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Year 2 Medicine > Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract 1 > Flashcards

Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

  • Normal anatomy informs pathology
  • Microscopic changes in cells and tissues are translated into … …
  • … originate from cellular components of tissues
A
  • Normal anatomy informs pathology
  • Microscopic changes in cells and tissues are translated into clinical disease
  • Neoplasms originate from cellular components of tissues
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2
Q

Vulva and Vagina

  • L Majora skin with … follicles and … glands
  • L minora and vagina - Mucosa with … … epithelium
A
  • L Majora skin w hair follicles and sweat glands
  • L minora and vagina Mucosa with stratified squamous epithelium
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3
Q

Vagina at puberty

  • … secreted by the ovary stimulates maturation of … epithelial cells
  • Glycogen is formed within … … epithelial cells
  • Glycogen in cells shed from the surface is a substrate for vaginal anaerobic organisms (dominated by …)
    • … produce lactic acid keeping vaginal pH below …
A
  • Oestrogen secreted by the ovary stimulates maturation of squamous epithelial cells
  • Glycogen is formed within mature squamous epithelial cells
  • Glycogen in cells shed from the surface is a substrate for vaginal anaerobic organisms (dominated by lactobacilli)
    • Lactobacilli produce lactic acid keeping vaginal pH below 4.5
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4
Q

Cervix

  • ..cervix
  • ..cervix
  • … zone
A
  • Ectocervix
  • Endocervix
  • Transformation zone
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5
Q

Cervix (Diagram)

A
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6
Q

Ectocervix

  • Covered by … … epithelium
A
  • Covered by stratified squamous epithelium
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7
Q

Endocervix

  • Single layer of tall, … producing … cells
A
  • ​Single layer of tall, mucin producing columnar cells
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8
Q

The endocervix has a deceptively large surface area

  • … epithelium lines tiny blind ending channels (‘…’)
  • These radiate out from the endocervical canal into the surrounding …
A
  • Columnar epithelium lines tiny blind ending channels (‘clefts’)
  • These radiate out from the endocervical canal into the surrounding stroma
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9
Q

Cervix

  • _​_The ectocervix is covered by … … epithelium
  • The endocervix is lined by … epithelium
  • The junction between the two is called the ‘…-… junction
A
  • The ectocervix is covered by stratified squamous epithelium
  • The endocervix is lined by columnar epithelium
  • The junction between the two is called the ‘squamo-columnar junction
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10
Q

Formation of the transformation zone

  • During puberty the cervix changes …
  • The … of the cervix grow
  • The … end of the endocervix opens
  • Endocervical … becomes exposed to the vaginal environment
A
  • During puberty the cervix changes shape
  • The lips of the cervix grow
  • The distal end of the endocervix opens
  • Endocervical mucosa becomes exposed to the vaginal environment
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11
Q

The transformation zone

A
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12
Q

Cervix

  • The distal endocervical … epithelium is exposed to the … vaginal environment
  • It is not suited to this, so undergoes an adaptive change called …
  • Reserve cells in this area proliferate and mature to form … epithelium: This process is called … …
A
  • The distal endocervical columnar epithelium is exposed to the acidic vaginal environment
  • It is not suited to this, so undergoes an adaptive change called metaplasia
  • Reserve cells in this area proliferate and mature to form squamous epithelium: This process is called squamous metaplasia
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13
Q

Metaplasia =

A

a transformation of cell type from one kind of mature differentiated cell type to another kind of mature differentiated cell type

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14
Q

The cervical transformation zone

A
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15
Q

Squamous Metaplasia - Cervix

  • At first, the metaplastic squamous epithelium is … and … (lots of … & maturation is incomplete)
  • With time, the metaplastic epithelium comes to be as strong and well formed as that on the …
A
  • At first, the metaplastic squamous epithelium is thin and delicate (lots of proliferation & maturation is incomplete)
  • With time, the metaplastic epithelium comes to be as strong and well formed as that on the ectocervix
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16
Q

Where is the uterus?

A
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17
Q

Mid sagittal section of the …

A

body of the uterus

18
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterine wall

19
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The endometrium is the innermost lining layer of the uterus

20
Q

Endometrium - 3 components (proliferative phase - before ovulation)

  • … glands
  • Specialised …
  • … vessels
A
  • Tubular glands
  • Specialised stroma
  • Blood vessels
21
Q

Endometrium - 3 components - Secretory Phase

  • … … glands
  • Specialised …
  • … vessels
A
  • Cork screw glands
  • Specialised stroma
  • Blood vessels
22
Q

Neoplasia:

  • meaning ‘new growth’ – …, … and … cell growth
  • persists following .. of stimulus and associated with … alterations
A
  • meaning ‘new growth’ – abnormal, uncoordinated and excessive cell growth
  • persists following withdrawal of stimulus and associated with genetic alterations
23
Q

Nomenclature of Neoplasms

  • Different neoplasms have different …
  • Accurate … and naming therefore important for treating the patient
A
  • Different neoplasms have different behaviour
  • Accurate identification and naming therefore important for treating the patient
24
Q

Neoplasms are classified according to their behaviour and histogenesis

  • Behaviour: … or …
  • Histogenesis: Recognising the … of …
A
  • Behaviour: Benign or Malignant
  • Histogenesis: Recognising the cell of origin
25
Q

Behaviour of Neoplasms - Benign

  • Remains … and doesn’t … surrounding tissues
  • Generally grow …
  • Good … of parent tissue
A
  • Remains localised and doesn’t invade surrounding tissues
  • Generally grow slowly
  • Good resemblance of parent tissue
26
Q

Example of a benign neoplasm of smooth muscle of myometrium

27
Q

Leiomyoma of the myometrium

  • closely resembles … tissue
A
  • closely resembles parent tissue
28
Q

Consequences of benign neoplasms

  • … on adjacent tissue
  • … of … of a hollow organ
  • … production
  • Transformation into a … neoplasm
  • … for the patient
A
  • Pressure on adjacent tissue
  • Obstruction of lumen of a hollow organ
  • Hormone production
  • Transformation into a malignant neoplasm
  • Symptoms for the patient
29
Q

Benign neoplasms - clinical problems

  • Pressure on adjacent tissue
    • Bladder (…) Rectosigmoid (…)
  • Obstruction to lumen of a hollow organ
    • Adjacent (…) Blocking endocervix
  • Hormone production
    • ? … producing polycythaemia
  • Transformation into a … neoplasm
    • Probably malignancy arises de novo
  • Abnormal uterine …, …
A
  • Pressure on adjacent tissue
    • Bladder (frequency) Rectosigmoid (constipation)
  • Obstruction to lumen of a hollow organ
    • Adjacent (ureters) Blocking endocervix
  • Hormone production
    • ? Erythropoietin producing polycythaemia
  • Transformation into a malignant neoplasm
    • Probably malignancy arises de novo
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding, pain
30
Q

Behaviour of Neoplasms - Malignant

  • Invade into … tissues
  • Spread via … to … … and … vessels to other sites (…)
  • Generally grow relatively …
  • … resemblance to parent tissue
A
  • Invade into surrounding tissues
  • Spread via lymphatics to lymph nodes and blood vessels to other sites (metastasis)
  • Generally grow relatively quickly
  • Variable resemblance to parent tissue
31
Q

Malignant neoplastic tissue looks different to normal tissue.

  • loss of …
  • loss of cellular …
  • enlarged irregular … nuclei
  • increased numbers of …
A
  • loss of differentiation
  • loss of cellular cohesion
  • enlarged irregular dark nuclei
  • increased numbers of mitoses
32
Q

… tissue vs … …

A

normal tissue vs a malignant neoplasm

33
Q

Consequences of malignant neoplasms

  • Destruction of … tissue
  • M…
  • Blood loss from … surfaces
  • Obstruction of a … viscera
  • Production of …
  • … loss and debility
A
  • Destruction of adjacent tissue
  • Metastasis
  • Blood loss from ulcerated surfaces
  • Obstruction of a hollow viscera
  • Production of hormones
  • Weight loss and debility
34
Q

Histogenesis of neoplasms

  • … by cell of origin
  • Determined by examining tissue under the …
  • Resemblance to parent tissue correlates with … behaviour
A
  • Classification by cell of origin
  • Determined by examining tissue under the microscope
  • Resemblance to parent tissue correlates with clinical behaviour
35
Q

Terminology of neoplasia

  • Neoplasms have the suffix – …
  • Malignant epithelial tumours are …
  • These are named for the … cell type which they resemble
  • … of glandular epithelium are called …
  • Malignant stromal tumours are …
A
  • Neoplasms have the suffix – oma
  • Malignant epithelial tumours are carcinomas
  • Carcinomas are named for the epithelial cell type which they resemble
  • Carcinomas of glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas
  • Malignant stromal tumours are sarcomas
36
Q

Malignant stromal tumours are …

A

Malignant stromal tumours are sarcomas

37
Q

Carcinomas of glandular epithelium are called …

A

Carcinomas of glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas

38
Q

Malignant epithelial tumours are …

A

Malignant epithelial tumours are carcinomas

39
Q

Overview of Benign Vs Malignant

40
Q

Malignant tumours of female reproductive tract

41
Q

Malignant tumours of female reproductive tract

  • Vulva -> squamous -> squamous cell …
  • Vagina -> squamous -> squamous cell …
  • Cervix -> squamous -> squamous cell …
    • glandular -> …
  • Endometrium -> glandular -> …
    • stroma -> stromal …
  • Myometrium -> sm muscle -> …
A
  • Vulva -> squamous -> squamous cell carcinoma
  • Vagina -> squamous -> squamous cell carcinoma
  • Cervix -> squamous -> squamous cell carcinoma
    • glandular -> adenocarcinoma
  • Endometrium -> glandular -> adenocarcinoma
    • stroma -> stromal sarcoma
  • Myometrium -> sm muscle -> leiomyosarcoma

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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