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Year 2 Medicine > Physiology of Hearing > Flashcards

Physiology of Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of hearing

A
  • Alerting to dangers
  • Localising objects
  • Recognition
  • Communication via speech
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2
Q

The nature of sound

  • Sounds are travelling pressure waves that propagate through air at about 340 m/s
  • Sounds have two important attributes: … (measured in Hz) and … (measured in dB SPL), which varies with the square of pressure
  • dB = 10 x log (Sound intensity / reference intensity) or:
  • 20 x log (sound pressure / reference pressure)
A
  • Sounds are travelling pressure waves that propagate through air at about 340 m/s
  • Sounds have two important attributes: frequency (measured in Hz) and intensity (measured in dB SPL), which varies with the square of pressure
  • dB = 10 x log (Sound intensity / reference intensity) or:
  • 20 x log (sound pressure / reference pressure)
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3
Q

The range of human hearing

  • Frequency range of human hearing: approximately 20-20,000 Hz
  • Adults progressively lose … frequencies
  • Intensity range of human hearing varies over 14 orders of magnitude
  • Intensities > …db can lead to permanent hearing damage
A
  • Frequency range of human hearing: approximately 20-20,000 Hz
  • Adults progressively lose high frequencies
  • Intensity range of human hearing varies over 14 orders of magnitude
  • Intensities > 90dB can lead to permanent hearing damage
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4
Q

The peripheral auditory system

  • … ear, … ear, … and auditory nerve (part of the V…th cranial nerve)
A
  • Outer ear, middle ear, cochlea and auditory nerve (part of the VIIIth cranial nerve)
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5
Q

The peripheral auditory system

  • Outer ear, … ear, … and … nerve (part of the VIIIth cranial nerve)
A
  • Outer ear, middle ear, cochlea and auditory nerve (part of the VIIIth cranial nerve)
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6
Q

The Middle ear

  • An impendence matching device: increases pressure - …x, by the ratio of tympanic membrane and oval window areas, and to a lesser extent by the lever action of the middle ear ossicles
  • Prevents sound from being reflected back from the fluid-filled …
A
  • An impendence matching device: increases pressure - 45x, by the ratio of tympanic membrane and oval window areas, and to a lesser extent by the lever action of the middle ear ossicles
  • Prevents sound from being reflected back from the fluid-filled cochlea
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7
Q

The Middle ear

  • An impendence matching device: increases … - 45x, by the ratio of tympanic membrane and oval window areas, and to a lesser extent by the lever action of the middle ear ossicles
  • Prevents sound from being reflected back from the …-filled cochlea
A
  • An impendence matching device: increases pressure - 45x, by the ratio of tympanic membrane and oval window areas, and to a lesser extent by the lever action of the middle ear ossicles
  • Prevents sound from being reflected back from the fluid-filled cochlea
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8
Q

Otitis media (& glue ear)

  • Infection or inflammation of … ear
  • Usually self-limiting
  • Common in …
    • Often from upper respiratory tract infection
  • Secretory form with effusion
    • ‘Glue ear’ If chronic causes a conductive … …
    • May need draining - … (little opening - insert into ear drum - drain)
A
  • Infection or inflammation of middle ear
  • Usually self-isolating
  • Common in children
    • Often from upper respiratory tract infection
  • Secretory form with effusion
    • ‘Glue ear’ If chronic causes a conductive hearing loss
    • May need draining - grommets (little opening - insert into ear drum - drain)
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9
Q

Otitis media (& glue ear)

  • … or … of middle ear
  • Usually self-limiting
  • Common in children
    • Often from … … tract infection
  • Secretory form with effusion
    • ‘Glue ear’ If … causes a conductive hearing loss
    • May need … - grommets (little opening - insert into ear drum - drain)
A
  • Infection or inflammation of middle ear
  • Usually self-isolating
  • Common in children
    • Often from upper respiratory tract infection
  • Secretory form with effusion
    • ‘Glue ear’ If chronic causes a conductive hearing loss
    • May need draining - grommets (little opening - insert into ear drum - drain)
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10
Q

Otosclerosis

A
  • Fusion of staples with oval window
  • Maybe why Beethoven went deaf
  • Can be fixed by surgery
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11
Q

Otosclerosis

A
  • Fusion of staples with oval window
  • Maybe why Beethoven went deaf
  • Can be fixed by surgery
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12
Q

The Inner ear

  • Cochlea is a long, coiled, … filled tube
  • Different parts of tube are tuned to different frequencies
  • … end - tuned to high-frequency sound
  • … end - tuned to low-frequency sounds
A
  • Cochlea is a long, coiled, fluid filled tube
  • Different parts of tube are tuned to different frequencies
  • Basal end - tuned to high-frequency sound
  • Apical end - tuned to low-frequency sounds
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13
Q

The Inner ear

  • Cochlea is a long, …, fluid filled tube
  • Different parts of tube are tuned to different frequencies
  • Basal end - tuned to …-frequency sound
  • Apical end - tuned to …-frequency sounds
A
  • Cochlea is a long, coiled, fluid filled tube
  • Different parts of tube are tuned to different frequencies
  • Basal end - tuned to high-frequency sound
  • Apical end - tuned to low-frequency sounds
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14
Q

Cross section of the cochlear duct

A
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15
Q

Cross section of the cochlear duct

A
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16
Q

Composition of the cochlear fluids

  • Scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain …, a normal extracellular fluid with high Na+ and low K+
  • Scala media contains …, an unusual extracellular fluid rich in K+ and low in Na+ (produced by stria vascularis), and an electrical potential of about +90mV
A
  • Scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph, a normal extracellular fluid with high Na+ and low K+
  • Scala media contains endolymph, an unusual extracellular fluid rich in K+ and low in Na+ (produced by stria vascularis), and an electrical potential of about +90mV
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17
Q

Composition of the cochlear fluids

  • Scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph, a normal extracellular fluid with high ….+ and low ….+
  • Scala media contains endolymph, an unusual extracellular fluid rich in …+ and low in …+ (produced by stria vascularis), and an electrical potential of about +90mV
A
  • Scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph, a normal extracellular fluid with high Na+ and low K+
  • Scala media contains endolymph, an unusual extracellular fluid rich in K+ and low in Na+ (produced by stria vascularis), and an electrical potential of about +90mV
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18
Q

The organ of Corti

  • Detects the sound induced motions of the basilar membrane
  • Contains two types of sensory hair cells, inner hair cells and outer hair cells
  • Apical membrane of hair cells is bathed in …
  • Basolateral membrane of hair cells is bathed in …
  • Inner hair cells are innervated by afferent nerve fibres
  • Outer hair cells are mainly innervated by efferent nerve fibres
  • Only 15,000 hair cells in each human cochlea, not regenerated after loss
A
  • Detects the sound induced motions of the basilar membrane
  • Contains two types of sensory hair cells, inner hair cells and outer hair cells
  • Apical membrane of hair cells is bathed in endolymph
  • Basolateral membrane of hair cells is bathed in perilymph
  • Inner hair cells are innervated by afferent nerve fibres
  • Outer hair cells are mainly innervated by efferent nerve fibres
  • Only 15,000 hair cells in each human cochlea, not regenerated after loss
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19
Q

The organ of Corti

  • Detects the sound induced motions of the basilar membrane
  • Contains two types of sensory hair cells, inner hair cells and outer hair cells
  • Apical membrane of hair cells is bathed in endolymph
  • Basolateral membrane of hair cells is bathed in perilymph
  • … hair cells are innervated by afferent nerve fibres
  • … hair cells are mainly innervated by efferent nerve fibres
  • Only 15,000 hair cells in each human cochlea, not … after loss
A
  • Detects the sound induced motions of the basilar membrane
  • Contains two types of sensory hair cells, inner hair cells and outer hair cells
  • Apical membrane of hair cells is bathed in endolymph
  • Basolateral membrane of hair cells is bathed in perilymph
  • Inner hair cells are innervated by afferent nerve fibres
  • Outer hair cells are mainly innervated by efferent nerve fibres
  • Only 15,000 hair cells in each human cochlea, not regenerated after loss
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20
Q

Inner hair cells are innervated by …. nerve fibres

Outer hair cells are mainly innervated by … nerve fibres

A

Inner hair cells are innervated by afferent nerve fibres

Outer hair cells are mainly innervated by efferent nerve fibres

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21
Q

Mechanotransduction in hair cells

  • Deflection of the hair … opens non-selective cation channels, the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channels, at the lower end of the tip links, between neighbouring sterocilia (‘hairs’)
  • K+, the major cation in endolymph enters and depolarises the hair cell, driven by it’s electro-(chemical) gradient [the electrical gradient is +120 to +140 mV; there is little or no chemical gradient]; Ca2+ also enters and causes adaption
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ triggers vesicle release
  • Afferent nerve fibres (Aff NE) are activated
  • … hair cells are sensory, … hair cells are sensori-motor cells
A
  • Deflection of the hair bundle opens non-selective cation channels, the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channels, at the lower end of the tip links, between neighbouring sterocilia (‘hairs’)
  • K+, the major cation in endolymph enters and depolarises the hair cell, driven by it’s electro-(chemical) gradient [the electrical gradient is +120 to +140 mV; there is little or no chemical gradient]; Ca2+ also enters and causes adaption
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ triggers vesicle release
  • Afferent nerve fibres (Aff NE) are activated
  • Inner hair cells are sensory, outer hair cells are sensori-motor cells
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22
Q

Mechanotransduction in hair cells

  • Deflection of the hair bundle opens non-selective cation channels, the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channels, at the lower end of the tip links, between neighbouring sterocilia (‘hairs’)
  • …+, the major cation in endolymph enters and depolarises the hair cell, driven by it’s electro-(chemical) gradient [the electrical gradient is +120 to +140 mV; there is little or no chemical gradient]; Ca2+ also enters and causes adaption
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channels …, Ca2+ triggers vesicle release
  • … nerve fibres (Aff NE) are activated
  • Inner hair cells are sensory, outer hair cells are sensori-motor cells
A
  • Deflection of the hair bundle opens non-selective cation channels, the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channels, at the lower end of the tip links, between neighbouring sterocilia (‘hairs’)
  • K+, the major cation in endolymph enters and depolarises the hair cell, driven by it’s electro-(chemical) gradient [the electrical gradient is +120 to +140 mV; there is little or no chemical gradient]; Ca2+ also enters and causes adaption
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ triggers vesicle release
  • Afferent nerve fibres (Aff NE) are activated
  • Inner hair cells are sensory, outer hair cells are sensori-motor cells
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23
Q

Electromotility of outer hair cells

  • Outer hair cells amplify … membrane motion
  • … - shorten: … - lengthen
  • Prestin, a modified anion exchanger in the basolateral membrane, is the OHC motor
A
  • Outer hair cells amplify basilar membrane motion
  • Depolarise - shorten: hyperpolarise - lengthen
  • Prestin, a modified anion exchanger in the basolateral membrane, is the OHC motor
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24
Q

Electromotility of outer hair cells

  • Outer hair cells amplify … membrane motion
  • Depolarise - …: hyperpolarise - …
  • …, a modified anion exchanger in the basolateral membrane, is the OHC motor
A
  • Outer hair cells amplify basilar membrane motion
  • Depolarise - shorten: hyperpolarise - lengthen
  • Prestin, a modified anion exchanger in the basolateral membrane, is the OHC motor
25
Q

Afferent innervation of the Cochlea

  • Neurons in cochlear (spiral) ganglion innervate hair cells and project axons to the brain via the … branch of the VIIIth nerve
  • Each … hair cell is innervated by axons from 10-20 type I spiral neurons that signal the reception of sound over a wide range of intensities to the brain
  • … hair cells are innervated by type II spinal neurons that signal the reception of painfully loud sound that causes cochlear damage to the brain
A
  • Neurons in cochlear (spiral) ganglion innervate hair cells and project axons to the brain via the auditory branch of the VIIIth nerve
  • Each inner hair cell is innervated by axons from 10-20 type I spiral neurons that signal the reception of sound over a wide range of intensities to the brain
  • Outer hair cells are innervated by type II spinal neurons that signal the reception of painfully loud sound that causes cochlear damage to the brain
26
Q

Efferent innervation of the Cochlea

  • Efferent fibres from the … olive innervate the outer hair cells directly
  • Efferent fibres from the … olive synapse on the Type I afferent fibres
  • Activation of efferent system modifies the sensitivity of the cochlea
A
  • Efferent fibres from the medial olive innervate the outer hair cells directly
  • Efferent fibres from the lateral olive synapse on the Type I afferent fibres
  • Activation of efferent system modifies the sensitivity of the cochlea
27
Q

Efferent innervation of the Cochlea

  • Efferent fibres from the medial olive innervate the outer hair cells directly
  • Efferent fibres from the lateral olive synapse on the Type I afferent fibres
  • Activation of … system modifies the … of the cochlea
A
  • Efferent fibres from the medial olive innervate the outer hair cells directly
  • Efferent fibres from the lateral olive synapse on the Type I afferent fibres
  • Activation of efferent system modifies the sensitivity of the cochlea
28
Q

The peripheral auditory system - an overview

A
29
Q

Outer ear collects sounds and funnels them onto … membrane

A

Outer ear collects sounds and funnels them onto tympanic membrane

30
Q

Middle ear: transmits vibrations of tympanum to oval window of …, increases pressure …x

A

Middle ear: transmits vibrations of tympanum to oval window of cochlea, increases pressure 45x

31
Q

Cochlea: Topically organised; apical end responds to … frequencies, basal end to … frequencies

A

Cochlea: Topically organised; apical end responds to low frequencies, basal end to high frequencies

32
Q
  • Organ of Corti - contains sensory hair cells that detect vibrations of the basilar membrane and convert them into electrical signals
    • Inner hair cells are purely …
    • Outer hair cells are …, amplify … membrane motion
A
  • Organ of Corti - contains sensory hair cells that detect vibrations of the basilar membrane and convert them into electrical signals
    • Inner hair cells are purely sensory
    • Outer hair cells are sensorimotor, amplify basilar membrane motion
33
Q
  • Organ of Corti - contains sensory hair cells that detect vibrations of the basilar membrane and convert them into electrical signals
    • Inner hair cells are purely sensory
    • Outer hair cells are sensorimotor, amplify basilar membrane motion
A
  • Organ of Corti - contains sensory hair cells that detect vibrations of the basilar membrane and convert them into electrical signals
    • Inner hair cells are purely sensory
    • Outer hair cells are sensorimotor, amplify basilar membrane motion
34
Q
  • Cochlear ganglion: transmits afferent information to brain via VIIIth nerve
    • Type I neurons innervate … hair cells
    • Type 2 neurons innervate … hair cells
A
  • Cochlear ganglion: transmits afferent information to brain via VIIIth nerve
    • Type I neurons innervate inner hair cells
    • Type 2 neurons innervate outer hair cells
35
Q

… innervation of … synapses and outer hair cells modifies cochlear responses

A

Efferent innervation of afferent synapses and outer hair cells modifies cochlear responses

36
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

  • …
    • Physical effects on hair bundle structure
    • Mitochondrial damage, cytotoxic free radicals
    • Glutamate excitotoxicity
  • … (presbyacusis)
    • 30% of population over age of 70 have significant hearing loss
    • Hair cells, stria vascularis, cochlear ganglion
  • … drugs
    • Aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, loop diuretics, salicylate, solvents
  • … mutations
    • High frequency, 1:2000 of live births, syndromic and non-syndromic, >50 deafness genes identified, 80 additional loci, -50% of congenital deafness caused by mutations in gap junction genes
A
  • Noise
    • Physical effects on hair bundle structure
    • Mitochondrial damage, cytotoxic free radicals
    • Glutamate excitotoxicity
  • Ageing (presbyacusis)
    • 30% of population over age of 70 have significant hearing loss
    • Hair cells, stria vascularis, cochlear ganglion
  • Ototoxic drugs
    • Aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, loop diuretics, salicylate, solvents
  • Genetic mutations
    • High frequency, 1:2000 of live births, syndromic and non-syndromic, >50 deafness genes identified, 80 additional loci, -50% of congenital deafness caused by mutations in gap junction genes
37
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

  • Noise
    • Physical effects on … … structure
    • Mitochondrial damage, cytotoxic free radicals
    • … excitotoxicity
  • Ageing (presbyacusis)
    • …% of population over age of 70 have significant hearing loss
    • Hair cells, stria vascularis, cochlear ganglion
  • … drugs
    • Aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, loop diuretics, salicylate, solvents
  • Genetic mutations
    • High frequency, 1:… of live births, syndromic and non-syndromic, >50 deafness genes identified, 80 additional loci, -50% of congenital deafness caused by mutations in gap junction genes
A
  • Noise
    • Physical effects on hair bundle structure
    • Mitochondrial damage, cytotoxic free radicals
    • Glutamate excitotoxicity
  • Ageing (presbyacusis)
    • 30% of population over age of 70 have significant hearing loss
    • Hair cells, stria vascularis, cochlear ganglion
  • Ototoxic drugs
    • Aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, loop diuretics, salicylate, solvents
  • Genetic mutations
    • High frequency, 1:2000 of live births, syndromic and non-syndromic, >50 deafness genes identified, 80 additional loci, -50% of congenital deafness caused by mutations in gap junction genes
38
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

  • Noise
    • Physical effects on hair bundle structure
    • Mitochondrial damage, cytotoxic free radicals
    • Glutamate …
  • Ageing (presbyacusis)
    • 30% of population over age of … have significant hearing loss
    • Hair cells, stria vascularis, cochlear ganglion
  • Ototoxic drugs
    • Aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, loop diuretics, salicylate, solvents
  • Genetic mutations
    • High frequency, 1:2000 of live births, syndromic and non-syndromic, >50 deafness genes identified, 80 additional loci, -…% of congenital deafness caused by mutations in gap junction genes
A
  • Noise
    • Physical effects on hair bundle structure
    • Mitochondrial damage, cytotoxic free radicals
    • Glutamate excitotoxicity
  • Ageing (presbyacusis)
    • 30% of population over age of 70 have significant hearing loss
    • Hair cells, stria vascularis, cochlear ganglion
  • Ototoxic drugs
    • Aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, loop diuretics, salicylate, solvents
  • Genetic mutations
    • High frequency, 1:2000 of live births, syndromic and non-syndromic, >50 deafness genes identified, 80 additional loci, -50% of congenital deafness caused by mutations in gap junction genes
39
Q

Targets of deafness genes in the cochlea

A
40
Q

Cochlear Implants

  • Surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf
  • … - limited to the western world
  • Results often good enough to recognise and comprehend speech
  • Maximum 24 channels to substitute for 15,000 hair cells
  • Speech is reported to sound ‘…’
  • Music sounds …
A
  • Surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf
  • Expensive - limited to the western world
  • Results often good enough to recognise and comprehend speech
  • Maximum 24 channels to substitute for 15,000 hair cells
  • Speech is reported to sound ‘robotic’
  • Music sounds awful
41
Q

Cochlear Implants

  • Surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf
  • Expensive - limited to the western world
  • Results often good enough to recognise and comprehend …
  • Maximum 24 channels to substitute for … hair cells
  • Speech is reported to sound ‘robotic’
  • … sounds awful
A
  • Surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf
  • Expensive - limited to the western world
  • Results often good enough to recognise and comprehend speech
  • Maximum 24 channels to substitute for 15,000 hair cells
  • Speech is reported to sound ‘robotic’
  • Music sounds awful
42
Q

The central auditory system

A
43
Q

The central auditory system

A
44
Q

The cochlear nucleus

  • Parallel processing starts in cochlear nucleus
  • Auditory nerve fibres from cochlear ganglion innervate many types of neuron
  • Neurons extract information about level, … and … of sounds
A
  • Parallel processing starts in cochlear nucleus
  • Auditory nerve fibres from cochlear ganglion innervate many types of neuron
  • Neurons extract information about level, onset and timing of sounds
45
Q

The superior olivary complex

  • Two binaural cues are used to localize sounds in space
    • Interaural level differences are detected in the … superior olive (LSO)
    • Interaural time differences are detected in the … superior olive (MSO)
A
  • Two binaural cues are used to localize sounds in space
  • Interaural level differences are detected in the lateral superior olive (LSO)
  • Interaural time differences are detected in the medial superior olive (MSO)
46
Q

The superior olivary complex

  • Two binaural cues are used to localize sounds in space
  • Interaural … differences are detected in the lateral superior olive (LSO)
  • Interaural … differences are detected in the medial superior olive (MSO)
A
  • Two binaural cues are used to localize sounds in space
  • Interaural level differences are detected in the lateral superior olive (LSO)
  • Interaural time differences are detected in the medial superior olive (MSO)
47
Q

The inferior colliculus

  • Obligatory synaptic station for all …
  • … organisation in ICC, iso-frequency sheets
  • Combines complex frequency and amplitude analysis of DCN with information on sound localization from SOC
  • May encode complexity and localization of sounds
  • Auditory reflex centre; reflexive orientation to stimuli
A
  • Obligatory synaptic station for all afferents
  • Laminar organisation in ICC, iso-frequency sheets
  • Combines complex frequency and amplitude analysis of DCN with information on sound localization from SOC
  • May encode complexity and localization of sounds
  • Auditory reflex centre; reflexive orientation to stimuli
48
Q

The inferior colliculus

  • Obligatory synaptic station for all afferents
  • Laminar organisation in ICC, iso-frequency sheets
  • Combines complex frequency and amplitude analysis of DCN with information on sound localization from SOC
  • May encode … and … of sounds
  • Auditory … centre; reflexive orientation to stimuli
A
  • Obligatory synaptic station for all afferents
  • Laminar organisation in ICC, iso-frequency sheets
  • Combines complex frequency and amplitude analysis of DCN with information on sound localization from SOC
  • May encode complexity and localization of sounds
  • Auditory reflex centre; reflexive orientation to stimuli
49
Q

The auditory cortex

  • Primary auditory cortex is located on upper surface of … lobe
  • Lesions in auditory cortex cause defects in: sound localisation, discrimination of temporal pattern, … of speech
  • Lesions in Broca’s (… aphasia) and Wernicke’s (… aphasia) areas also impair the production and comprehension of speech
A
  • Primary auditory cortex is located on supper surface of temporal lobe
  • Lesions in auditory cortex cause defects in: sound localisation, discrimination of temporal pattern, intelligibility of speech
  • Lesions in Broca’s (motor aphasia) and Wernicke’s (sensory aphasia) areas also impair the production and comprehension of speech
50
Q

The auditory cortex

  • Primary auditory cortex is located on upper surface of … lobe
  • Lesions in auditory cortex cause defects in: sound localisation, discrimination of temporal pattern, … of speech
  • Lesions in … (motor aphasia) and … (sensory aphasia) areas also impair the production and comprehension of speech
A
  • Primary auditory cortex is located on supper surface of temporal lobe
  • Lesions in auditory cortex cause defects in: sound localisation, discrimination of temporal pattern, intelligibility of speech
  • Lesions in Broca’s (motor aphasia) and Wernicke’s (sensory aphasia) areas also impair the production and comprehension of speech
51
Q

production of speech issue - lesion where?

A

brocas area

52
Q

comprehension of speech issue - lesion where?

A

Wernicke’s area

53
Q

The central auditory system - an overview

A
54
Q

Cochlear … - parallel processing starts here

A

Cochlear nucleus - parallel processing starts here

55
Q

… … complex (…C) - uses inter-aural time differences and inter-aural intensity differences for localisation

A

Superior olivary complex (SOC) - uses inter-aural time differences and inter-aural intensity differences for localisation

56
Q

… … (…) - combines spatial analysis from SOC with information from dorsal CN, and directs auditory reflexes

A

Inferior colliculus (IC) - combines spatial analysis from SOC with information from dorsal CN, and directs auditory reflexes

57
Q

… … (..) - many functions including the analysis of complex sounds (e.g. speech) and sound localisation

A

Auditory cortex (AC) - many functions including the analysis of complex sounds (e.g. speech) and sound localisation

58
Q

Summary of key content: (Physiology of hearing)

  • Sound transmission through the outer and middle ear
  • The structure and mechanics of the inner ear
  • Sound transduction by hair cells
  • Central auditory pathways and auditory cortex
  • Learning outcomes - at the end of this lecture students should be able to
    • Describe the structure and functions of the different parts of the auditory system
    • Demonstrate a basic understanding of how defects along the auditory pathways cause hearing loss
A
  • Sound transmission through the outer and middle ear
  • The structure and mechanics of the inner ear
  • Sound transduction by hair cells
  • Central auditory pathways and auditory cortex
  • Learning outcomes - at the end of this lecture students should be able to
    • Describe the structure and functions of the different parts of the auditory system
    • Demonstrate a basic understanding of how defects along the auditory pathways cause hearing loss

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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