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Year 2 Medicine > Psychoneuroimmunology > Flashcards

Psychoneuroimmunology Flashcards

1
Q

Stress and Immune Function

  • Biopsychosocial model
  • What factors can come into play?
A
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2
Q

What is PNI? (psyconeuroimmunology)

  • links between … and … were part of pre-modern thought
    • – e.g. humoural medicine
  • classic early study found decreased phagocyte activity in response to stress (…, 1919)
  • substantial empirical evidence to demonstrate and explain links between psychological states and … function
  • links between immunity (PNI) and … (PNE)
  • increasing evidence of pathogenic involvement in diseases not always thought to involve infection and inflammatory processes
A
  • links between emotions and health were part of pre-modern thought
    • – e.g. humoural medicine
  • classic early study found decreased phagocyte activity in response to stress (Ishigami, 1919)
  • substantial empirical evidence to demonstrate and explain links between psychological states and immune function
  • links between immunity (PNI) and endocrinology (PNE)
  • increasing evidence of pathogenic involvement in diseases not always thought to involve infection and inflammatory processes
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3
Q
  • links between … and health were part of pre-modern thought
    • – e.g. humoural medicine
A
  • links between emotions and health were part of pre-modern thought
    • – e.g. humoural medicine
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4
Q

classic early study found decreased phagocyte activity in response to … (Ishigami, 1919)

A

classic early study found decreased phagocyte activity in response to stress (Ishigami, 1919)

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5
Q

substantial empirical evidence to demonstrate and explain links between psychological states and … function

A

substantial empirical evidence to demonstrate and explain links between psychological states and immune function

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6
Q

links between immunity (…) and endocrinology (PNE)

A

links between immunity (PNI) and endocrinology (PNE)

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7
Q

1919 Ishigami study found decreased … activity in response to stress

A

1919 Ishigami study found decreased phagocyte activity in response to stress

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8
Q

increasing evidence of pathogenic involvement in diseases not always thought to involve … and … processes

A

increasing evidence of pathogenic involvement in diseases not always thought to involve infection and inflammatory processes

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9
Q

Stress and immunity

  • when threatened, body is rapidly aroused and motivated by … nervous system (SNS) and …-…-… axis (HPA)
    • … and HPA affect immune function
    • … increases some immune activity (e.g. NK cells)
    • … suppresses some immune activity via cortisol (anti-inflammatory)
  • brief stress produces beneficial acute immune response
    • = immediate defence from injuries and broad risk of infection
      • rapid return to baseline levels when stress is removed
  • this is adaptive as it enables quick responses to threat … but …
    • Prolonged stress can be harmful because it disrupts psychological and physiological functioning
A
  • when threatened, body is rapidly aroused and motivated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Aderenal axis (HPA)
  • SNS and HPA affect immune function
    • SNS increases some immune activity (e.g. NK cells)
    • HPA suppresses some immune activity via cortisol (anti-inflammatory)
  • brief stress produces beneficial acute immune response
    • = immediate defence from injuries and broad risk of infection
      • rapid return to baseline levels when stress is removed
  • this is adaptive as it enables quick responses to threat … but …
    • Prolonged stress can be harmful because it disrupts psychological and physiological functioning
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10
Q

Stress and immunity

  • when threatened, body is rapidly aroused and motivated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Aderenal axis (HPA)
  • SNS and HPA affect immune function
    • SNS increases some immune activity (e.g. NK cells)
    • HPA suppresses some immune activity via … (anti-inflammatory)
  • brief stress produces … acute immune response
    • = immediate … from injuries and broad risk of infection
      • rapid return to baseline levels when stress is …
  • this is adaptive as it enables quick responses to threat … but …
    • Prolonged stress can be harmful because it disrupts … and physiological functioning
A
  • when threatened, body is rapidly aroused and motivated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Aderenal axis (HPA)
  • SNS and HPA affect immune function
    • SNS increases some immune activity (e.g. NK cells)
    • HPA suppresses some immune activity via cortisol (anti-inflammatory)
  • brief stress produces beneficial acute immune response
    • = immediate defence from injuries and broad risk of infection
      • rapid return to baseline levels when stress is removed
  • this is adaptive as it enables quick responses to threat … but …
    • Prolonged stress can be harmful because it disrupts psychological and physiological functioning
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11
Q

When threatened, body is rapidly aroused and motivated by … (SNS) and … (HPA)

A

when threatened, body is rapidly aroused and motivated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Aderenal axis (HPA)

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12
Q
  • SNS and HPA affect … function
  • SNS increases some … activity (e.g. NK cells)
  • HPA suppresses some … activity via … (anti-…)
A
  • SNS and HPA affect immune function
  • SNS increases some immune activity (e.g. NK cells)
  • HPA suppresses some immune activity via cortisol (anti-inflammatory)
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13
Q
  • brief stress produces … acute immune response
    • = … … from injuries and broad risk of infection
      • rapid return to … levels when stress is …
A
  • brief stress produces beneficial acute immune response
    • = immediate defence from injuries and broad risk of infection
      • rapid return to baseline levels when stress is removed
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14
Q

prolonged stress can be harmful because it disrupts … and … functioning

A

prolonged stress can be harmful because it disrupts psychological and physiological functioning

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15
Q

General adaptation syndrome (Selye, 1956)

  • General Adaptation Syndrome consists of 3 phases:
    • …
    • resistance
    • …
A
  • General Adaptation Syndrome consists of 3 phases:
    • alarm
    • resistance
    • exhaustion
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16
Q

Stress - affect on SNS and Pituitary

A
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17
Q

Stress

A
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18
Q

Stress

A
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19
Q

Stress

A
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20
Q

… increases some immune activity (e.g. NK cells)

A

SNS (Sympathetic nervous system) increases some immune activity (e.g. NK cells)

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21
Q

… suppresses some immune activity via cortisol (anti-inflammatory)

A

HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis) suppresses some immune activity via cortisol (anti-inflammatory)

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22
Q

General adaptation syndrome (Selye, 1956)

  • General Adaptation Syndrome consists of 3 phases:
    • …
    • …
    • exhaustion
A
  • General Adaptation Syndrome consists of 3 phases:
    • alarm
    • resistance
    • exhaustion
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23
Q

General adaptation syndrome (Selye, 1956)

  • General Adaptation Syndrome consists of 3 phases:
    • …
    • …
    • …
A
  • General Adaptation Syndrome consists of 3 phases:
    • alarm
    • resistance
    • exhaustion
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24
Q

general adaptation syndrome (Selye, 1956)

  • What is missing?
A
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25
Q
  • … … … consists of 3 phases:
  • alarm
  • resistance
  • exhaustion
A
  • General Adaptation Syndrome consists of 3 phases:
  • alarm
  • resistance
  • exhaustion
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26
Q

is stress good or bad for the immune system ?

A

yes - both (short term good, long term not so good)

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27
Q

why is prolonged stress harmful?

A
  • allostatic load (McEwen & Stellar, 1993)
  • allostasis = body actively copes with stress by trying to find a new balance
    • if stress is prolonged, allostatic load accumulates
    • allostatic load is the physiological costs of prolonged fluctuation or elevated of SNS or HPA axis responses
  • measures of allostatic load include
    • decreased cell-mediated immunity
    • inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress
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28
Q

why is prolonged stress harmful?

  • … load (McEwen & Stellar, 1993)
  • … = body actively copes with stress by trying to find a new balance
    • if stress is prolonged, … load accumulates
    • … load is the physiological costs of prolonged fluctuation or elevated of SNS or HPA axis responses
  • measures of allostatic load include
    • decreased cell-mediated immunity
    • inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress
A
  • allostatic load (McEwen & Stellar, 1993)
  • allostasis = body actively copes with stress by trying to find a new balance
    • if stress is prolonged, allostatic load accumulates
    • allostatic load is the physiological costs of prolonged fluctuation or elevated of SNS or HPA axis responses
  • measures of allostatic load include
    • decreased cell-mediated immunity
    • inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress
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29
Q

allostasis = body actively copes with … by trying to find a new …

A

allostasis = body actively copes with stress by trying to find a new balance

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30
Q

if stress is prolonged, … load accumulates

A

if stress is prolonged, allostatic load accumulates

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31
Q

allostatic load is the physiological costs of prolonged fluctuation or elevated of … or … axis responses

A

allostatic load is the physiological costs of prolonged fluctuation or elevated of SNS or HPA axis responses

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32
Q

measures of allostatic load include (2)

A
  • measures of allostatic load include
      • decreased cell-mediated immunity
      • inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress
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33
Q
  • measures of allostatic load include
      • decreased …-… immunity
      • inability to shut off … in response to stress
A
  • measures of allostatic load include
      • decreased cell-mediated immunity
      • inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress
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34
Q

Physiological response to stress can protect in the … term (…) and harm in the … term (…)

A

Physiological response to stress can protect in the short term (acute) and harm in the long term (chronic)

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35
Q

What is stress?

  • Stress is a … experience accompanied by … changes aimed at … the stressful event and/or … its effects :
    • biochemical
    • physiological
    • cognitive
    • behavioural
  • stress is a response to a …
    • appraisal of the stressor is important (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)
  • is stress the same in animals and humans?
A
  • Stress is a negative experience accompanied by predictable changes aimed at altering the stressful event and/or accommodating its effects :
    • biochemical
    • physiological
    • cognitive
    • behavioural
  • stress is a response to a stressor
    • appraisal of the stressor is important (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)
  • is stress the same in animals and humans?
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36
Q

What is stress?

  • Stress is a negative experience accompanied by predictable changes aimed at altering the stressful event and/or accommodating its effects :
    • biochemical
    • …
    • …
    • behavioural
  • stress is a response to a stressor
    • … of the stressor is important (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)
  • is stress the same in animals and humans?
A
  • Stress is a negative experience accompanied by predictable changes aimed at altering the stressful event and/or accommodating its effects :
    • biochemical
    • physiological
    • cognitive
    • behavioural
  • stress is a response to a stressor
    • appraisal of the stressor is important (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)
  • is stress the same in animals and humans?
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37
Q

What is stress?

  • Stress is a negative experience accompanied by predictable changes aimed at altering the stressful event and/or accommodating its effects :
    • biochemical
    • physiological
    • cognitive
    • behavioural
  • stress is a response to a …
    • appraisal of the … is important (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)
  • is stress the same in animals and humans?
A
  • Stress is a negative experience accompanied by predictable changes aimed at altering the stressful event and/or accommodating its effects :
    • biochemical
    • physiological
    • cognitive
    • behavioural
  • stress is a response to a stressor
    • appraisal of the stressor is important (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)
  • is stress the same in animals and humans?
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38
Q

What is stress?

A
  • Stress is a negative experience accompanied by predictable changes aimed at altering the stressful event and/or accommodating its effects :
    • biochemical
    • physiological
    • cognitive
    • behavioural
  • stress is a response to a stressor
    • appraisal of the stressor is important (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)
  • is stress the same in animals and humans?
39
Q

Transactional model (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)

A
40
Q

Transactional model (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)

A
41
Q

Transactional model (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)

A
42
Q

… model (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)

A
43
Q

Transactional model (Lazarus + Folkman, 1984)

A
44
Q

Reactivity to stress

  • people … in their reactivity to stress
  • reactivity refers to the magnitude of … and HPA axis responses to stress
  • higher physiological reactivity is related to worse health outcomes in response to prolonged stress (Boyce et al., 1995)
    • allostatic load
  • reactivity may vary depending on the nature of the stressor/stress (Smith et al., 1998)
    • sex differences in reactivity and reactivity to different stressors
A
  • people vary in their reactivity to stress
  • reactivity refers to the magnitude of SNS and HPA axis responses to stress
  • higher physiological reactivity is related to worse health outcomes in response to prolonged stress (Boyce et al., 1995)
    • allostatic load
  • reactivity may vary depending on the nature of the stressor/stress (Smith et al., 1998)
    • sex differences in reactivity and reactivity to different stressors
45
Q

Reactivity to stress

  • people vary in their reactivity to stress
  • reactivity refers to the magnitude of SNS and HPA axis responses to stress
  • … physiological reactivity is related to worse health outcomes in response to … stress (Boyce et al., 1995)
    • allostatic load
  • reactivity may vary depending on the nature of the stressor/stress (Smith et al., 1998)
    • … differences in reactivity and reactivity to different stressors
A
  • people vary in their reactivity to stress
  • reactivity refers to the magnitude of SNS and HPA axis responses to stress
  • higher physiological reactivity is related to worse health outcomes in response to prolonged stress (Boyce et al., 1995)
    • allostatic load
  • reactivity may vary depending on the nature of the stressor/stress (Smith et al., 1998)
    • sex differences in reactivity and reactivity to different stressors
46
Q

Reactivity to stress

  • people vary in their reactivity to stress
  • reactivity refers to the magnitude of SNS and HPA axis responses to stress
  • higher physiological reactivity is related to worse health outcomes in response to prolonged stress (Boyce et al., 1995)
    • … load
  • reactivity may vary depending on the … of the stressor/stress (Smith et al., 1998)
    • sex differences in reactivity and reactivity to different stressors
A
  • people vary in their reactivity to stress
  • reactivity refers to the magnitude of SNS and HPA axis responses to stress
  • higher physiological reactivity is related to worse health outcomes in response to prolonged stress (Boyce et al., 1995)
    • allostatic load
  • reactivity may vary depending on the nature of the stressor/stress (Smith et al., 1998)
    • sex differences in reactivity and reactivity to different stressors
47
Q

Reactivity to stress

  • people vary in their reactivity to stress
  • reactivity refers to the magnitude of … and … axis responses to stress
  • higher physiological reactivity is related to … health outcomes in response to prolonged stress (Boyce et al., 1995)
    • allostatic load
  • reactivity may vary depending on the nature of the stressor/stress (Smith et al., 1998)
    • sex differences in reactivity and reactivity to different stressors
A
  • people vary in their reactivity to stress
  • reactivity refers to the magnitude of SNS and HPA axis responses to stress
  • higher physiological reactivity is related to worse health outcomes in response to prolonged stress (Boyce et al., 1995)
    • allostatic load
  • reactivity may vary depending on the nature of the stressor/stress (Smith et al., 1998)
    • sex differences in reactivity and reactivity to different stressors
48
Q

Coping

  • When are these actions taken?
A
  • = actions people take to reduce stress.
  • = processes used to manage perceived discrepancies between the demands of a situation and perceived resources
    • not all coping responses are directed toward solving a problem
49
Q

Coping

  • = actions people take to reduce ….
  • = processes used to manage perceived discrepancies between the demands of a situation and perceived resources
  • not all coping responses are directed toward …
A
  • = actions people take to reduce stress.
  • = processes used to manage perceived discrepancies between the demands of a situation and perceived resources
  • not all coping responses are directed toward solving a problem
50
Q

Coping

  • = actions people take to reduce stress.
  • = processes used to manage perceived discrepancies between the … of a situation and perceived …
  • not all coping responses are directed toward solving a problem
A
  • = actions people take to reduce stress.
  • = processes used to manage perceived discrepancies between the demands of a situation and perceived resources
  • not all coping responses are directed toward solving a problem
51
Q

2 major modes of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

  • What are they?
A
  • emotion-focused aimed at improving emotional state
    • behavioural
    • cognitive
  • problem-focused aimed at
    • reducing demands of situation and/or
    • increasing resources to deal with stressful situation
  • different strategies are better suited to different stressors
52
Q

2 major modes of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

  • …-focused aimed at improving … state
    • behavioural
    • cognitive
  • …-focused aimed at
    • reducing demands of situation and/or
    • increasing resources to deal with stressful situation
  • different strategies are better suited to different stressors
A
  • emotion-focused aimed at improving emotional state
    • behavioural
    • cognitive
  • problem-focused aimed at
    • reducing demands of situation and/or
    • increasing resources to deal with stressful situation
  • different strategies are better suited to different stressors
53
Q

2 major modes of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

  • emotion-focused aimed at improving … state
    • behavioural
    • cognitive
  • problem-focused aimed at
    • reducing … of situation and/or
    • increasing … to deal with stressful situation
  • different strategies are better suited to different …
A
  • emotion-focused aimed at improving emotional state
    • behavioural
    • cognitive
  • problem-focused aimed at
    • reducing demands of situation and/or
    • increasing resources to deal with stressful situation
  • different strategies are better suited to different stressors
54
Q

What are the 2 major modes of coping? (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

A
  • Emotion-focused aimed at improving emotional state
    • behavioural
    • cognitive
  • Problem-focused aimed at
  • Reducing demands of situation and/or
  • Increasing resources to deal with stressful situation
55
Q

Responses to stress can lessen its effects on immune function

  • different coping interventions:
  • …/ …
    • enhances mood, immune function, and health (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Pennebaker et al., 1988)
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
    • reduces effect of stress on immune system (Gruzelier, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1986)
  • problem solving and stress management
    • reduces effect of stress on immune function (de Brouwer et al., 2011; Fawzy et al., 1993)
  • physical activity
    • enhances mood, reduces effect of stress on cortisol (Pauly et al., 2019)
A
  • different coping interventions:
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
    • enhances mood, immune function, and health (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Pennebaker et al., 1988)
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
    • reduces effect of stress on immune system (Gruzelier, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1986)
  • problem solving and stress management
    • reduces effect of stress on immune function (de Brouwer et al., 2011; Fawzy et al., 1993)
  • physical activity
    • enhances mood, reduces effect of stress on cortisol (Pauly et al., 2019)
56
Q

Responses to stress can lessen its effects on immune function

  • different coping interventions:
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
    • enhances mood, immune function, and health (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Pennebaker et al., 1988)
  • r… / self-… / … imagery
    • reduces effect of stress on immune system (Gruzelier, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1986)
  • problem solving and stress management
    • reduces effect of stress on immune function (de Brouwer et al., 2011; Fawzy et al., 1993)
  • physical activity
    • enhances mood, reduces effect of stress on cortisol (Pauly et al., 2019)
A
  • different coping interventions:
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
    • enhances mood, immune function, and health (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Pennebaker et al., 1988)
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
    • reduces effect of stress on immune system (Gruzelier, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1986)
  • problem solving and stress management
    • reduces effect of stress on immune function (de Brouwer et al., 2011; Fawzy et al., 1993)
  • physical activity
    • enhances mood, reduces effect of stress on cortisol (Pauly et al., 2019)
57
Q

Responses to stress can lessen its effects on immune function

  • different coping interventions:
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
    • enhances mood, immune function, and health (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Pennebaker et al., 1988) - emotion focused
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
    • reduces effect of stress on immune system (Gruzelier, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1986) - emotion focused
  • … solving and … management
    • reduces effect of stress on immune function (de Brouwer et al., 2011; Fawzy et al., 1993) - problem + emotion focused
  • physical activity
    • enhances mood, reduces effect of stress on cortisol (Pauly et al., 2019) - emotion focused
A
  • different coping interventions:
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
    • enhances mood, immune function, and health (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Pennebaker et al., 1988)
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
    • reduces effect of stress on immune system (Gruzelier, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1986)
  • problem solving and stress management
    • reduces effect of stress on immune function (de Brouwer et al., 2011; Fawzy et al., 1993)
  • physical activity
    • enhances mood, reduces effect of stress on cortisol (Pauly et al., 2019)
58
Q

Responses to stress can lessen its effects on immune function

  • different coping interventions:
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
    • enhances mood, immune function, and health (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Pennebaker et al., 1988) - emotion focused
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
    • reduces effect of stress on immune system (Gruzelier, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1986) - emotion focused
  • problem solving and stress management
    • reduces effect of stress on immune function (de Brouwer et al., 2011; Fawzy et al., 1993) - problem + emotion focused
  • … activity
    • enhances mood, reduces effect of stress on cortisol (Pauly et al., 2019) - emotion focused
A
  • different coping interventions:
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
    • enhances mood, immune function, and health (Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Pennebaker et al., 1988)
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
    • reduces effect of stress on immune system (Gruzelier, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1986)
  • problem solving and stress management
    • reduces effect of stress on immune function (de Brouwer et al., 2011; Fawzy et al., 1993)
  • physical activity
    • enhances mood, reduces effect of stress on cortisol (Pauly et al., 2019)
59
Q

What are the 4 different coping interventions?

A
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
  • problem solving and stress management
  • physical activity
60
Q
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
  • problem solving and stress management
  • physical activity
    • All of these are examples of what interventions?
A
  • expressive writing /emotional disclosure
  • relaxation / self-hypnosis / guided imagery
  • problem solving and stress management
  • physical activity
    • coping interventions
61
Q

>> social support

  • secondary appraisal of resources includes evaluating social support
  • review of 81 studies showed social support has beneficial effects on stress-related responses in, immune, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular systems (Uchino et al., 1996)
  • e.g. increased sociability associated in a linear fashion with a decreased risk of developing cold (Cohen et al., 2003)
    • high levels of loneliness and small social networks result in lowest antibody response to a flu vaccination (Pressman et al., 2005)
A
  • secondary appraisal of resources includes evaluating social support
  • review of 81 studies showed social support has beneficial effects on stress-related responses in, immune, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular systems (Uchino et al., 1996)
  • e.g -> increased sociability associated in a linear fashion with a decreased risk of developing cold (Cohen et al., 2003)
    • high levels of loneliness and small social networks result in lowest antibody response to a flu vaccination (Pressman et al., 2005)
62
Q

>> social support

  • secondary … of resources includes evaluating social support
  • review of 81 studies showed social support has beneficial effects on stress-related responses in, …, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular systems (Uchino et al., 1996)
  • e.g. increased sociability associated in a linear fashion with a decreased risk of developing cold (Cohen et al., 2003)
  • high levels of loneliness and small social networks result in lowest antibody response to a flu vaccination (Pressman et al., 2005)
A
  • secondary appraisal of resources includes evaluating social support
  • review of 81 studies showed social support has beneficial effects on stress-related responses in, immune, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular systems (Uchino et al., 1996)
  • e.g. increased sociability associated in a linear fashion with a decreased risk of developing cold (Cohen et al., 2003)
  • high levels of loneliness and small social networks result in lowest antibody response to a flu vaccination (Pressman et al., 2005)
63
Q

>> social support

  • secondary appraisal of resources includes evaluating social support
  • review of 81 studies showed social support has beneficial effects on stress-related responses in, immune, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular systems (Uchino et al., 1996)
  • e.g. increased sociability associated in a linear fashion with a decreased risk of developing … (Cohen et al., 2003)
  • high levels of loneliness and small social networks result in … antibody response to a flu vaccination (Pressman et al., 2005)
A
  • secondary appraisal of resources includes evaluating social support
  • review of 81 studies showed social support has beneficial effects on stress-related responses in, immune, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular systems (Uchino et al., 1996)
  • e.g. increased sociability associated in a linear fashion with a decreased risk of developing cold (Cohen et al., 2003)
  • high levels of loneliness and small social networks result in lowest antibody response to a flu vaccination (Pressman et al., 2005)
64
Q

What are the 2 pathways of influence of social support?

A
  • direct effects
    • via psychosocial influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel less stressed if they feel supported
  • indirect effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better coping
    • more likely to adhere to medication
    • more likely to use health services
    • = better health outcomes
65
Q

2 Pathways of influence of social support

  • direct effects
    • via … influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel … stressed if they feel …
  • indirect effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better coping
    • more likely to adhere to medication
    • more likely to use health services
    • = better health outcomes
A
  • direct effects
    • via psychosocial influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel less stressed if they feel supported
  • indirect effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better coping
    • more likely to adhere to medication
    • more likely to use health services
    • = better health outcomes
66
Q

2 Pathways of influence of social support

  • … effects
    • via psychosocial influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel less stressed if they feel supported
  • indirect effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better …
    • more likely to adhere to medication
    • more likely to use health services
    • = better health outcomes
A
  • direct effects
    • via psychosocial influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel less stressed if they feel supported
  • indirect effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better coping
    • more likely to adhere to medication
    • more likely to use health services
    • = better health outcomes
67
Q

2 Pathways of influence of social support

  • direct effects
    • via psychosocial influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel less stressed if they feel supported
  • indirect effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better coping
    • more likely to adhere to …
    • more likely to use … services
    • = better health outcomes
A
  • direct effects
    • via psychosocial influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel less stressed if they feel supported
  • indirect effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better coping
    • more likely to adhere to medication
    • more likely to use health services
    • = better health outcomes
68
Q

2 Pathways of influence of social support

  • … effects
    • via psychosocial influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel less stressed if they feel supported
  • … effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better coping
    • more likely to adhere to medication
    • more likely to use health services
    • = better health outcomes
A
  • direct effects
    • via psychosocial influences on endocrine and immune function
    • i.e. people feel less stressed if they feel supported
  • indirect effects
    • people who provide social support can encourage better coping
    • more likely to adhere to medication
    • more likely to use health services
    • = better health outcomes
69
Q

Depression and immunity

  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
A
  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
70
Q

Depression and immunity

  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - … immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
A
  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
71
Q

Depression and immunity

  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to …
    • = slower wound …
    • = altered immune …
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
A
  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
72
Q

Depression and immunity

  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of …
      • reduced number and function of … cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
A
  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
73
Q

Depression and immunity

  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater … to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in …-… cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
A
  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
74
Q

Depression and immunity

  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory …
      • increases in interleukin-… (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
A
  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
75
Q

Depression and immunity

  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘…-…’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
A
  • negative emotions - loneliness, pessimism, depression - impair immune function (Herbert & Cohen, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 2002)
    • = greater susceptibility to infections
    • = slower wound healing
    • = altered immune function
      • reduced number and function of lymphocytes
      • reduced number and function of NK cells
      • changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines
      • increases in interleukin-6 (mediator of fever + inflammation)
  • ‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects
76
Q

‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged … has worse immune effects

A

‘dose-response’ effect - more severe / prolonged depression has worse immune effects

77
Q
  • depression linked to more rapid progression of …
A
  • depression linked to more rapid progression of disease
      • HIV/AIDS (Leserman, 2008)
      • cancer (Speigel & Geise-Davis, 2003)
78
Q
  • depression linked to more rapid progression of disease
    e. g… and …
A
  • depression linked to more rapid progression of disease
    • - HIV/AIDS (Leserman, 2008)
    • - cancer (Speigel & Geise-Davis, 2003)
79
Q

effects of depression may be … or ….

A
  • direct: effect on immune function
  • indirect: poor sleep, unhealthy behaviour, lower adherence (DiMatteo et al., 2000)
80
Q

effects of … may be direct (effect on immune function) or indirect (poor sleep, unhealthy behaviour, lower adherence)

A

effects of depression may be direct (effect on immune function) or indirect (poor sleep, unhealthy behaviour, lower adherence) (DiMatteo et al., 2000)

81
Q

effects of depression may be direct (effect on … …) or indirect (poor …, … behaviour, lower …) (DiMatteo et al., 2000)

A

effects of depression may be direct (effect on immune function) or indirect (poor sleep, unhealthy behaviour, lower adherence) (DiMatteo et al., 2000)

82
Q
  • psychological … to treat depression can affect the course of immune disorders
    • …. that improve psychological well-being also improve immune function (Carrico & Antoni, 2008)
A
  • psychological interventions to treat depression can affect the course of immune disorders
    • interventions that improve psychological well-being also improve
    • immune function (Carrico & Antoni, 2008)
83
Q

Do psychological interventions to treat depression can affect the course of immune disorders?

A
  • psychological interventions to treat depression can affect the course of immune disorders
    • interventions that improve psychological well-being also improve
    • immune function (Carrico & Antoni, 2008)
84
Q

Can interventions that improve psychological well-being also improve immune function ?

A

Yes - interventions that improve psychological well-being also improve immune function (Carrico & Antoni, 2008)

85
Q

positive mood and immunity

  • Is there evidence that positive moods and personalities are related to enhanced immune function?
A
  • Increasing evidence that positive moods and personalities are related to enhanced immune function (Dockray & Steptoe, 2010)
  • personality
    • optimism, emotional expressiveness, extraversion associated with: NK cell cytotoxicity; proliferation of helper T lymphocytes (Segerstrom et al., 1998
      • [hard to modify]
  • mood
    • laughter / watching comedy videos leads to increases in immune function (Bennett et al., 2003; Berk et al., 2001; Toda & Ichikawa, 2012)
      • [modifiable]
86
Q

positive mood and immunity

  • Increasing evidence that positive … and … are related to enhanced immune function (Dockray & Steptoe, 2010)
  • …
    • optimism, emotional expressiveness, extraversion associated with: NK cell cytotoxicity; proliferation of helper T lymphocytes (Segerstrom et al., 1998
      • [hard to modify]
  • …
    • laughter / watching comedy videos leads to increases in immune function (Bennett et al., 2003; Berk et al., 2001; Toda & Ichikawa, 2012)
      • [modifiable]
A
  • Increasing evidence that positive moods and personalities are related to enhanced immune function (Dockray & Steptoe, 2010)
  • personality
    • optimism, emotional expressiveness, extraversion associated with: NK cell cytotoxicity; proliferation of helper T lymphocytes (Segerstrom et al., 1998
      • [hard to modify]
  • mood
    • laughter / watching comedy videos leads to increases in immune function (Bennett et al., 2003; Berk et al., 2001; Toda & Ichikawa, 2012)
      • [modifiable]
87
Q

positive mood and immunity

  • Increasing evidence that positive moods and personalities are related to enhanced immune function (Dockray & Steptoe, 2010)
  • personality
    • optimism, emotional expressiveness, extraversion associated with: NK cell cytotoxicity; proliferation of helper T lymphocytes (Segerstrom et al., 1998
      • [hard to …]
  • mood
    • laughter / watching comedy videos leads to increases in immune function (Bennett et al., 2003; Berk et al., 2001; Toda & Ichikawa, 2012)
      • […]
A
  • Increasing evidence that positive moods and personalities are related to enhanced immune function (Dockray & Steptoe, 2010)
  • personality
    • optimism, emotional expressiveness, extraversion associated with: NK cell cytotoxicity; proliferation of helper T lymphocytes (Segerstrom et al., 1998
      • [hard to modify]
  • mood
    • laughter / watching comedy videos leads to increases in immune function (Bennett et al., 2003; Berk et al., 2001; Toda & Ichikawa, 2012)
      • [modifiable]
88
Q

positive mood and immunity

  • Increasing evidence that positive moods and personalities are related to … immune function (Dockray & Steptoe, 2010)
  • personality
    • optimism, emotional expressiveness, extraversion associated with: NK cell cytotoxicity; proliferation of helper T lymphocytes (Segerstrom et al., 1998
      • [hard to modify]
  • mood
    • laughter / watching comedy videos leads to … in immune function (Bennett et al., 2003; Berk et al., 2001; Toda & Ichikawa, 2012)
      • [modifiable]
A
  • Increasing evidence that positive moods and personalities are related to enhanced immune function (Dockray & Steptoe, 2010)
  • personality
    • optimism, emotional expressiveness, extraversion associated with: NK cell cytotoxicity; proliferation of helper T lymphocytes (Segerstrom et al., 1998
      • [hard to modify]
  • mood
    • laughter / watching comedy videos leads to increases in immune function (Bennett et al., 2003; Berk et al., 2001; Toda & Ichikawa, 2012)
      • [modifiable]
89
Q

positive events and moods may have …-lasting effects on immune function than negative events (e.g. Stone et al., 1994)

A

positive events and moods may have longer-lasting effects on immune function than negative events (e.g. Stone et al., 1994)

90
Q

… events and moods may have longer-lasting effects on immune function than … events (e.g. Stone et al., 1994)

A

positive events and moods may have longer-lasting effects on immune function than negative events (e.g. Stone et al., 1994)

91
Q
  • positive affect can have positive effects on disease … in immune disorders
      • e.g., linked to better viral control in HIV+ people (Wilson et al. 2017)
  • note: … studies of positive emotions than negative emotions
    • so less robust evidence
    • implications for interventions
A
  • positive affect can have positive effects on disease progression in immune disorders
      • e.g., linked to better viral control in HIV+ people (Wilson et al. 2017)
  • note: fewer studies of positive emotions than negative emotions
    • so less robust evidence
    • implications for interventions
92
Q
  • positive affect can have positive effects on disease progression in immune disorders
      • e.g., linked to better … control in …+ people (Wilson et al. 2017)
    • note: fewer studies of positive emotions than negative emotions
  • so less … evidence
  • implications for interventions
A
  • positive affect can have positive effects on disease progression in immune disorders
      • e.g., linked to better viral control in HIV+ people (Wilson et al. 2017)
    • note: fewer studies of positive emotions than negative emotions
  • so less robust evidence
  • implications for interventions
93
Q

what are the pathways by which social support may reduce the immune effects of stress and depression?

A

direct and indirect

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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