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Year 2 Medicine > The Cerebellum and Motor Learning > Flashcards

The Cerebellum and Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

  • Maintenance of … and …
  • … of voluntary movements
  • … learning
  • … functions
A
  • Maintenance of balance and posture
  • Coordination of voluntary movements
  • Motor learning
  • Cognitive functions
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2
Q

The motor control of hierarchy

A
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3
Q

Principles of organisation of the cerebellum

  • The cerebellum is the ‘great …’
  • It compares movement … to movement actually …
  • … movement
A
  • The cerebellum is the ‘great comparator’
  • It compares movement intended to movement actually occurring
  • Voluntary movement
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4
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A
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5
Q

MRI scan showing anatomy of cerebellum

A
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6
Q

Gross anatomy of the cerebellum

A
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7
Q

3 lobes of the cerebellum - anterior, posterior, … … lobe

A

3 lobes of the cerebellum - anterior, posterior, floccular nodular lobe

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8
Q

Gross anatomy of the cerebellum

A
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9
Q

Functional subdivision of the cerebellum and it’s inputs

  • 3 key inputs:
    • … - vestibular organs
    • … - spinal cord
    • … - brain cortex
A
  • 3 key inputs:
    • Vestibulocerebellum - vestibular organs
    • Spinocerebellum - spinal cord
    • Cerebrocerebellum - brain cortex
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10
Q

Cerebellum inputs

  • Spinocerebellum - map onto …
  • Cerebrocerebellum - either side
  • Vestibulocerebellum - … lobe
A
  • Spinocerebellum - map onto vermis
  • Cerebrocerebellum - either side
  • Vestibulocerebellum - flocculonodular lobe
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11
Q

Somatotropic maps of the body surface in the cerebellum

A
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12
Q

Lobar anatomy of the cerebellum

  • Outputs to nuclei - dentate, interposed, fastigial
  • … - fastigial
  • Blue paravermal area - interposed
  • Cerebellar hemispheres - … nucleus
A
  • Outputs to nuclei - dentate, interposed, fastigial
  • Vermis - fastigial
  • Blue paravermal area - interposed
  • Cerebellar hemispheres - dentate nucleus
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13
Q

Cerebellar Output

  • Vermis - …
  • Paravermis - …
  • Hemispheres - …
A
  • Vermis - fastigial
  • Paravermis - interposed
  • Hemispheres - dentate
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14
Q

Spinocerebellum - control of muscle tone/posture

  • Inputs - v… - … and … nuclei - form descending tracts
A
  • Inputs - vermis - fastigial and interposed nuclei - form descending tracts
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15
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

  • … - pass through pons - synapse - pontocerebellar tracts - hemispheres - outflow - … nuclei - brain via … - central relay
A
  • Cortex - pass through pons - synapse - pontocerebellar tracts - hemispheres - outflow - dentate nuclei - brain via thalamus - central relay
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16
Q

Vestibulocerebellum pathways

  • Vestibular organ - vestibular nuclei - info … lobe - bypasses deep nuclei in cerebellum - back out to … nuclei
A
  • Vestibular organ - vestibular nuclei - info flocculonodular lobe - bypasses deep nuclei in cerebellum - back out to vestibular nuclei
17
Q

Gross anatomy of the cerebellum

18
Q

Cerebellar peduncle pathways

  • Spinocerebellar - … cerebellar peduncle
  • Fibres from top - go through … cerebellar peduncle
  • All outputs go through … cerebellar peduncle
    • Inflow through middle and inferior, outflow through superior
A
  • Spinocerebellar - inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • Fibres from top - go through middle cerebellar peduncle
  • All outputs go through superior cerebellar peduncle
    • Inflow through middle and inferior, outflow through superior
19
Q

Effects of lesions to the cerebrocerebellum pathway

  • …: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
  • …: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional …: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • … – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
A
  • Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • Dysarthria – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
20
Q

Effects of lesions to the cerebrocerebellum pathway

  • …: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • …: decomposition of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • … – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
A
  • Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • Dysarthria – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
21
Q

Effects of lesions to the cerebrocerebellum pathway

  • Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (…)
  • Dsynergia: … of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform … … movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a …-directed movement
  • Dysarthria – articulation …: … in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. … speech strength and velocity.
A
  • Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
  • Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
  • Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
  • Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
  • Dysarthria – articulation incoordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.
22
Q

Vestibular-ocular pathway

  • Eye signs pick up
  • Vestibular Organ - vestibular nucleus - … nucleus
  • 3 and 6 connected via … longitudinal fasciculas - Connects … nucleus and … nucleus
  • 6 pons, 3 midbrain
  • Allows to have … gaze
  • Evidence of …
A
  • Eye signs pick up
  • Vestibular Organ - vestibular nucleus - abducens nucleus
  • 3 and 6 connected via medial longitudinal fasciculas
  • Connects abducens nucleus and oculomotor nucleus
  • 6 pons, 3 midbrain
  • Allows to have horizontal gaze
  • Evidence of nystagmus
23
Q

Effect of lesions to the vestibulocerebellar pathway

  • …- involuntary, rhythmical, repeated oscillations of one or both eyes, in any or all directions of view
  • Movement of the eyes minimises the ability to focus the eyes on one point (…).
  • Eyes are key to look at - to pick up … signs
A
  • Nystagmus- involuntary, rhythmical, repeated oscillations of one or both eyes, in any or all directions of view
  • Movement of the eyes minimises the ability to focus the eyes on one point (fixation).
  • Eyes are key to look at - to pick up cerebellum signs
25
_Effect of lesions in the spinocerebellar pathway_ * Gait ... (unsteadiness of walking), and disturbance of limb tone (...) and posture * Alcohol intoxication - affects the v...
* Gait ataxia (unsteadiness of walking), and disturbance of limb tone (hypotonia) and posture * Alcohol intoxication - vermis
26
_Cerebellar peduncle pathways_ * 2 nerves - ... fibers from inputs from spinal cord and brain stem and ... fibres from inferior olive in medulla
* 2 nerves - mossy fibers from inputs from spinal cord and brain stem and climbing fibres from inferior olive in medulla
27
_Cerebellar circuitry - schematic_
28
_Cerebellar Cortex_ * ... fibre - what you want to do * ... fibres - meant to catch ball but didn’t - error signal
* Mossy fibre - what you want to do * Climbing fibres - meant to catch ball but didn’t - error signal
29
* ... fibre synapse on granule cells * Many parallel fibres - one purkinje cell - with one or a few synapses each - ...gence * One ... fibre - each purkinje cell - but many synapses - ...gence
* Mossy fibre synapse on granule cells * Many parallel fibres - one purkinje cell - with one or a few synapses each - convergence * One climbing fibre - each purkinje cell - but many synapses - divergence
30
_Slice through cortex_ * Molecular layer - parallel fibres * Purkinje layer - purkine fibres * Granule layer - granule cells * ... fibre interact with granule cell layer - lead on to parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell (convergence) * ... fibres - climb around dendrites interacting with purkinje cell (divergence)
* Molecular layer - parallel fibres * Purkinje layer - purkine fibres * Granule layer - granule cells * Mossy fibre interact with granule cell layer - lead on to parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell (convergence) * Climbing fibres - climb around dendrites interacting with purkinje cell (divergence)
31
_Motor learning - long-term depression_ * How can brain learn and correct mistakes * Intend to do - ... fibres interact with granule cells - parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell * Feedback from when you make a mistake - error signal generated - through to inferior olive - through ... fibres - climbs around dendrites of purkinje cell * FOR LTD - Both activate at same time - ... synapse * Granule cell layer and ,,, fibre both activate the purkinje cell at the same time, it ... the synapse between the parallel fibre and the purkinje cell - causes loser association - long-term depression
* Intend to do - Mossy fibres interact with granule cells - parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell * Feedback from when you make a mistake - error signal generated - through to inferior olive - through climbing fibres - climbs around dendrites of purkinje cell * FOR LTD - Both activate at same time - **weaken** synapse * Granule cell layer and climbing fibre both activate the purkinje cell at the same time, it weakens the synapse between the parallel fibre and the purkinje cell - causes loser association - long-term depression
32
_Motor learning - long-term depression_ * How can brain learn and correct mistakes * ... to do - Mossy fibres interact with granule cells - parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell * Feedback from when you make a ... - ... signal generated - through to inferior olive - through climbing fibres - climbs around dendrites of purkinje cell * FOR LTD - Both activate at same time - weaken synapse * Granule cell layer and climbing fibre both activate the purkinje cell at the same time, it weakens the synapse between the parallel fibre and the purkinje cell - causes loser ... - long-term ...
* Intend to do - Mossy fibres interact with granule cells - parallel fibres - synapse with dendrites of purkinje cell * Feedback from when you make a mistake - error signal generated - through to inferior olive - through climbing fibres - climbs around dendrites of purkinje cell * FOR LTD - Both activate at same time - weaken synapse * Granule cell layer and climbing fibre both activate the purkinje cell at the same time, it weakens the synapse between the parallel fibre and the purkinje cell - causes loser association - long-term depression
33
Long-term ... - required really for motor learning
Long-term depression - required really for motor learning
34
_Genetic causes of cerebellar dysfunction (Inherited)_ * Inherited (rare) * Frederich’s ataxia (Spinocerebellar ...) * (Ataxia may occur if major connections disrupted) * Ataxia-... - capillaries in mucosa of skin - bruise easily or bleed * Von Hippel ... - tumour (haemangioblastoma)
* Inherited (rare) * Frederich’s ataxia (Spinocerebellar degeneration) * (Ataxia may occur if major connections disrupted) * Ataxia-telengiectasia - capillaries in mucosa of skin - bruise easily or bleed * Von Hippel Lindau - tumour (haemangioblastoma)
35
_Genetic causes of cerebellar dysfunction (Inherited)_ * Inherited (rare) * Frederich’s ... (Spinocerebellar degeneration) * (... may occur if major connections disrupted) * ...-telengiectasia - capillaries in mucosa of skin - bruise easily or bleed * ... ... Lindau - tumour (haemangioblastoma)
* Inherited (rare) * Frederich’s ataxia (Spinocerebellar degeneration) * (Ataxia may occur if major connections disrupted) * Ataxia-telengiectasia - capillaries in mucosa of skin - bruise easily or bleed * Von Hippel Lindau - tumour (haemangioblastoma)
36
_Cerebellar dysfunction - Acquired Symmetrical Ataxia_ * Eg- * ... - cerebellar atrophy * ... (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac) e.g. anti purkinje cells * ... (eg phenytoin) - anti ... drugs can cause problems * Degenerative (familial, MSA) - ... plus conditions * Immune (paraneoplastic) - more prevalent - antibodies formed - infection - fight other parts of body - other - tumour - antibodies attack cells at the molecular layer
* Eg- * Alcohol - cerebellar atrophy * Metabolic (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac) e.g. anti purkinje cells * Drugs (eg phenytoin) - anti epileptic drugs can cause problems * Degenerative (familial, MSA) - parkinson's plus conditions * Immune (paraneoplastic) - more prevalent - antibodies formed - infection - fight other parts of body - other - tumour - antibodies attack cells at the molecular layer
37
_Cerebellar dysfunction - Acquired Symmetrical Ataxia_ * Eg- * Alcohol - cerebellar ... * Metabolic (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac) e.g. anti purkinje cells * Drugs (eg ...) - anti epileptic drugs can cause problems * ... (familial, MSA) - parkinson's plus conditions * ... (paraneoplastic) - more prevalent - antibodies formed - infection - fight other parts of body - other - tumour - antibodies attack cells at the molecular layer
* Eg- * Alcohol - cerebellar atrophy * Metabolic (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac) e.g. anti purkinje cells * Drugs (eg phenytoin) - anti epileptic drugs can cause problems * Degenerative (familial, MSA) - parkinson's plus conditions * Immune (paraneoplastic) - more prevalent - antibodies formed - infection - fight other parts of body - other - tumour - antibodies attack cells at the molecular layer
38
Alcohol - cerebellar atrophy
39
_Focal cerebellar pathology (Asymmetrical)_ * Ataxia often ... profound if cerebellar nuclei, brainstem nuclei or white matter tracts involved (MS) than cerebellar cortex as some degree of ... * ... more important than the ...
* Ataxia often more profound if cerebellar nuclei, brainstem nuclei or white matter tracts involved (MS) than cerebellar cortex as some degree of plasticity * Location more important than the size

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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