Defining the Reproductive Tracts COPY

Question 1

Introduction to Defining the Reproductive Tracts:

• Unlike most other body systems the reproductive system is in ‘slumber’ until …
• It is composed of the primary sex organs (… and …) that produce the gametes and a associated structures such as glands, ducts and external …
• In the adult the reproductive structures are located in the … or … pelvis.
• Provides a link to the external environment via ….
• Function is …, … and … of germ cells

Answer 1

• Unlike most other body systems the reproductive system is in ‘slumber’ until puberty.
• It is composes of the primary sex organs (testes and ovaries) that produce the gametes and a associated structures such as glands, ducts and external genitalia.
• In the adult the reproductive structures are located in the true or lesser pelvis.
• Provides a link to the external environment via genitalia.
• Function is Production, storage and delivery of germ cells

Question 2

Female Reproductive System

• Gonads = …
• Internal Ducts= U…, f…, c…, v…
• External Genitalia= v…- c…, … of vagina.
  
  • Principle function of the Female Genital System

1. To produce …- female gametes
2. To produce … (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone)
3. To transport … to the site of …
4. … fertilized … to term
5. Deliver …

Answer 2

• Gonads= Ovaries
• Internal Ducts= Uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina
• External Genitalia= Vulva- Clitoris, vestibule of vagina.
  
  • Principle function of the Female Genital System

1. To produce oocytes- female gametes
2. To produce hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone)
3. To transport oocyte to the site of fertilization
4. Nourish fertilized oocyte to term
5. Deliver fetus

Question 3

Ovaries

• Appearance: … shaped and size
• Location: Develop … and remain in … cavity. Suspended by ligament of … and …
• Blood: Supplied by ovarian artery/vein within … ligament
• Nerve: Ovarian …

Answer 3

• Appearance: Almond shaped and size
• Location: Develop retroperitoneal and remain in abdominal cavity. Suspended by ligament of ovary and mesovarium
• Blood: Supplied by ovarian artery/vein within suspensory ligament
• Nerve: Ovarian plexus

Question 4

Microscopic Anatomy - Reproductive Tracts

• A woman has around … gametes - only a fraction make it to maturation.
  
  • Within each ovary are follicles. Within each follicle is a primary … and hormone producing support cells. Within the follicle the … matures before being released for fertilization.
    
    • This development from … -> … follicles -> … follicles -> … follicle -> … follicle
• Ovulation = secondary oocyte release from … follicle. The secondary oocyte is arrested in … of second … division.
• Remainder of follicle forms the … … – secretes progesterone
• … secrete androgens and … convert to oestrogen

Answer 4

• A woman has around 400,000 gametes- only a fraction make it to maturation.
• Within each ovary are follicles. Within each follicle is a primary oocyte and hormone producing support cells. Within the follicle the oocyte matures before being released for fertilization.
• This development from oocyte- Promordial follicles- Primary follicles- Secondary follicle-Graafain follicle
• Ovulation = secondary oocyte release from graafian follicle. The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase of second meiotic division.
• Corpus luteum – secretes progesterone
• Theca secrete androgens and granulosa convert to oestrogen

Question 5

Uterine Tube

• Function: conduct …
• Structure: …cm long and divided into four parts from lateral to medial
  
  • 1.I..
  • 2.A…
  • 3.I…
  • 4.U…
• Normally the site of …
• VAN:
  
  • branches from uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
  • Innervation: … from ovarian (abdomen) and … from pelvic splanchnic n

Answer 5

• Function: conduct oocyte
• Structure: 10cm long and divided into four parts from lateral to medial
  
  • 1.Infundibulum
  • 2.Ampulla
  • 3.Isthmus
  • 4.Uterine
• Normally the site of fertilization
• VAN:
  
  • branches from uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
  • Innervation: symp from ovarian (abdomen) and parasymp from pelvic splanchnic n

Question 6

4 Parts of the Uterine Tube

• What are they? (lateral to medial)

Answer 6

1. Infundibulum (containing fimbriae)
2. Ampulla
3. Isthmus
4. Intramural

Question 7

The uterine tube is normally the site of …

Answer 7

fertilization

Question 8

Innervation of the Uterine Tube

• Sympathethic from the … + …
• Parasympathetic from the …

Answer 8

• Sympathethic from the uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
• Parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerve

Question 9

Uterus - Structure and Function

• Structure: … …-shaped muscular organ. Body – … shaped, upper 2/3rd Cervix – …, lower 1/3rd.
• Function: Site of … of … … and … development
• Has a uterine … that communicates to … via internal os

Answer 9

• Structure: Hollow pear-shaped muscular organ. Body – cone shaped, upper 2/3rd Cervix – cylindrical, lower 1/3rd.
• Function: Site of implantation of fertilized egg and foetus development
• Has a uterine cavity that communicates to vagina via internal os

Question 10

Uterus - 3 Layered Wall

• … – outer … wall covering the uterus
• … – thick muscular layer, responsible for process of …
• … – inner mucous layer; site of …; thickness changes through … cycle

Answer 10

• Perimetrium – outer serous wall covering the uterus
• Myometrium – thick muscular layer, responsible for process of parturition
• Endometrium – inner mucous layer; site of implantation; thickness changes through menstrual cycle

Question 11

Innervation of the Uterus

• Innervation: sympathetic from the … …(along uterine artery); parasympathetic via the … … … - Note: also vagina
• Touch and Pain - birth - via … afferents to S…-S…

Answer 11

• Innervation: symp from the hypogastric plexus (along uterine artery); parasymp via the pelvic splanchnic n. Note: also vagina
• Touch and Pain - birth - via somatic afferents to S2-S4

Question 12

Position of the uterus

• The position of the uterus is normally considered as being … – the fundus and body point … relative to the cervix and …- the uterus is angled forward relative to the ….
  
  • In ~…% of women the uterus is … – angled backwards

Answer 12

• The position of the uterus is normally considered as being anteflexed – the fundus and body point forward relative to the cervix and anteverted- the uterus is angled forward relative to the vagina.
• In ~20% of women the uterus is retroverted – angled backwards

Question 13

Uterine Ligaments

• Ligament of …
• … ligament of uterus
• B… ligament
• Transverse … ligament
• U… ligament
• Peritoneal pouches-
  
  • 1…. pouch
  • 2…. pouch

Answer 13

• Ligament of ovary
• Round ligament of uterus
• Broad ligament
• Transverse cervical ligament
• Uterosacral ligament
• Peritoneal pouches-
  
  • 1.Vesicouterine pouch
  • 2.Rectouterine pouch

Question 14

Cervix

• Inferior portion of uterus; … tube
• Thick muscular layer – support developing …
• Lumen – … canal
• Constricted openings at ends (os)
  
  • Internal – communicating with …
  • External – communicating with …

Answer 14

• Inferior portion of uterus; cylindrical tube
• Thick muscular layer – support developing foetus
• Lumen – cervical canal
• Constricted openings at ends (os)
  
  • Internal – communicating with uterus
  • External – communicating with vagina

Question 15

Label the Diagram

Answer 15

• Mesosalpinx
• Mesovarium
• Ovarian Artery
• Ovarian Vein
• Suspensory Ligament
• Uterine Tube
• Ovary
• Broad Ligament
• Round Ligament
• Ovarian Ligament
• Cardinal Ligament (transverse cervical ligament)
• Uterosacral Ligament
• Vagina

Question 16

The round ligament is a remnant of the embryonic …

Answer 16

The round ligament is a remnant of the embryonic gubernaculum

Question 17

In females, there are two areas of note:

• … pouch (of Douglas) – double folding of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus.
• … pouch – double folding of peritoneum between the anterior surface of the uterus and the bladder.

Answer 17

Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas) – double folding of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus.

Vesicouterine pouch – double folding of peritoneum between the anterior surface of the uterus and the bladder.

Question 18

Vagina

• Function: Canal for … fluid, … canal, receives …/…
• Musculomembranous tube (…-…cm)
• Superiorly two recesses (…)
• Opens into … inferiorly

Answer 18

• Function: Canal for menstrual fluid, birth canal, receives penis/ejaculate
• Musculomembranous tube (7-9cm)
• Superiorly two recesses (fornix)
• Opens into vestibule inferiorly

Question 19

External Genitalia - Female

• Consists of: … pubis, labia …, labia …, c…, bulb of …, … glands.
• Clitoris - erectile organ consists of: r…, body and g…
• Bulb of vestibule- erectile tissue over b… muscle
• Vestibular glands- secrete …
• Labia … encloses the … (openings for vagina and urethra) and the …
• Blood supply/drainage: … artery (erectile) & vein
• Innervation: branches of … and … n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)

Answer 19

• Consists of: mons pubis, labia majoria, labia minoria, clitoris, bulb of vestibule, vestibular glands.
• Clitoris- erectile organ consists of: root, body and glans
• Bulb of vestibule- erectile tissue over bulbospongiosus muscle
• Vestibular glands- secrete mucus
• Labia minora encloses the vestibule (openings for vagina and urethra) and the clitoris
• Blood supply/drainage: pudendal artery (erectile) & vein
• Innervation: branches of genitofemoral and pudendal n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)

Question 20

Vasculature - Female Reproductive Tracts

• Ovarian (…) artery
• … artery
• … artery
• Internal … artery

Answer 20

• Ovarian (gonadal) artery
• Uterine artery
• Vaginal artery
• Internal pudendal artery

Question 21

Female External Genitalia - Blood supply/drainage and Innervation

• Blood supply/drainage: … artery (erectile) & vein
• Innervation: branches of … and … n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)

Answer 21

• Blood supply/drainage: pudendal artery (erectile) & vein
• Innervation: branches of genitofemoral and pudendal n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)

Question 22

Pregnancy

• Changes to the uterus and vagina from … and increasing size of the ….
  
  • 1.Uterus expands from 50g to …g
  • 2.Uterus extends to the x….
  • 3.Centre of … is altered-increased lumbar ….
  • 4 …. joint and pubic … relaxes
  • 5.With uterine expansion the ovaries and uterine tubes are displaced …. The cervix becomes … and ….

Answer 22

• Changes to the uterus and vagina from hormones and increasing size of the uterus.
  
  • 1.Uterus expands from 50g to 950g.
  • 2.Uterus extends to the xiphisternum.
  • 3.Centre of gravity is altered-increased lumbar lordosis.
  • 4.Sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis relaxes
  • 5.With uterine expansion the ovaries and uterine tubes are displaced laterally. The cervix becomes softer and swollen.

Question 23

Male Reproductive System

• Gonads = …
• Internal Ducts= Efferent …, E.., Vas .., … glands (e.g. prostate), U…
• External Genitalia= … and …
• Principle Functions of the Male Genital System:
  
  • 1.To produce … -Male gametes
  • 2.To produce … - Mostly testosterone
  • 3.To facilitate fertilization- C…

Answer 23

• Gonads= testis
• Internal Ducts= Efferent ductules, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Accessory glands (e.g. prostate), Urethra
• External Genitalia=Penis and scrotum
• Principle Functions of the Male Genital System:
  
  • 1.To produce spermatozoa-Male gametes
  • 2.To produce androgens- Mostly testosterone
  • 3.To facilitate fertilization- Copulation

Question 24

Testis

• Appearance: Small egg-shaped oval organ …cm long …-…cm thick
• Location: The testis begin in the … region in week 12 and by week 32 arrive in the ….
  
  • In the adult they should be located in the Scrotum suspended by the … cord
• Blood: Supplied by … artery- veins form the … plexus
• Nerve = … plexus (abdomen)

Answer 24

• Appearance: Small egg-shaped oval organ 4cm long 2-3cm thick
• Location: The testis begin in the lumbar region in week 12 and by week 32 arrive in the scrotum.
  
  • In the adult they should be located in the Scrotum suspended by the spermatic cord
• Blood: Supplied by Testicular artery- veins form the pampiniform plexus
• Nerve:spermatic plexus (abdomen)

Question 25

Testis ducts

• Sperm travel – exiting the testis:
  
  • … tubules – coiled tubules; sperm is produced
  • … testis – straight tubules (‘rete’ = net)
  • … ductules – ducts leaving (efferent) testis
  • … – transport and storage of sperm
  • … … – thin muscular tube about 45 cm long

Answer 25

• Sperm travel – exiting the testis:
  
  • Seminiferous tubules – coiled tubules; sperm is produced
  • Rete testis – straight tubules (‘rete’ = net)
  • Efferent ductules – ducts leaving (efferent) testis
  • Epididymis – transport and storage of sperm
  • Vas deferens – thin muscular tube about 45 cm long

Question 26

Microscopic (Semifiniferous tubules)

• Each testis is subdivided into approx - … pyramid shaped lobules contain seminiferous tubules
• Function- production of … (spermatogenesis)
• Structure- highly …, lined by seminiferous epithelium
• Tunica propria-loose C.T, fibroblasts and myoid cells
• Stroma-surrounds semifiniferous tubules, loose C.T, vascular and houses small clusters of large interstitial cells of …
• … Cells - sit between seminiferous tubules
  
  • Stretch from basal lamina to the lumen, linked by … junctions
• •Enfold developing spermatozoa-acting to
  
  • Protect them from … in the blood
  • Provide …
  • … excess cytoplasm
  • Secrete … binding protein
  • Secrete i..
  • Add fluid to the l..

Answer 26

• Each testis is subdivided into approx. 250 pyramid shaped lobules contain seminiferous tubules
• Function- production of spermatozoa (spermatogenesis)
• Structure- highly tortuous, lined by seminiferous epithelium
• Tunica propria-loose C.T, fibroblasts and myoid cells
• Stroma-surrounds semifiniferous tubules, loose C.T, vascular and houses small clusters of large interstitial cells of Leydig
• Sertoli Cells - sit between seminiferous tubules
  
  • Stretch from basal lamina to the lumen, linked by tight junctions
• Enfold developing spermatozoa-acting to
  
  • Protect them from antibodies in the blood
  • Provide nutrients
  • Phagocytose excess cytoplasm
  • Secrete androgen binding protein
  • Secrete inhibin
  • Add fluid to the lumen

Question 27

Inguinal Canal - (Not testing in 203)

• Formed between … and … inguinal ring
  
  • Male contains ductus …, testicular artery, veins and nerves
  • Female contains … ligament
• Hernia: Basic info:
  
  • Weakness in muscle and surrounding tissue.
  • Variety of causes, including congenital
  • 1 in 50 boys get a hernia. 98% of inguinal hernia affect men.
  • Surgery to correct.

Answer 27

• Formed between deep and superficial inguinal ring
  
  • Male contains ductus deferens, testicular artery, veins and nerves
  • Female contains round ligament
• Hernia: Basic info:
  
  • Weakness in muscle and surrounding tissue.
  • Variety of causes, including congenital
  • 1 in 50 boys get a hernia. 98% of inguinal hernia affect men.
  • Surgery to correct.

Question 28

Spermatogenesis

• … sperm per gram of testis per second!
• Mature spermatozoa-highly specialized cell
• Involves extensive and elaborate … during development
• It involves … and …
• Takes … days
• Spermatids transformed into …

Answer 28

• 600 sperm per gram of testis per second!
• Mature spermatozoa-highly specialized cell
• Involves extensive and elaborate remodelling during development
• It involves mitosis and meiosis
• Takes 64 days
• Spermatids transformed into spermatozoa

Question 29

Ductus Deferens Gross Anatomy

• Flow as from the perspective of sperm leaving the testis.
• Structure: Tube continuous with epididymis that is joined by duct seminal gland => … duct
• Location: Ascends in spermatic cord- which contains: vas deferens, Blood (testicular) and lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle, nerves (e.g. branch of genitofemoral). Passes through the Inguinal canal- superficial ring first then canal- then deep inguinal ring. Deferens travels posteriorly, crosses over external iliacs and towards the back of bladder
• Function: to enable movement of sperm from testis to urethra for deposit into female tract.
• VAN: Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower bladder – inferior vesical – and rectum – middle rectal. Venous: blood follow the arteries and so have the same name.

Answer 29

• Flow as from the perspective of sperm leaving the testis.
• Structure: Tube continuous with epididymis that is joined by duct seminal gland => ejaculatory duct
• Location: Ascends in spermatic cord- which contains: vas deferens, Blood (testicular) and lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle, nerves (e.g. branch of genitofemoral). Passes through the Inguinal canal- superficial ring first then canal- then deep inguinal ring. Deferens travels posteriorly, crosses over external iliacs and towards the back of bladder
• Function: to enable movement of sperm from testis to urethra for deposit into female tract.
• VAN:Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower bladder – inferior vesical – and rectum – middle rectal. Venous: blood follow the arteries and so have the same name.

Question 30

Ductus Deferens - VAN

• Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower … – inferior … – and … – middle …
• Venous: blood follow the … and so …

Answer 30

• Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower bladder – inferior vesical – and rectum – middle rectal
• Venous: blood follow the arteries and so have the same name.

Question 31

Accessory Glands

• … duct is joined by … glands:
  
  • … vesicles – 5cm elongated organ; just inferior to rectovesical pouch; secretes alkaline fluid + fructose + coagulate
  • … – blunt inverted cone; 3 x 4 cm; located at base of bladder; secretes prostatic fluid (20% total volume)
  • … glands – pea sized glands; a.k.a. Cowpers glands; located inferior to prostate; secretion assists lubrication of ducts

Answer 31

• Deferens duct is joined by accessory glands:
  
  • Seminal vesicles – 5cm elongated organ; just inferior to rectovesical pouch; secretes alkaline fluid + fructose + coagulate
  • Prostate – blunt inverted cone; 3 x 4 cm; located at base of bladder; secretes prostatic fluid (20% total volume)
  • Bulbourethral glands – pea sized glands; a.k.a. Cowpers glands; located inferior to prostate; secretion assists lubrication of ducts

Question 32

Seminal Vesicles

• Structure: … tubes in sac, bound by adventitia, Epithelium folded, … affect height and secretion of the epithelium
• Location: Posterior aspect of the …
• Function: Secrete- f…, amino acids, p…, citric and ascorbic acids that nourish …
• VAN: Wall of sac contains smooth muscle, which when stimulated by sympathetic nerves expels fluid out-ejaculation. Blood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)

Answer 32

• Structure: Coiled tubes in sac, bound by adventitia, Epithelium folded, androgens affect height and secretion of the epithelium
• Location: Posterior aspect of the bladder
• Function: Secrete- fructose, amino acids, prostaglandins, citric and ascorbic acids that nourish spermatozoa
• VAN: Wall of sac contains smooth muscle, which when stimulated by sympathetic nerves expels fluid out-ejaculation. Blood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)

Question 33

Seminal Vesicles - VAN

• Wall of sac contains … muscle, which when stimulated by … nerves expels fluid out-…
• Blood: … vesicle + … vessels (int iliac a)

Answer 33

• Wall of sac contains smooth muscle, which when stimulated by sympathetic nerves expels fluid out-ejaculation
• DBlood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)

Question 34

Prostate

• Structure: Largest accessory gland of reproductive system (3cm long), 2/3 …. 1/3 …
• Location: Prostatic ducts open into prostatic …
• Function: Support …
• VAN: Supplied by … arteries and veins, Innervated by sympathetic from inferior … and parasympathetic from … nerves
• TURP

Answer 34

• Structure: Largest accessory gland of reproductive system (3cm long), 2/3 glandular. 1/3 fibromuscular
• Location: Prostatic ducts open into prostatic urethra
• Function: Support sperm
• VAN: Supplied by prostatic arteries and veins, Innervated by sympathetic from inferior hypogastric and parasympathetic from pelvic splanchnic nerves
• TURP - Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgery used to treat urinary problems that are caused by an enlarged prostate

Question 35

What is TURP?

Answer 35

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgery used to treat urinary problems that are caused by an enlarged prostate

Question 36

Bulbourethral glands

• Structure: Paired gland, Pea shaped, Open into spongy …
• Location: in external … …
• Function:.. of urethra
• VAN: Blood: … vesicle + … vessels (int iliac a)

Answer 36

• Structure: Paired gland, Pea shaped, Open into spongy urethra
• Location: in external urethral sphincter
• Function:lubrication of urethra
• VAN: Blood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)

Question 37

Composition of Ejaculate

• Sperm accounts for about …-…%
• Seminal vesicles about …-…%
• Prostate secreting …-…%
• Bulbourethral glands …%

Answer 37

• Sperm accounts for about 2-5%
• Seminal vesicles about 60-70%
• Prostate secreting 20-30%
• Bulbourethral glands 1%

Question 38

Penis Gross Anatomy

• Structure: Consists of root, body and glans, body contains 3 … bodies
• Paired corpora … and 1 corpus …
• Location: … aspect of the pelvis
• Function:
• VAN: Supplied by internal … arteries and external … veins. Innervated by S2/4 … nerve, … nerve to penis, … nerve

Answer 38

• Structure: Consists of root, body and glans, body contains 3 cylindrical bodies
• Paired corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum
• Location: Anterior aspect of the pelvis
• Function:
• VAN: Supplied by internal pudendal arteries and external pudendal veins. Innervated by S2/4 Pudendal nerve, dorsal nerve to penis, ilioinguinal nerve

Question 39

Penis Microscopic Anatomy

• Each cavernous body is encapsulated by tough fibrous sheath (Tunica …)
• Interior of each cavernous body -> irregular … spaces, lined by endothelium, with dense … tissue and … muscle

Answer 39

• Each cavernous body is encapsulated by tough fibrous sheath (Tunica Albuginea)
• Interior of each cavernous body-irregular vascular spaces, lined by endothelium, with dense fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle

Question 40

Male Urethra

• Divided into three parts:
  
  • P…
  • M…
  • P…

Answer 40

• Divided into three parts:
  
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Penile

Question 41

Erection, Emission and Ejaculation

• Erection- … arteries-supply the corpora-in flaccid state A/V shunts
• Increased … nerve supply, increases blood flow- diverted to vascular spaces
• Increased pressure in erectile tissue thus … venous return
• Emission - semen is delivered to the prostatic …, prostatic … added.
• Emission results from … activity.
• Ejaculation - semen expelled through …
• Inhibition of … supply-return to flaccid state

Answer 41

• Erection- Deep arteries-supply the corpora-in flaccid state A/V shunts
• Increased parasympathetic nerve supply, increases blood flow- diverted to vascular spaces
• Increased pressure in erectile tissue thus decreasing venous return
• Emission- semen is delivered to the prostatic urethra, prostatic fluid added.
• Emission results from sympathetic activity.
• Ejaculation-semen expelled through urethra
• Inhibition of sympathetic supply-return to flaccid state

Question 42

Male Reproductive Tracts - Clinical Cases

• Testicular Torsion
• Cryptorchidism
• Patent processus vaginalis
• Hydrocele
• Hematocele

Answer 42

• Testicular Torsion
• Cryptorchidism
• Patent processus vaginalis
• Hydrocele
• Hematocele

Question 43

Female Reproductive Tracts - Clinical Cases

• Female Genital Mutilation
• Prolapse
• Genital Warts
• Vulvitis

Answer 43

• Female Genital Mutilation
• Prolapse
• Genital Warts
• Vulvitis

Question 44

Innervation - Erection, Emission, Ejaculation

• Erection - point =
• Emission = shoot =

Answer 44

• Erection - point = parasympathetic
• Emission = shoot = sympathetic