    • e.g left and right sides of frontal bones fuse - 6yrs of age
A
  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (Synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
    • e.g left and right sides of frontal bones fuse - 6yrs of age
      *
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20
Q

Fibrous joints - Suture

  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (…)
  • … of a suture forms a synostosis
    • e.g left and right sides of frontal bones fuse - 6yrs of age
A
  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (Synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
    • e.g left and right sides of frontal bones fuse - 6yrs of age
      *
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21
Q

Ossification of a suture forms a …

A

synostosis

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22
Q

suture fibrous joints unite … bones

A

skull bones

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23
Q

Fibrous joints - Syndesmosis

  • … connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a … density than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (…)
    • examples - anterior tibiofibular ligament and gomphosis joint, also known as a dentoalveolar
A
  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater density than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
    • examples - anterior tibiofibular ligament and gomphosis joint, also known as a dentoalveolar
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24
Q

Fibrous joints - Syndesmosis

  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater density than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (…)
  • Typically permit … movement (amphiarthrosis)
  • examples - anterior tibiofibular ligament and gomphosis joint, also known as a dentoalveolar
A
  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater density than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
  • examples - anterior tibiofibular ligament and gomphosis joint, also known as a dentoalveolar
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25
Q

Fibrous joints - Syndesmosis

  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater density than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
  • examples - anterior … ligament and … joint, also known as a dentoalveolar
A
  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater density than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
  • examples - anterior tibiofibular ligament and gomphosis joint, also known as a dentoalveolar
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26
Q

Fibrous joints - Syndesmosis

  • More connective tissue than seen in a …
  • Crosses a greater density than a …
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
  • examples - anterior tibiofibular ligament and gomphosis joint, also known as a dentoalveolar
A
  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater density than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
  • examples - anterior tibiofibular ligament and gomphosis joint, also known as a dentoalveolar
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27
Q

Fibrous joints - Interosseous membranes

  • … of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent … bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
A
  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
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28
Q

Fibrous joints - Interosseous membranes

  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Permit what movement?
  • Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
A
  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis - partial movement
  • Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
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29
Q

Fibrous joints - Interosseous membranes

  • Sheet of dense … tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two main examples between the … and … in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
A
  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
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30
Q

Fibrous joints - Interosseous membranes

  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two main examples are …
A
  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg
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31
Q

Cartilaginous joints

  • No … cavity
  • Held together by a fibrocartilage or … cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (Synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Two types:
    • Synchrondosis
    • Symphysis
A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (Synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Two types:
    • Synchrondosis
    • Symphysis
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32
Q

Cartilaginous joints

  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a … or hyaline cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (…/amphiarthrosis)
  • Two types:
    • Synchrondosis
    • Symphysis
A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (Synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Two types:
    • Synchrondosis
    • Symphysis
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33
Q

Cartilaginous joints

  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (Synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Two types:
    • S…
    • S…
A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (Synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
  • Two types:
    • Synchrondosis
    • Symphysis
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34
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joint?

A

Synchrondosis and Symphysis

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35
Q

Cartilaginous joints - Synchrondosis

  • The connective tissue is … cartilage
  • Synarthrosis - no movement
    • Example: epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
A
  • The connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
  • Synarthrosis - no movement
    • Example: epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
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36
Q

Cartilaginous joints - Synchrondosis

  • The connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
  • … - what movement?
    • Example: epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
A
  • The connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
  • Synarthrosis - no movement
    • Example: epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
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37
Q

The epiphyseal plate (growth plate) is an example of what joint?

A

Cartilaginous joint - synchrondosis

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38
Q

Cartilaginous joints - Symphysis

  • Connective tissue is …
    • Adjacent bones lined with …. cartilage, but with a broad disc of … connects the bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • All symphysis occur in the … in the body:
    • Junction of the manubrium and sternum
    • Intervertebral discs
    • Pubic symphysis
A
  • Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
  • Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • All symphysis occur in the midline in the body:
    • Junction of the manubrium and sternum
    • Intervertebral discs
    • Pubic symphysis
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39
Q

Cartilaginous joints - Symphysis

  • Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
  • Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
  • What movement is permitted?
  • All symphysis occur in the midline in the body:
    • Junction of the manubrium and sternum
    • Intervertebral discs
    • Pubic symphysis
A
  • Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
  • Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
  • Amphiarthrosis - partial movement
  • All symphysis occur in the midline in the body:
    • Junction of the manubrium and sternum
    • Intervertebral discs
    • Pubic symphysis
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40
Q

Cartilaginous joints - Symphysis

  • Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
  • Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • All symphysis occur in the midline in the body:
    • Junction of the … and …
    • … discs
    • … symphysis
A
  • Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
  • Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • All symphysis occur in the midline in the body:
    • Junction of the manubrium and sternum
    • Intervertebral discs
    • Pubic symphysis
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41
Q

Intervertebral discs are an example of what type of joint?

A

Cartilaginous joint - Symphysis

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42
Q

Synovial Joints

  • Synovial (joint) cavity between … bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called … cartilage
A
  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
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43
Q

Synovial Joints

  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely … - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
A
  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
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44
Q

Synovial Joints

  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - …
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
A
  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
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45
Q

Synovial Joints

  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of … cartilage called articular cartilage
A
  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
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46
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Articular cartilage

  • Covers the bones at synovial joints
  • It is …
  • Composed of … and proteoglycan
  • Orientation of … structure imparts resistance to compression and an extremely low resistance surface
A
  • Covers the bones at synovial joints
  • Avascular
  • Composed of collagen and proteoglycan
  • Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression and an extremely low resistance surface
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47
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Articular cartilage

  • Covers the bones at synovial joints
  • Avascular
  • Composed of collagen and …
  • Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to … and an extremely low resistance surface
A
  • Covers the bones at synovial joints
  • Avascular
  • Composed of collagen and proteoglycan
  • Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression and an extremely low resistance surface
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48
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Articular Capsule

  • Encapsulates a … joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer … membrane connects to periosteum
    • Flexibility permits movement
    • Fibres arranged into bundles - high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed … membrane
    • Areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    • Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
A
  • Encapsulates a synovial joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum
    • Flexibility permits movement
    • Fibres arranged into bundles - high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane
    • Areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    • Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
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49
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Articular Capsule

  • Encapsulates a synovial joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to …
    • Flexibility permits …
    • Fibres arranged into bundles - high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed … …
    • Areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    • Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
A
  • Encapsulates a synovial joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum
    • Flexibility permits movement
    • Fibres arranged into bundles - high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane
    • Areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    • Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
50
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Articular Capsule

  • Encapsulates a synovial joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum
    • … permits movement
    • Fibres arranged into bundles - high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane
    • … connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    • Occasionally contains structural articular … pads
A
  • Encapsulates a synovial joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum
    • Flexibility permits movement
    • Fibres arranged into bundles - high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane
    • Areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    • Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
51
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Articular Capsule

  • Encapsulates a synovial joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer … membrane connects to periosteum
    • Flexibility permits movement
    • Fibres arranged into bundles - high … strength
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane
    • Areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    • Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
A
  • Encapsulates a synovial joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum
    • Flexibility permits movement
    • Fibres arranged into bundles - high tensile strength
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane
    • Areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
    • Occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
52
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Synovial fluid

  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in … acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • … articular surface - reducing friction
  • Producing some …-absorping properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
A
  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface - reducing friction
  • Producing some shock-absorping properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
53
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Synovial fluid

  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by …-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface - reducing …
  • Producing some shock-absorping properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
A
  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface - reducing friction
  • Producing some shock-absorping properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
54
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Synovial fluid

  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface - reducing friction
  • Producing some …-… properties
  • Supplies … to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
A
  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface - reducing friction
  • Producing some shock-absorping properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
55
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Synovial fluid

  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface - reducing friction
  • Producing some shock-absorping properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the … … cartilage
  • … remove microbes and debris
A
  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich on hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface - reducing friction
  • Producing some shock-absorping properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
56
Q

Synovial fluid provides some …-absorbing properties

A

Synovial fluid provides some shock-absorbing properties

57
Q

Synovial fluid … the articular surface which reduces …

A

Synovial fluid lubricates the articular surface which reduces friction

58
Q

The synovial fluid is rich in which acid?

A

hyaluronic acid - secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and insterstitial fluid from blood plasma

59
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Accessory ligaments

  • … ligaments lie within the joint capsule
    • Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane
    • e.g anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
  • … ligaments lie outside the joint capsule
    • e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee
A
  • Intracapsular ligaments lie within the joint capsule
    • Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane
    • e.g anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
  • Extracapsular ligaments lie outside the joint capsule
    • e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee
60
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Accessory ligaments

  • Intracapsular ligaments lie within the joint capsule
    • Excluded from synovial fluid by … in synovial membrane
    • e.g anterior and posterior … ligaments of the knee
  • Extracapsular ligaments lie outside the joint capsule
    • e.g. fibular and tibial … ligaments of the knee
A
  • Intracapsular ligaments lie within the joint capsule
    • Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane
    • e.g anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
  • Extracapsular ligaments lie outside the joint capsule
    • e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee
61
Q

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee are an example of what?

A

accessory ligaments (synovial joint)

62
Q

Fibular and Tibial collateral ligaments of the knee are an example of what?

A

Accesory ligaments (synovial joints)

63
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Accesory articular discs

  • … pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g miniscus of the knee
  • Called meniscii or articular discs
  • Help maintain joint …
  • Direct the flow of synovial fluid
  • Meniscal tears are common in athletes
A
  • Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g miniscus of the knee
  • Called meniscii or articular discs
  • Help maintain joint stability
  • Direct the flow of synovial fluid
  • Meniscal tears are common in athletes
64
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Accesory articular discs

  • Fibrocartilage pads lie between … cartilage of some synovial joints e.g miniscus of the knee
  • Called meniscii or articular discs
  • Help maintain joint stability
  • Direct the flow of synovial …
  • Meniscal tears are common in athletes
A
  • Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g miniscus of the knee
  • Called meniscii or articular discs
  • Help maintain joint stability
  • Direct the flow of synovial fluid
  • Meniscal tears are common in athletes
65
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Accesory articular discs

  • Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g … of the knee
  • Called … or articular discs
  • Help maintain joint stability
  • Direct the flow of synovial fluid
  • … tears are common in athletes
A
  • Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g miniscus of the knee
  • Called meniscii or articular discs
  • Help maintain joint stability
  • Direct the flow of synovial fluid
  • Meniscal tears are common in athletes
66
Q

… injuries are often seen in athletes as a result of a sports injury

A

Meniscus injuries are often seen in athletes as a result of a sports injury

67
Q

Synovial Joint Structure - Nerve and Blood Supply

  • Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
  • Distributed to the … capsule and associated ligaments
  • Pain and proprioception
  • Many components of the synovial joint are avascular
  • Rely on numerous branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue
A
  • Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
  • Distributed to the articular capsule and associated ligaments
  • Pain and proprioception
  • Many components of the synovial joint are avascular
  • Rely on numerous branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue
68
Q

Synovial Joint Structure - Nerve and Blood Supply

  • Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
  • Distributed to the articular capsule and associated …
  • Pain and …
  • Many components of the synovial joint are …
  • Rely on numerous branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue
A
  • Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
  • Distributed to the articular capsule and associated ligaments
  • Pain and proprioception
  • Many components of the synovial joint are avascular
  • Rely on numerous branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue
69
Q

Synovial Joint Structure - Nerve and Blood Supply

  • Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
  • Distributed to the … capsule and associated ligaments
  • Pain and proprioception
  • Many components of the synovial joint are …
  • Rely on numerous … of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue
A
  • Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
  • Distributed to the articular capsule and associated ligaments
  • Pain and proprioception
  • Many components of the synovial joint are avascular
  • Rely on numerous branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue
70
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Bursae and Tendon Sheath

  • Moving parts of joints can cause …
  • Bursae are … filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
A
  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
71
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Bursae and Tendon Sheath

  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae … movement between body parts
  • … … are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
A
  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
72
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Bursae and Tendon Sheath

  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where … tendons come … and/or pass through a synovial joint …
A
  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
73
Q

Synovial Joint structure - Bursae and Tendon Sheath

  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
A
  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
74
Q

What are bursae?

A
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
75
Q
  • Bursae are … filled sacs lined with … like membrane
  • Bursae … movement between body parts
A
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
76
Q

Tendon … are similar to bursae

A

Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae

77
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Movement

  • 6 types…
A
  • Planar
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Ball & Socket
78
Q

Types of Synovial Joint - Movement

  • 6 types…
A
  • Planar
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Ball & Socket
79
Q

What are the 6 types of Synovial Joints?

A

Planar, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball & Socket

80
Q

Synovial Joint - Planar

  • Surfaces flat or slightly curved
  • Permits what movement?
  • Examples include:
    • Intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the …)
    • Intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the …)
A
  • Surfaces flat or slightly curved
  • Permits back and forth, and side to side movement
  • Examples include:
    • Intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist)
    • Intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)
81
Q

Synovial Joint - Planar

  • Surfaces … or slightly …
  • Permits back and forth, and side to side movement
  • Examples include:
    • Intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist)
    • Intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)
A
  • Surfaces flat or slightly curved
  • Permits back and forth, and side to side movement
  • Examples include:
    • Intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist)
    • Intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)
82
Q

Both Intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist) and Intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle) are examples of what type of joint?

A

synovial joints - planar

83
Q

Synovial Joint - Hinge

  • … surface of one bone fits the … surface of another
  • Permits motion in a single axis (Flexion and extension)
  • Examples include:
    • Knee joints
    • Elbow joints
A
  • Concave surface of one bone fits the convex surface of another
  • Permits motion in a single axis (Flexion and extension)
  • Examples include:
    • Knee joints
    • Elbow joints
84
Q

Synovial Joint - Hinge

  • Concave surface of one bone fits the convex surface of another
  • Permits motion in a … axis (Flexion and extension)
  • Examples include:
    • … joints
    • Elbow joints
A
  • Concave surface of one bone fits the convex surface of another
  • Permits motion in a single axis (Flexion and extension)
  • Examples include:
    • Knee joints
    • Elbow joints
85
Q

The knee and elbow joints are examples of what type of joint?

A

synovial joint - hinge

86
Q

Synovial Joint - Pivot

  • … or … surface of one bone pivots inside a … formed by the other bone and a ligament
  • Permits … in it’s longitudinal axis (monoaxial)
  • Examples include:
    • Radioulnar joints
    • Atlanto-axial joint
A
  • Rounded or pointed surface of one bone pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
  • Permits rotation in it’s longitudinal axis (monoaxial)
  • Examples include:
    • Radioulnar joints
    • Atlanto-axial joint
87
Q

Synovial Joint - Pivot

  • Rounded or pointed surface of one bone pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
  • Permits rotation in it’s … axis (monoaxial)
  • Examples include:
    • … joints
    • Atlanto-axial joint
A
  • Rounded or pointed surface of one bone pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
  • Permits rotation in it’s longitudinal axis (monoaxial)
  • Examples include:
    • Radioulnar joints
    • Atlanto-axial joint
88
Q

Radioulnar joints and Atlanto-axial joint are both examples of what type of joint?

A

Synovial joint - pivot

89
Q

What is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

The atlanto-axial joint is a joint in the upper part of the neck between the first and second cervical vertebrae; the atlas and axis. It is a pivot joint.

90
Q

Synovial Joint - Condyloid

  • Convex … projection of one bone fit into the … depression of the other
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and … and …)
  • Examples include:
    • Wrist joint
    • Metacarpophalangeal joints
A
  • Convex oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction)
  • Examples include:
    • Wrist joint
    • Metacarpophalangeal joints
91
Q

Synovial Joint - Condyloid

  • … oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; … and …, and abduction and adduction)
  • Examples include:
    • … joint
    • Metacarpophalangeal joints
A
  • Convex oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction)
  • Examples include:
    • Wrist joint
    • Metacarpophalangeal joints
92
Q

The Wrist joint and Metacarpophalangeal joints are both examples of what type of joint?

A

Synovial joint - condyloid

93
Q

Condyloid joints allow movement with two degrees of freedom - They allow …/…, …/…

A

Condyloid joints allow movement with two degrees of freedom - They allow flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

94
Q

Synovial Joint - Saddle

  • One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it …
  • Modified … joint
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation))
  • Examples include:
    • Carpometacarpal joint
A
  • One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes
  • Modified condyloid joint
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation))
  • Examples include:
    • Carpometacarpal joint
95
Q

Synovial Joint - Saddle

  • One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes
  • Modified condyloid joint
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; … and …, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited …))
  • Examples include:
    • Carpometacarpal joint
A
  • One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes
  • Modified condyloid joint
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation))
  • Examples include:
    • Carpometacarpal joint
96
Q

The Carpometacarpal joint is an example of what type of joint?

A

Synovial joint - saddle

97
Q

Synovial Joint - Ball & Socket

  • Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like … of the other
  • Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, … and …, and …)
  • Examples include:
    • Shoulder joint
    • Hip joint
A
  • Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of the other
  • Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation)
  • Examples include:
    • Shoulder joint
    • Hip joint
98
Q

Synovial Joint - Ball & Socket

  • Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of the other
  • Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation)
  • Examples include:
    • … joint
    • … joint
A
  • Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of the other
  • Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation)
  • Examples include:
    • Shoulder joint
    • Hip joint
99
Q

The shoulder joint and the hip joint are both examples of what type of joint?

A

Ball and socket

100
Q

There is only one major type of synovial triaxial joint: …

A

There is only one major type of synovial triaxial joint: ball-and-socket.

101
Q

Ball and socket joints permit what movements?

A

Triaxial movement around three planes - flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotation

102
Q

The ball and socket joints lack … because they permit triaxial movement - they are prone to …

A

stability - shoulder and hip joints (prone to dislocation)

103
Q

Joint Systems - Example

  • Interactions between …, …, … and sternum, allow wide ranging movement. The component joints include:
    • Acromioclavicular
    • Glenohumeral
    • Sternoclavicular
A
  • Interactions between humerus, scapula, clavicle and sternum, allow wide ranging movement. The component joints include:
    • Acromioclavicular
    • Glenohumeral
    • Sternoclavicular
104
Q

Joint Systems - Example

  • Interactions between humerus, scapula, clavicle and sternum, allow wide ranging movement. The component joints include:
    • …
    • Glenohumeral
    • …
A
  • Interactions between humerus, scapula, clavicle and sternum, allow wide ranging movement. The component joints include:
    • Acromioclavicular
    • Glenohumeral
    • Sternoclavicular
105
Q

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

  • Synovial …. joint
  • Joint between the proximal … and the scapula (glenoid fossa)
  • Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most … joint in the body
  • Glenoid labrum - a narrow rim of fibrocartilage - deepens glenoid
  • Stabilised by three ligaments:
    • Glenohumeral
    • Coracohumeral
    • Transverse humeral
  • Four associated bursae
A
  • Synovial ball and socket joint
  • Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)
  • Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body
  • Glenoid labrum - a narrow rim of fibrocartilage - deepens glenoid
  • Stabilised by three ligaments:
    • Glenohumeral
    • Coracohumeral
    • Transverse humeral
  • Four associated bursae
106
Q

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

  • Synovial ball and socket joint
  • Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)
  • Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body
  • Glenoid … - a narrow rim of fibrocartilage - deepens glenoid
  • Stabilised by three ligaments:
    • Glenohumeral
    • Coracohumeral
    • Transverse humeral
  • Four associated …
A
  • Synovial ball and socket joint
  • Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)
  • Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body
  • Glenoid labrum - a narrow rim of fibrocartilage - deepens glenoid
  • Stabilised by three ligaments:
    • Glenohumeral
    • Coracohumeral
    • Transverse humeral
  • Four associated bursae
107
Q

The glenohumeral joint is what type of joint?

A

synovial ball and socket joint

108
Q

The glenohumeral joint is the joint between the …. …. and the …

A

proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)

109
Q

Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, the glenohumeral joint is the most … joint in the body

A

Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, the glenohumeral joint is the most mobile joint in the body

110
Q

What is the glenoid labrum?

A

a narrow rim of fibrocartilage - deepens the glenoid

111
Q

The glenohumeral joint is stabilised by three ligaments - what are they called?

A
  • Glenohumeral
  • Coracohumeral
  • Transverse humeral
112
Q

Glenohumeral joint - Rotator cuff muscles

  • Most … from rotator cuff muscles
    • Supraspinatus
    • Infraspinatus
    • Teres …
    • Subscapularis
  • Join the … with the …
  • Encircle the joint and fuse with joint capsule
A
  • Most strength from rotator cuff muscles
    • Supraspinatus
    • Infraspinatus
    • Teres minor
    • Subscapularis
  • Join the scapula with the humerus
  • Encircle the joint and fuse with joint capsule
113
Q

Glenohumeral joint - Rotator cuff muscles

  • Most strength from rotator cuff muscles
    • Supraspinatus
    • Infraspinatus
    • Teres minor
    • …
  • Join the scapula with the humerus
  • Encircle the joint and … with joint …
A
  • Most strength from rotator cuff muscles
    • Supraspinatus
    • Infraspinatus
    • Teres minor
    • Subscapularis
  • Join the scapula with the humerus
  • Encircle the joint and fuse with joint capsule
114
Q

Name the 4 rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor

115
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

  • Technically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a …
  • Joint between the acromion (part of the …) and the clavical
  • Stabilised by three ligaments:
    • Acromioclavicular
    • Coracoacromial
    • Coracoclavicular (Conoid and trapezoid)
  • Allows the movement of the …, permitting greater arm … (above the head)
A
  • Technically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a pivot
  • Joint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavical
  • Stabilised by three ligaments:
    • Acromioclavicular
    • Coracoacromial
    • Coracoclavicular (Conoid and trapezoid)
  • Allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation (above the head)
116
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

  • Technically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a pivot
  • Joint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavical
  • Stabilised by three ligaments:
    • …
    • …
    • Coracoclavicular (Conoid and trapezoid)
  • Allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation (above the head)
A
  • Technically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a pivot
  • Joint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavical
  • Stabilised by three ligaments:
    • Acromioclavicular
    • Coracoacromial
    • Coracoclavicular (Conoid and trapezoid)
  • Allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation (above the head)
117
Q

There are three main ligaments that strengthen the acromioclavicular joint - name these

A
  • Acromioclavicular
  • Coracoacromial
  • Coracoclavicular (conoid and trapezoid)
118
Q

The acromioclavicular joint allows the movement of the …, permitting greater arm …

A

The acromioclavicular joint allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation (Above the head)

119
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

  • Synovial … joint
  • Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib
  • … articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
  • Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
  • Although a saddle joint, is capable of … movement - all movement is passive
A
  • Synovial saddle joint
  • Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib
  • Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
  • Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
  • Although a saddle joint, is capable of triaxial movement - all movement is passive
120
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

  • Synovial saddle joint
  • Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib
  • Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
  • Reinforced by …, anterior and posterior … ligaments
  • Although a saddle joint, is capable of triaxial movement - all movement is passive
A
  • Synovial saddle joint
  • Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib
  • Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
  • Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
  • Although a saddle joint, is capable of triaxial movement - all movement is passive
121
Q

The sternoclavicular joint is reinforced by what ligaments?

A

Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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