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Year 2 Medicine > The Cerebellum and Motor Learning > Flashcards

The Cerebellum and Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

  • Maintenance of … and …
  • … of voluntary movements
  • … learning
  • … functions
A
  • Maintenance of balance and posture
  • Coordination of voluntary movements
  • Motor learning
  • Cognitive functions
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2
Q

The motor control of hierarchy

A
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3
Q

Principles of organisation of the cerebellum

  • The cerebellum is the ‘great …’
  • It compares movement … to movement actually …
  • … movement
A
  • The cerebellum is the ‘great comparator’
  • It compares movement intended to movement actually occurring
  • Voluntary movement
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4
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A
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5
Q

MRI scan showing anatomy of cerebellum

A
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6
Q

Gross anatomy of the cerebellum

A
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7
Q

3 lobes of the cerebellum - anterior, posterior, … … lobe

A

3 lobes of the cerebellum - anterior, posterior, floccular nodular lobe

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8
Q

Gross anatomy of the cerebellum

A
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9
Q

Functional subdivision of the cerebellum and it’s inputs

  • 3 key inputs:
    • … - vestibular organs
    • … - spinal cord
    • … - brain cortex
A
  • 3 key inputs:
    • Vestibulocerebellum - vestibular organs
    • Spinocerebellum - spinal cord
    • Cerebrocerebellum - brain cortex
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10
Q

Cerebellum inputs

  • Spinocerebellum - map onto …
  • Cerebrocerebellum - either side
  • Vestibulocerebellum - … lobe
A
  • Spinocerebellum - map onto vermis
  • Cerebrocerebellum - either side
  • Vestibulocerebellum - flocculonodular lobe
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11
Q

Somatotropic maps of the body surface in the cerebellum

A
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12
Q

Lobar anatomy of the cerebellum

  • Outputs to nuclei - dentate, interposed, fastigial
  • … - fastigial
  • Blue paravermal area - interposed
  • Cerebellar hemispheres - … nucleus
A
  • Outputs to nuclei - dentate, interposed, fastigial
  • Vermis - fastigial
  • Blue paravermal area - interposed
  • Cerebellar hemispheres - dentate nucleus
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13
Q

Cerebellar Output

  • Vermis - …
  • Paravermis - …
  • Hemispheres - …
A
  • Vermis - fastigial
  • Paravermis - interposed
  • Hemispheres - dentate
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14
Q

Spinocerebellum - control of muscle tone/posture

  • Inputs - v… - … and … nuclei - form descending tracts
A
  • Inputs - vermis - fastigial and interposed nuclei - form descending tracts
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15
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

  • … - pass through pons - synapse - pontocerebellar tracts - hemispheres - outflow - … nuclei - brain via … - central relay
A
  • Cortex - pass through pons - synapse - pontocerebellar tracts - hemispheres - outflow - dentate nuclei - brain via thalamus - central relay
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16
Q

Vestibulocerebellum pathways

  • Vestibular organ - vestibular nuclei - info … lobe - bypasses deep nuclei in cerebellum - back out to … nuclei
A
  • Vestibular organ - vestibular nuclei - info flocculonodular lobe - bypasses deep nuclei in cerebellum - back out to vestibular nuclei
17
Q

Gross anatomy of the cerebellum

18
Q

Cerebellar peduncle pathways

  • Spinocerebellar - … cerebellar peduncle
  • Fibres from top - go through … cerebellar peduncle
  • All outputs go through … cerebellar peduncle
    • Inflow through middle and inferior, outflow through superior
A
  • Spinocerebellar - inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Fibres from top - go through middle cerebellar peduncle
  • All outputs go through superior cerebellar peduncle
    • Inflow through middle and inferior, outflow through superior
19
Q

Effects of lesions to the cerebrocerebellum pathway

  • …: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
  • …: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional …: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • … – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
A
  • Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • Dysarthria – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
20
Q

Effects of lesions to the cerebrocerebellum pathway

  • …: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • …: decomposition of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • … – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
A
  • Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • Dysarthria – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
21
Q

Effects of lesions to the cerebrocerebellum pathway

  • Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (…)
  • Dsynergia: … of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform … … movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a …-directed movement
  • Dysarthria – articulation …: … in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. … speech strength and velocity.
A
  • Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • Dysarthria – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
22
Q

Vestibular-ocular pathway

  • Eye signs pick up
  • Vestibular Organ - vestibular nucleus - … nucleus
  • 3 and 6 connected via … longitudinal fasciculas - Connects … nucleus and … nucleus
  • 6 pons, 3 midbrain
  • Allows to have … gaze
  • Evidence of …
A
  • Eye signs pick up
  • Vestibular Organ - vestibular nucleus - abducens nucleus
  • 3 and 6 connected via medial longitudinal fasciculas
  • Connects abducens nucleus and oculomotor nucleus
  • 6 pons, 3 midbrain
  • Allows to have horizontal gaze
  • Evidence of nystagmus
23
Q

Effect of lesions to the vestibulocerebellar pathway

  • …- involuntary, rhythmical, repeated oscillations of one or both eyes, in any or all directions of view
  • Movement of the eyes minimises the ability to focus the eyes on one point (…).
  • Eyes are key to look at - to pick up … signs
A
  • Nystagmus- involuntary, rhythmical, repeated oscillations of one or both eyes, in any or all directions of view
  • Movement of the eyes minimises the ability to focus the eyes on one point (fixation).
  • Eyes are key to look at - to pick up cerebellum signs
25
Q

Effect of lesions in the spinocerebellar pathway

  • Gait … (unsteadiness of walking), and disturbance of limb tone (…) and posture
  • Alcohol intoxication - affects the v…
A
  • Gait ataxia (unsteadiness of walking), and disturbance of limb tone (hypotonia) and posture
  • Alcohol intoxication - vermis
26
Q

Cerebellar peduncle pathways

  • 2 nerves - … fibers from inputs from spinal cord and brain stem and … fibres from inferior olive in medulla
A
  • 2 nerves - mossy fibers from inputs from spinal cord and brain stem and climbing fibres from inferior olive in medulla
27
Q

Cerebellar circuitry - schematic

28
Q

Cerebellar Cortex

  • … fibre - what you want to do
  • … fibres - meant to catch ball but didn’t - error signal
A
  • Mossy fibre - what you want to do
  • Climbing fibres - meant to catch ball but didn’t - error signal
29
Q
  • … fibre synapse on granule cells
  • Many parallel fibres - one purkinje cell - with one or a few synapses each - …gence
  • One … fibre - each purkinje cell - but many synapses - …gence
A
  • Mossy fibre synapse on granule cells
  • Many parallel fibres - one purkinje cell - with one or a few synapses each - convergence
  • One climbing fibre - each purkinje cell - but many synapses - divergence
30
Q

Slice through cortex

  • Molecular layer - parallel fibres
  • Purkinje layer - purkine fibres
  • Granule layer - granule cells
  • … fibre interact with granule cell layer - lead on to parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell (convergence)
  • … fibres - climb around dendrites interacting with purkinje cell (divergence)
A
  • Molecular layer - parallel fibres
  • Purkinje layer - purkine fibres
  • Granule layer - granule cells
  • Mossy fibre interact with granule cell layer - lead on to parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell (convergence)
  • Climbing fibres - climb around dendrites interacting with purkinje cell (divergence)
31
Q

Motor learning - long-term depression

  • How can brain learn and correct mistakes
  • Intend to do - … fibres interact with granule cells - parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell
  • Feedback from when you make a mistake - error signal generated - through to inferior olive - through … fibres - climbs around dendrites of purkinje cell
  • FOR LTD - Both activate at same time - … synapse
  • Granule cell layer and ,,, fibre both activate the purkinje cell at the same time, it … the synapse between the parallel fibre and the purkinje cell - causes loser association - long-term depression
A
  • Intend to do - Mossy fibres interact with granule cells - parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell
  • Feedback from when you make a mistake - error signal generated - through to inferior olive - through climbing fibres - climbs around dendrites of purkinje cell
  • FOR LTD - Both activate at same time - weaken synapse
  • Granule cell layer and climbing fibre both activate the purkinje cell at the same time, it weakens the synapse between the parallel fibre and the purkinje cell - causes loser association - long-term depression
32
Q

Motor learning - long-term depression

  • How can brain learn and correct mistakes
  • … to do - Mossy fibres interact with granule cells - parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell
  • Feedback from when you make a … - … signal generated - through to inferior olive - through climbing fibres - climbs around dendrites of purkinje cell
  • FOR LTD - Both activate at same time - weaken synapse
  • Granule cell layer and climbing fibre both activate the purkinje cell at the same time, it weakens the synapse between the parallel fibre and the purkinje cell - causes loser … - long-term …
A
  • Intend to do - Mossy fibres interact with granule cells - parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell
  • Feedback from when you make a mistake - error signal generated - through to inferior olive - through climbing fibres - climbs around dendrites of purkinje cell
  • FOR LTD - Both activate at same time - weaken synapse
  • Granule cell layer and climbing fibre both activate the purkinje cell at the same time, it weakens the synapse between the parallel fibre and the purkinje cell - causes loser association - long-term depression
33
Q

Long-term … - required really for motor learning

A

Long-term depression - required really for motor learning

34
Q

Genetic causes of cerebellar dysfunction (Inherited)

  • Inherited (rare)
    • Frederich’s ataxia (Spinocerebellar …)
      • (Ataxia may occur if major connections disrupted)
    • Ataxia-… - capillaries in mucosa of skin - bruise easily or bleed
    • Von Hippel … - tumour (haemangioblastoma)
A
  • Inherited (rare)
    • Frederich’s ataxia (Spinocerebellar degeneration)
      • (Ataxia may occur if major connections disrupted)
    • Ataxia-telengiectasia - capillaries in mucosa of skin - bruise easily or bleed
    • Von Hippel Lindau - tumour (haemangioblastoma)
35
Q

Genetic causes of cerebellar dysfunction (Inherited)

  • Inherited (rare)
    • Frederich’s … (Spinocerebellar degeneration)
      • (… may occur if major connections disrupted)
    • …-telengiectasia - capillaries in mucosa of skin - bruise easily or bleed
    • … … Lindau - tumour (haemangioblastoma)
A
  • Inherited (rare)
    • Frederich’s ataxia (Spinocerebellar degeneration)
      • (Ataxia may occur if major connections disrupted)
    • Ataxia-telengiectasia - capillaries in mucosa of skin - bruise easily or bleed
    • Von Hippel Lindau - tumour (haemangioblastoma)
36
Q

Cerebellar dysfunction - Acquired Symmetrical Ataxia

  • Eg-
    • … - cerebellar atrophy
    • … (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac) e.g. anti purkinje cells
    • … (eg phenytoin) - anti … drugs can cause problems
    • Degenerative (familial, MSA) - … plus conditions
    • Immune (paraneoplastic) - more prevalent - antibodies formed - infection - fight other parts of body - other - tumour - antibodies attack cells at the molecular layer
A
  • Eg-
    • Alcohol - cerebellar atrophy
    • Metabolic (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac) e.g. anti purkinje cells
    • Drugs (eg phenytoin) - anti epileptic drugs can cause problems
    • Degenerative (familial, MSA) - parkinson’s plus conditions
    • Immune (paraneoplastic) - more prevalent - antibodies formed - infection - fight other parts of body - other - tumour - antibodies attack cells at the molecular layer
37
Q

Cerebellar dysfunction - Acquired Symmetrical Ataxia

  • Eg-
    • Alcohol - cerebellar …
    • Metabolic (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac) e.g. anti purkinje cells
    • Drugs (eg …) - anti epileptic drugs can cause problems
    • … (familial, MSA) - parkinson’s plus conditions
    • … (paraneoplastic) - more prevalent - antibodies formed - infection - fight other parts of body - other - tumour - antibodies attack cells at the molecular layer
A
  • Eg-
    • Alcohol - cerebellar atrophy
    • Metabolic (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac) e.g. anti purkinje cells
    • Drugs (eg phenytoin) - anti epileptic drugs can cause problems
    • Degenerative (familial, MSA) - parkinson’s plus conditions
    • Immune (paraneoplastic) - more prevalent - antibodies formed - infection - fight other parts of body - other - tumour - antibodies attack cells at the molecular layer
38
Q

Alcohol - cerebellar atrophy

39
Q

Focal cerebellar pathology (Asymmetrical)

  • Ataxia often … profound if cerebellar nuclei, brainstem nuclei or white matter tracts involved (MS) than cerebellar cortex as some degree of …
  • … more important than the …
A
  • Ataxia often more profound if cerebellar nuclei, brainstem nuclei or white matter tracts involved (MS) than cerebellar cortex as some degree of plasticity
  • Location more important than the size

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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