Synaptic Transmission Flashcards
1909 - Maps of human … …, 43 cytoarchitectonic areas - Korbinian Brodmann
1909 - Maps of human cerebral cortex, 43 cytoarchitectonic areas - Korbinian Brodmann
Phineas Gage - survived accident for several years - changes in his … - brain damaged resulted in … change - higher mental functions changed
Phineas Gage - survived accident for several years - changes in his personality - brain damaged resulted in behaviour change - higher mental functions changed
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Temporary Lesion
- a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of …
a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression
… - protein in algae - light-sensitive protein - ion channel stimulated in response to blue light - take DNA from this protein and insert into specific neurons into brain, can control them by stimulation with blue light - observe the behavioural results - invasive in contrast to TMS
Optogenetics - protein in algae - light-sensitive protein - ion channel stimulated in response to blue light - take DNA from this protein and insert into specific neurons into brain, can control them by stimulation with blue light - observe the behavioural results - invasive in contrast to TMS
Synapse: a specialised … where one part of a … contacts and communicates with another … or cell type (muscle or glandular cell).
Synapse: a specialised junction where one part of a neuron contacts and communicates with another neuron or cell type (muscle or glandular cell).
General categories of Synapse:
- … - majority
- … - simpler structure and function, faster, passive signal transmission, bidirectional, minority (but particularly common in development), allow synchronised electrical activity among populations of neurons
- Chemical - majority
- Electrical - simpler structure and function, faster, passive signal transmission, bidirectional, minority (but particularly common in development), allow synchronised electrical activity among populations of neurons
Neurotransmitters & Chemical Synaptic Transmission
- How information is passed from one neuron to another or to the effector organ, i.e. muscles and glands, at the chemical synapses
- How information is passed from one neuron to another or to the effector organ, i.e. muscles and glands, at the chemical synapses
Location of Chemical synapse:
Structure of Chemical Synapse
- Synaptic bouton/button: the … element
- Synaptic …: 20-50 nm wide, 10 times the width of the separation at gap junctions
- Synaptic vesicles: ~50 nm in diameter, contain …
- … granules (dense-core vesicles): ~ 100 nm in diameter, contain soluble proteins that also act as neurotransmitters
- Synaptic bouton/button: the presynaptic element
- Synaptic cleft: 20-50 nm wide, 10 times the width of the separation at gap junctions
- Synaptic vesicles: ~50 nm in diameter, contain neurotransmitter
- Secretory granules (dense-core vesicles): ~ 100 nm in diameter, contain soluble proteins that also act as neurotransmitters
Neuromuscular Junction
- The structure of the neuromuscular junction is broadly similar to that of the chemical synapse between neurons.
- The postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction is called the motor …-plate and contains a series of … folds (surface increase of chemically responsive membrane).
- The structure of the neuromuscular junction is broadly similar to that of the chemical synapse between neurons.
- The postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction is called the motor end-plate and contains a series of shallow folds (surface increase of chemically responsive membrane).
Synaptic Transmission
- On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.
- Receptors recognize the neurotransmitters and initiate a response:
- 1) Direct … or … neurotransmission: the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly … or …
- 2) Neuromodulation: alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond
- On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.
- Receptors recognize the neurotransmitters and initiate a response:
- 1) Direct excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission: the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly depolarized or hyperpolarised
- 2) Neuromodulation: alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond
Synaptic Transmission
- On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic … to the postsynaptic membrane.
- Receptors recognize the neurotransmitters and initiate a response:
- 1) Direct excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission: the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly depolarized or hyperpolarised
- 2) Neuro…: alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond
- On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.
- Receptors recognize the neurotransmitters and initiate a response:
- 1) Direct excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission: the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly depolarized or hyperpolarised
- 2) Neuromodulation: alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond
Criteria that define a neurotransmitter:
- synthesized in the …
- present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts … to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
- when administered exogenously (as a drug) it mimics the action of the endogenously released transmitter.
- a specific mechanism exists for … … from the synaptic cleft
- synthesized in the neuron
- present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts sufficient to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
- when administered exogenously (as a drug) it mimics the action of the endogenously released transmitter.
- a specific mechanism exists for removing it from the synaptic cleft
Criteria that define a neurotransmitter:
- … in the neuron
- present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts sufficient to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
- when administered … (as a drug) it mimics the action of the … released transmitter.
- a specific mechanism exists for removing it from the synaptic cleft
- synthesized in the neuron
- present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts sufficient to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
- when administered exogenously (as a drug) it mimics the action of the endogenously released transmitter.
- a specific mechanism exists for removing it from the synaptic cleft
Sequence of events in a typical chemical synapse transmission
- synaptic transmission relies on the release of … in response to an action potential reaching the presynaptic terminal
- several categories of neurotransmitter
- can be … at all stages of their life cycle
- important to turn signal off as much as turn it on
- How are these processes regulated - both endogenously and with drugs?
- synaptic transmission relies on the release of neurotransmitters in response to an action potential reaching the presynaptic terminal
- several categories of neurotransmitter
- can be regulated at all stages of their life cycle
- important to turn signal off as much as turn it on
- How are these processes regulated - both endogenously and with drugs?
Sequence of events in a typical chemical synapse transmission
