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Year 2 Medicine > Skull and Cranial Cavity > Flashcards

Skull and Cranial Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

The Scalp consists of five layers that form the acronym SCALP - what does this stand for?

A
  • Skin
  • Connective tissue (Dense)
  • Aponeurotic layer
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Pericranium
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2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A
  • Skin
  • Connective tissue (Dense)
  • Aponeurotic layer
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Pericranium
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3
Q

Scalp extends over the …

A

Scalp extends over the neurocranium

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4
Q

Innervation to the scalp is from the … nerve and spinal … nerves

A

Innervation to the scalp is from the trigeminal nerve and spinal cutaneous nerves

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5
Q

How many bones of the skull?

A

22

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6
Q

How many bones make up the neurocranium?

A

8 (occipital, two temporal, two parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal)

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7
Q

How many bones make up the viscerocranium?

A

14 (two nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, two lacrimal bones, vomer, mandible)

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8
Q

The neurocranium is comprised of eight bones: …, two temporal bones, two … bones, sphenoid, ethmoid, and the frontal bone.

A

The neurocranium is comprised of eight bones: occipital, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, sphenoid, ethmoid, and the frontal bone.

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9
Q

The neurocranium is comprised of eight bones: occipital, two … bones, two parietal bones, sphenoid, …, and the frontal bone.

A

The neurocranium is comprised of eight bones: occipital, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, sphenoid, ethmoid, and the frontal bone.

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10
Q

The viscerocranium (face) includes these bones: …, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 nasals, …, mandible, palatine, 2 zygomatics, and 2 lacrimals.

A

The viscerocranium (face) includes these bones: vomer, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 nasals, maxilla, mandible, palatine, 2 zygomatics, and 2 lacrimals.

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11
Q

The viscerocranium (face) includes these bones: vomer, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 nasals, maxilla, mandible, …, 2 zygomatics, and 2 …

A

The viscerocranium (face) includes these bones: vomer, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 nasals, maxilla, mandible, palatine, 2 zygomatics, and 2 lacrimals.

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12
Q

Foramina - Skull

  • Foramina exist to allow for nerves, veins to leave the skull and for arteries to enter.
  • Label the diagram
A
  • Foramina exist to allow for nerves, veins to leave the skull and for arteries to enter.
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13
Q

Foramina - Skull

  • Foramina exist to allow for nerves, veins to leave the skull and for arteries to enter.
  • Label the diagram
A
  • Foramina exist to allow for nerves, veins to leave the skull and for arteries to enter.
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14
Q

Foramina - Skull

  • Foramina exist to allow for nerves, veins to leave the skull and for arteries to enter.
  • Label the diagram
A
  • Foramina exist to allow for nerves, veins to leave the skull and for arteries to enter.
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15
Q

Below is a table of the foramina of the skull - what does each foramina contain?

A
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16
Q

Below is a table of the foramina of the skull - what does each foramina contain?

A
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17
Q

Meninges - Skull

  • Three layers: Outside to inside
    • … Mater (2 layers)
    • … Mater
    • Pia Mater
A
  • Three layers:
    • Dura Mater (2 layers)
    • Arachnoid Mater
    • Pia Mater
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18
Q

Meninges - Skull

  • Three layers: Outside to inside
    • Dura Mater (2 layers)
    • Arachnoid Mater
    • … Mater
A
  • Three layers:
    • Dura Mater (2 layers)
    • Arachnoid Mater
    • Pia Mater
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19
Q

Role of the …: protection, support, network for blood vessels, form a fluid-filled cavity to cushion and nourish the brain

A

Role of the meninges: protection, support, network for blood vessels, form a fluid-filled cavity to cushion and nourish the brain

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20
Q

Label the diagram (Meninges - Skull)

A
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21
Q

Dura Mater

  • Has how many layers?
A
  • 2 Layers around the brain
  • Endosteal layer (stuck to actual skull) - just lines the skull
  • Meningeal layer - around the brain and spinal cord
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22
Q

Dura Mater

  • What are the two layers?
A
  • Endosteal layer (stuck to actual skull) - just lines the skull
  • Meningeal layer - around the brain and spinal cord
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23
Q

The endosteal layer of the dura mater lines the …

A

skull

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24
Q

The meningeal layer of the dura mater is around the … and … …

A

brain and spinal cord

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25
The blood supply to the dura mater is via which artery?
middle meningeal artery
26
The nerve supply to the dura mater is via...
CN 5, 10 C1-3 and sympathetic
27
What nerves supply the dura mater?
CN 5, 10 , C1-3 and sympathetic
28
_Meningeal layer of Dura_ * Arranged in a series of folds/septa which divide the cranial cavity. Folds or reflections prevent/restrict ... of the brain * ... ... – separates cerebral hemispheres * Tentorium cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres * Falx cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres
* Arranged in a series of folds/septa which divide the cranial cavity. Folds or reflections prevent/restrict **movement** of the brain * **Falx cerebri** – separates cerebral hemispheres * Tentorium cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres * Falx cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres
29
_Meningeal layer of Dura_ * Arranged in a series of folds/septa which divide the cranial cavity. Folds or reflections prevent/restrict movement of the brain * Falx cerebri – separates cerebral hemispheres * ... cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres * Falx cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres
* Arranged in a series of folds/septa which divide the cranial cavity. Folds or reflections prevent/restrict movement of the brain * Falx cerebri – separates cerebral hemispheres * **Tentorium** cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres * Falx cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres
30
* The two dural layers are firmly attached to each other, except in places where they separate to enclose the dural venous .... In these places, the meningeal layer projects inward, towards the cerebral tissue, forming the fibrous septa that partially separate the cranial cavity. The fibrous septa within the cranium are the: * ... cerebri * Tentorium cerebelli * ... cerebelli
* The two dural layers are firmly attached to each other, except in places where they separate to enclose the dural venous **sinuses**. In these places, the meningeal layer projects inward, towards the cerebral tissue, forming the fibrous septa that partially separate the cranial cavity. The fibrous septa within the cranium are the: * **Falx** cerebri * Tentorium cerebelli * **Falx** cerebelli
31
_Falx cerebri_ * The falx cerebri is a meningeal projection of dura in the brain * What does it seperate?
cerebral hemispheres
32
_Tentorium cerebelli_ * The tentorium cerebelli is a meningeal projection of dura in the brain * What does it seperate?
separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres
33
_Falx Cerebelli_ * The falx cerebelli is a meningeal projection of dura in the brain * What does it seperate?
cerebellar hemispheres
34
_Meningeal Layer of Dura_ * Label the septa shown
35
_Meningeal Layer of Dura_ * ... cerebri - separates cerebral hemispheres * ... ... - separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres * ... cerebelli - separates cerebellar hemispheres
* **Falx** cerebri - separates cerebral hemispheres * **Tentorium cerebelli** - separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres * **Falx** cerebelli - separates cerebellar hemispheres
36
_Meningeal Layer of Dura_ * Falx ... - separates cerebral hemispheres * Tentorium ... - separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres * Falx ... - separates cerebellar hemispheres
* Falx **cerebri** - separates cerebral hemispheres * Tentorium **cerebelli** - separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres * Falx **cerebelli** - separates cerebellar hemispheres
37
_Clinical Application - Dura Mater_ * Dura sensitive to ... : anatomical basis of headache. * Damage to ... meningeal artery- Extradural (Epidural) haematoma * ... ...- caused by space occupying lesion cause herniation of temporal lobe
* Dura sensitive to **stretching**: anatomical basis of headache. * Damage to **middle** meningeal artery- Extradural (Epidural) haematoma * **Tentorial** **herniation**- caused by space occupying lesion cause herniation of temporal lobe
38
_Clinical Application - Dura Mater_ * Dura sensitive to stretching: anatomical basis of ... * Damage to middle meningeal artery- ... (...) haematoma * Tentorial herniation- caused by space occupying lesion cause herniation of ... lobe
* Dura sensitive to stretching: anatomical basis of **headache**. * Damage to middle meningeal artery- **Extradural** (**Epidural**) haematoma * Tentorial herniation- caused by space occupying lesion cause herniation of **temporal** lobe
39
_Arachnoid Mater_ * Thin ... layer between pia and dura * Loosely applied layer with ... * All structures passing to / from brain pass through ... space
* Thin **avascular** layer between pia and dura * Loosely applied layer with **projections** * All structures passing to / from brain pass through **subarachnoid** space * subdural space above, subarachnoid space below
40
_Arachnoid Mater_ * Thin avascular layer between ... and ... * ... applied layer with projections * All structures passing to / from brain pass through subarachnoid space
* Thin avascular layer between **pia** and **dura** * **Loosely** applied layer with projections * All structures passing to / from brain pass through subarachnoid space
41
Dura is sensitive to stretching - anatomical basis of ...
Dura is sensitive to stretching - anatomical basis of **headache**
42
_Arachnoid mater and CSF_ * Subarachnoid space - real space - contains ... produced by choroid plexus in brain ventricles * Provides buoyancy to brain protecting it from mechanical forces e.g. blow to skull * ... produced per day * Arachnoid granulations affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses - picked up by venous system and filtered by kidneys
* Subarachnoid space - real space - contains **CSF** produced by choroid plexus in brain ventricles * Provides buoyancy to brain protecting it from mechanical forces e.g. blow to skull * **500ml** produced per day * Arachnoid granulations affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses - picked up by venous system and filtered by kidneys
43
_Arachnoid mater and CSF_ * Subarachnoid space - real space - contains CSF produced by choroid plexus in brain ventricles * Provides ... to brain protecting it from mechanical forces e.g. blow to skull * 500ml produced per day * Arachnoid ... affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses - picked up by venous system and filtered by ...
* Subarachnoid space - real space - contains CSF produced by choroid plexus in brain ventricles * Provides **buoyancy** to brain protecting it from mechanical forces e.g. blow to skull * 500ml produced per day * Arachnoid **granulations** affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses - picked up by venous system and filtered by **kidneys**
44
_Arachnoid mater and CSF_ * Subarachnoid space - real space - contains CSF produced by ... plexus in brain ventricles * Provides buoyancy to brain protecting it from ... forces e.g. blow to skull * 500ml produced per day * Arachnoid granulations affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses - picked up by venous system and filtered by kidneys
* Subarachnoid space - real space - contains CSF produced by **choroid** plexus in brain ventricles * Provides buoyancy to brain protecting it from **mechanical** forces e.g. blow to skull * 500ml produced per day * Arachnoid granulations affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses - picked up by venous system and filtered by kidneys
45
How much CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in the brain ventricles per day?
500ml produced per day
46
_Pia Mater_ * Very delicate ... membrane (nourish) * Closely invests brain following .../sulci * Cerebral arteries enter brain carrying sheath of pia mater with them
* Very delicate **vascular** membrane (nourish) * Closely invests brain following **gyri**/sulci * Cerebral arteries enter brain carrying sheath of pia mater with them
47
_Pia Mater_ * Very delicate vascular membrane (nourish) * Closely invests brain following gyri/... * ... arteries enter brain carrying sheath of pia mater with them
* Very delicate vascular membrane (nourish) * Closely invests brain following gyri/**sulci** * **Cerebral** arteries enter brain carrying sheath of pia mater with them
48
_Spinal cord meninges_ * 3 layers (dura mater only has the ... layer) * Form part of covering of spinal nerve roots
* 3 layers (dura mater only has the **meningeal** layer) * Form part of covering of spinal nerve roots
49
_Spinal cord meninges_ * ... layers (dura mater only has the meningeal layer) * Form part of covering of spinal nerve ...
* **3** layers (dura mater only has the meningeal layer) * Form part of covering of spinal nerve **roots**
50
_Clinical application of Spinal Cord Meninges_ * ... is an infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and pia mater (the ...) * The infection may enter the subarachnoid space and enter the blood (Septicemia)
* **Leptomeningitis** is an infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and pia mater (the **leptomeninges**) * The infection may enter the subarachnoid space and enter the blood (Septicemia)
51
_Clinical application of Spinal Cord Meninges_ * Leptomeningitis is an infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and pia mater (the leptomeninges) * The infection may enter the ... space and enter the blood (..)
* Leptomeningitis is an infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and pia mater (the leptomeninges) * The infection may enter the **subarachnoid** space and enter the blood (**Septicemia**)
52
... is an infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and pia mater (the ...)
**Leptomeningitis** is an infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and pia mater (the **leptomeninges**)
53
Label the diagram (Skull&cranial cavity)
54
Label the diagram (Skull&cranial cavity)
55
_Dural sinuses_ * Sinuses sit between the dural ... * Drained blood and CSF from the brain via cerebral veins * Communicate with the ... of the skull and scalp * ... walled endothelium - no valves or smooth muscle * Drain into internal jugular vein * Ensure can locate - superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, sphenoparietal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, cavernous sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus
* Sinuses sit between the dural **folds** * Drained blood and CSF from the brain via cerebral veins * Communicate with the **veins** of the skull and scalp * **Thick** walled endothelium - no valves or smooth muscle * Drain into internal jugular vein * Ensure can locate - superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, sphenoparietal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, cavernous sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus
56
_Dural sinuses_ * Sinuses sit between the dural folds * Drained blood and ... from the brain via cerebral veins * Communicate with the veins of the skull and scalp * Thick walled endothelium - no ... or smooth muscle * Drain into ... jugular vein * Ensure can locate - superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, sphenoparietal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, cavernous sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus
* Sinuses sit between the dural folds * Drained blood and **CSF** from the brain via cerebral veins * Communicate with the veins of the skull and scalp * Thick walled endothelium - no **valves** or smooth muscle * Drain into **internal** jugular vein * Ensure can locate - superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, sphenoparietal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, cavernous sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus
57
_Dural sinuses_ * Sinuses sit between the dural folds * Drained ... and CSF from the brain via ... veins * Communicate with the veins of the skull and scalp * Thick walled endothelium - no valves or smooth muscle * Drain into internal ... vein * Ensure can locate - superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, sphenoparietal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, cavernous sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus
* Sinuses sit between the dural folds * Drained **blood** and CSF from the brain via **cerebral** veins * Communicate with the veins of the skull and scalp * Thick walled endothelium - no valves or smooth muscle * Drain into internal **jugular** vein * Ensure can locate - superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, sphenoparietal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, cavernous sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus
58
The dural sinuses drain into the internal ... vein
Drain into internal **jugular** vein
59
_Dural sinuses_
60
_Superior sagittal sinus_ * There are two sagittal sinuses that occupy the longitudinal cerebral fissure (midline between the ... ...). * The superior sagittal sinus is the more superficial of the two sinuses.
* There are two sagittal sinuses that occupy the longitudinal cerebral fissure (midline between the **cerebral** **hemispheres**). * The superior sagittal sinus is the more superficial of the two sinuses.
61
_Inferior sagittal sinus_ * Deep to the superior sagittal sinus lays an inferior sagittal sinus in the free border of the ... cerebri, just dorsal to the corpus callosum.
* Deep to the superior sagittal sinus lays an inferior sagittal sinus in the free border of the **falx** cerebri, just dorsal to the corpus callosum.
62
_Straight Sinus_ * The straight sinus receives blood from the superior ... veins and ... sagittal sinus and drains into the confluence of sinuses.
* The straight sinus receives blood from the superior **cerebellar** veins and **inferior** sagittal sinus and drains into the confluence of sinuses.
63
_Spenoparietal sinus_ * The sphenoparietal sinus is one of the ... venous sinuses and is located along the posteroinferior ridge of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
* The sphenoparietal sinus is one of the **dural** venous sinuses and is located along the posteroinferior ridge of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
64
_Superior Petrosal Sinus_ * The superior petrosal sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses and drains the ... sinus
* The superior petrosal sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses and drains the **cavernous** sinus
65
_Cavernous Sinus_ * The cavernous sinus is located on either side of the ... fossa and body of the sphenoid bone between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura.
* The cavernous sinus is located on either side of the **pituitary** fossa and body of the sphenoid bone between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura.
66
_Transverse Sinus_ * The left and right transverse sinuses travel in the base of the tentorium cerebelli, along the ... bone. It communicates with the straight sinus, superior sagittal sinus and the occipital sinus at a point called the confluence of sinuses;
* The left and right transverse sinuses travel in the base of the tentorium cerebelli, along the **occipital** bone. It communicates with the straight sinus, superior sagittal sinus and the occipital sinus at a point called the confluence of sinuses;
67
_Sigmoid Sinus_ * Sigmoid sinuses are a paired, bilateral, s-shaped set of sinuses that course along the floor of the posterior cranial fossa. * it forms a ... bulb that enters the ... foramen with CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus)and CN XI (accessory) as the ... ... vein.
* Sigmoid sinuses are a paired, bilateral, s-shaped set of sinuses that course along the floor of the posterior cranial fossa. * it forms a **jugular** bulb that enters the **jugular** foramen with CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus)and CN XI (accessory) as the **internal jugular** vein.
68
_Blood Supply to the Brain_ * Brain is supplied by two main arteries: ... ... artery and the vertebral artery * The branches ... to form the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis) * Inside the skull there are two terminal branches: the anterior cerebral and ... cerebral artery * Vertebral arteries passes within cervical vertebrae and enter foramen magnum where they unite to form the basilar artery
* Brain is supplied by two main arteries: **Internal carotid** artery and the vertebral artery * The branches **anastomose** to form the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis) * Inside the skull there are two terminal branches: the anterior cerebral and **middle** cerebral artery * Vertebral arteries passes within cervical vertebrae and enter foramen magnum where they unite to form the basilar artery
69
_Blood Supply to the Brain_ * Brain is supplied by two main arteries: Internal carotid artery and the ... artery * The branches anastomose to form the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of ...) * Inside the skull there are two terminal branches: the ... cerebral and middle cerebral artery * Vertebral arteries passes within cervical vertebrae and enter foramen magnum where they unite to form the ... artery
* Brain is supplied by two main arteries: Internal carotid artery and the **vertebral** artery * The branches anastomose to form the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of **Willis**) * Inside the skull there are two terminal branches: the **anterior** cerebral and middle cerebral artery * Vertebral arteries passes within cervical vertebrae and enter foramen magnum where they unite to form the **basilar** artery
70
_Blood Supply to the Brain_ * Brain is supplied by two main arteries: Internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery * The branches anastomose to form the cerebral ... circle (Circle of Willis) * Inside the skull there are two terminal branches: the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral artery * Vertebral arteries passes within cervical vertebrae and enter foramen ... where they unite to form the ... artery
* Brain is supplied by two main arteries: Internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery * The branches anastomose to form the cerebral **arterial** circle (Circle of Willis) * Inside the skull there are two terminal branches: the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral artery * Vertebral arteries passes within cervical vertebrae and enter foramen **magnum** where they unite to form the **basilar** artery
71
_Cerebral arterial circle_ * The Circle of Willis is formed by an anastomosis between 2 ... ... arteries (ICA) and 2 vertebral arteries
* The Circle of Willis is formed by an anastomosis between 2 **internal Carotid** arteries (ICA) and 2 vertebral arteries
72
The Circle of Willis is formed by an anastomosis between 2 internal Carotid arteries (ICA) and 2 ... arteries
The Circle of Willis is formed by an anastomosis between 2 internal Carotid arteries (ICA) and 2 **vertebral** arteries
73
The circle of willis anastomosis means that if slowly over time there is a blockage, there is another route where blood can bypass - not good in cases of sudden occlusions such as ...
The circle of willis anastomosis means that if slowly over time there is a blockage, there is another route where blood can bypass - not good in cases of sudden occlusions such as **stroke**
74
_Arterial supply to the brain - Circle of Willis_ * Anterior ... arteries * Anterior ... artery * ... carotid artery * Posterior communicating artery * Posterior cerebral artery
* Anterior **cerebral** arteries * Anterior **communicating** artery * **Internal** carotid artery * Posterior communicating artery * Posterior cerebral artery
75
_Arterial supply to the brain - Circle of Willis_ * ... cerebral arteries * ... communicating artery * Internal carotid artery * ... communicating artery * ... cerebral artery
* **Anterior** cerebral arteries * **Anterior** communicating artery * Internal carotid artery * **Posterior** communicating artery * **Posterior** cerebral artery
76
Label the circle of willis
77
Label the circle of willis
78
_Cerebral artery_ * Each cerebral artery has it's own pattern of supply to the brain * The anterior cerebral supplying the ... and ... surfaces of the brain and ... pole * The middle cerebral supplying the lateral surfaces and temporal pole * The posterior cerebral supplying the inferior surfaces and ... pole
* Each cerebral artery has it's own pattern of supply to the brain * The anterior cerebral supplying the **medial** and **superior** surfaces of the brain and **frontal** pole * The middle cerebral supplying the lateral surfaces and temporal pole * The posterior cerebral supplying the inferior surfaces and **occipital** pole
79
_Cerebral artery_ * Each cerebral artery has it's own pattern of supply to the brain * The anterior cerebral supplying the medial and superior surfaces of the brain and frontal pole * The middle cerebral supplying the ... surfaces and ... pole * The posterior cerebral supplying the inferior surfaces and occipital pole
* Each cerebral artery has it's own pattern of supply to the brain * The anterior cerebral supplying the medial and superior surfaces of the brain and frontal pole * The middle cerebral supplying the **lateral** surfaces and **temporal** pole * The posterior cerebral supplying the inferior surfaces and occipital pole
80
The posterior cerebral artery supplying the ... surfaces and ... pole
The posterior cerebral artery supplying the **inferior** surfaces and **occipital** pole
81
The anterior cerebral artery supplying the ... and superior surfaces of the brain and ... pole
The anterior cerebral artery supplying the **medial** and superior surfaces of the brain and **frontal** pole
82
The middle cerebral artery supplying the ... surfaces and ... pole
The middle cerebral artery supplying the **lateral** surfaces and **temporal** pole
83
_Clinical Application - blood supply_ * Stroke - caused by an ... in a cerebral artery, no anastomosis of cerebral arteries once inside brain hence neurological deficit * Pressure from ICA and vertebral artery is same, no mixing in posterior communicating artery unless if ICA or vertebral artery occluded - blood passes back / forth across PCA to compensate for ... blood flow
* Stroke - caused by an **embolism** in a cerebral artery, no anastomosis of cerebral arteries once inside brain hence neurological deficit * Pressure from ICA and vertebral artery is same, no mixing in posterior communicating artery unless if ICA or vertebral artery occluded - blood passes back / forth across PCA to compensate for **reduced** blood flow
84
_Clinical Application - blood supply_ * Stroke - caused by an embolism in a ... artery, no anastomosis of ... arteries once inside brain hence neurological deficit * Pressure from ICA and vertebral artery is same, no mixing in posterior communicating artery unless if ICA or vertebral artery occluded - blood passes back / forth across PCA to compensate for reduced blood flow
* Stroke - caused by an embolism in a **cerebral** artery, no anastomosis of **cerebral** arteries once inside brain hence neurological deficit * Pressure from ICA and vertebral artery is same, no mixing in posterior communicating artery unless if ICA or vertebral artery occluded - blood passes back / forth across PCA to compensate for reduced blood flow
85
Arachnoid layer

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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