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Year 2 Medicine > Defining the Reproductive Tracts > Flashcards

Defining the Reproductive Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction to Defining the Reproductive Tracts:

  • Unlike most other body systems the reproductive system is in ‘slumber’ until …
  • It is composed of the primary sex organs (… and …) that produce the gametes and a associated structures such as glands, ducts and external …
  • In the adult the reproductive structures are located in the … or … pelvis.
  • Provides a link to the external environment via ….
  • Function is …, … and … of germ cells
A
  • Unlike most other body systems the reproductive system is in ‘slumber’ until puberty.
  • It is composes of the primary sex organs (testes and ovaries) that produce the gametes and a associated structures such as glands, ducts and external genitalia.
  • In the adult the reproductive structures are located in the true or lesser pelvis.
  • Provides a link to the external environment via genitalia.
  • Function is Production, storage and delivery of germ cells
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2
Q

Female Reproductive System

  • Gonads = …
  • Internal Ducts= U…, f…, c…, v…
  • External Genitalia= v…- c…, … of vagina.
    • Principle function of the Female Genital System
  1. To produce …- female gametes
  2. To produce … (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone)
  3. To transport … to the site of …
  4. … fertilized … to term
  5. Deliver …
A
  • Gonads= Ovaries
  • Internal Ducts= Uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina
  • External Genitalia= Vulva- Clitoris, vestibule of vagina.
    • Principle function of the Female Genital System
  1. To produce oocytes- female gametes
  2. To produce hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone)
  3. To transport oocyte to the site of fertilization
  4. Nourish fertilized oocyte to term
  5. Deliver fetus
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3
Q

Ovaries

  • Appearance: … shaped and size
  • Location: Develop … and remain in … cavity. Suspended by ligament of … and …
  • Blood: Supplied by ovarian artery/vein within … ligament
  • Nerve: Ovarian …
A
  • Appearance: Almond shaped and size
  • Location: Develop retroperitoneal and remain in abdominal cavity. Suspended by ligament of ovary and mesovarium
  • Blood: Supplied by ovarian artery/vein within suspensory ligament
  • Nerve: Ovarian plexus
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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy - Reproductive Tracts

  • A woman has around … gametes - only a fraction make it to maturation.
    • Within each ovary are follicles. Within each follicle is a primary … and hormone producing support cells. Within the follicle the … matures before being released for fertilization.
      • This development from … -> … follicles -> … follicles -> … follicle -> … follicle
  • Ovulation = secondary oocyte release from … follicle. The secondary oocyte is arrested in … of second … division.
  • Remainder of follicle forms the … … – secretes progesterone
  • … secrete androgens and … convert to oestrogen
A
  • A woman has around 400,000 gametes- only a fraction make it to maturation.
  • Within each ovary are follicles. Within each follicle is a primary oocyte and hormone producing support cells. Within the follicle the oocyte matures before being released for fertilization.
  • This development from oocyte- Promordial follicles- Primary follicles- Secondary follicle-Graafain follicle
  • Ovulation = secondary oocyte release from graafian follicle. The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase of second meiotic division.
  • Corpus luteum – secretes progesterone
  • Theca secrete androgens and granulosa convert to oestrogen
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5
Q

Uterine Tube

  • Function: conduct …
  • Structure: …cm long and divided into four parts from lateral to medial
    • 1.I..
    • 2.A…
    • 3.I…
    • 4.U…
  • Normally the site of …
  • VAN:
    • branches from uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
    • Innervation: … from ovarian (abdomen) and … from pelvic splanchnic n
A
  • Function: conduct oocyte
  • Structure: 10cm long and divided into four parts from lateral to medial
    • 1.Infundibulum
    • 2.Ampulla
    • 3.Isthmus
    • 4.Uterine
  • Normally the site of fertilization
  • VAN:
    • branches from uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
    • Innervation: symp from ovarian (abdomen) and parasymp from pelvic splanchnic n
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6
Q

4 Parts of the Uterine Tube

  • What are they? (lateral to medial)
A
  1. Infundibulum (containing fimbriae)
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
  4. Intramural
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7
Q

The uterine tube is normally the site of …

A

fertilization

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8
Q

Innervation of the Uterine Tube

  • Sympathethic from the … + …
  • Parasympathetic from the …
A
  • Sympathethic from the uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
  • Parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerve
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9
Q

Uterus - Structure and Function

  • Structure: … …-shaped muscular organ. Body – … shaped, upper 2/3rd Cervix – …, lower 1/3rd.
  • Function: Site of … of … … and … development
  • Has a uterine … that communicates to … via internal os
A
  • Structure: Hollow pear-shaped muscular organ. Body – cone shaped, upper 2/3rd Cervix – cylindrical, lower 1/3rd.
  • Function: Site of implantation of fertilized egg and foetus development
  • Has a uterine cavity that communicates to vagina via internal os
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10
Q

Uterus - 3 Layered Wall

  • … – outer … wall covering the uterus
  • … – thick muscular layer, responsible for process of …
  • … – inner mucous layer; site of …; thickness changes through … cycle
A
  • Perimetrium – outer serous wall covering the uterus
  • Myometrium – thick muscular layer, responsible for process of parturition
  • Endometrium – inner mucous layer; site of implantation; thickness changes through menstrual cycle
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11
Q

Innervation of the Uterus

  • Innervation: sympathetic from the … …(along uterine artery); parasympathetic via the … … … - Note: also vagina
  • Touch and Pain - birth - via … afferents to S…-S…
A
  • Innervation: symp from the hypogastric plexus (along uterine artery); parasymp via the pelvic splanchnic n. Note: also vagina
  • Touch and Pain - birth - via somatic afferents to S2-S4
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12
Q

Position of the uterus

  • The position of the uterus is normally considered as being … – the fundus and body point … relative to the cervix and …- the uterus is angled forward relative to the ….
    • In ~…% of women the uterus is … – angled backwards
A
  • The position of the uterus is normally considered as being anteflexed – the fundus and body point forward relative to the cervix and anteverted- the uterus is angled forward relative to the vagina.
  • In ~20% of women the uterus is retroverted – angled backwards
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13
Q

Uterine Ligaments

  • Ligament of …
  • … ligament of uterus
  • B… ligament
  • Transverse … ligament
  • U… ligament
  • Peritoneal pouches-
    • 1…. pouch
    • 2…. pouch
A
  • Ligament of ovary
  • Round ligament of uterus
  • Broad ligament
  • Transverse cervical ligament
  • Uterosacral ligament
  • Peritoneal pouches-
    • 1.Vesicouterine pouch
    • 2.Rectouterine pouch
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14
Q

Cervix

  • Inferior portion of uterus; … tube
  • Thick muscular layer – support developing …
  • Lumen – … canal
  • Constricted openings at ends (os)
    • Internal – communicating with …
    • External – communicating with …
A
  • Inferior portion of uterus; cylindrical tube
  • Thick muscular layer – support developing foetus
  • Lumen – cervical canal
  • Constricted openings at ends (os)
    • Internal – communicating with uterus
    • External – communicating with vagina
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15
Q

Label the Diagram

A
  • Mesosalpinx
  • Mesovarium
  • Ovarian Artery
  • Ovarian Vein
  • Suspensory Ligament
  • Uterine Tube
  • Ovary
  • Broad Ligament
  • Round Ligament
  • Ovarian Ligament
  • Cardinal Ligament (transverse cervical ligament)
  • Uterosacral Ligament
  • Vagina
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16
Q

The round ligament is a remnant of the embryonic …

A

The round ligament is a remnant of the embryonic gubernaculum

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17
Q

In females, there are two areas of note:

  • … pouch (of Douglas) – double folding of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus.
  • … pouch – double folding of peritoneum between the anterior surface of the uterus and the bladder.
A

Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas) – double folding of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus.

Vesicouterine pouch – double folding of peritoneum between the anterior surface of the uterus and the bladder.

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18
Q

Vagina

  • Function: Canal for … fluid, … canal, receives …/…
  • Musculomembranous tube (…-…cm)
  • Superiorly two recesses (…)
  • Opens into … inferiorly
A
  • Function: Canal for menstrual fluid, birth canal, receives penis/ejaculate
  • Musculomembranous tube (7-9cm)
  • Superiorly two recesses (fornix)
  • Opens into vestibule inferiorly
19
Q

External Genitalia - Female

  • Consists of: … pubis, labia …, labia …, c…, bulb of …, … glands.
  • Clitoris - erectile organ consists of: r…, body and g…
  • Bulb of vestibule- erectile tissue over b… muscle
  • Vestibular glands- secrete …
  • Labia … encloses the … (openings for vagina and urethra) and the …
  • Blood supply/drainage: … artery (erectile) & vein
  • Innervation: branches of … and … n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)
A
  • Consists of: mons pubis, labia majoria, labia minoria, clitoris, bulb of vestibule, vestibular glands.
  • Clitoris- erectile organ consists of: root, body and glans
  • Bulb of vestibule- erectile tissue over bulbospongiosus muscle
  • Vestibular glands- secrete mucus
  • Labia minora encloses the vestibule (openings for vagina and urethra) and the clitoris
  • Blood supply/drainage: pudendal artery (erectile) & vein
  • Innervation: branches of genitofemoral and pudendal n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)
20
Q

Vasculature - Female Reproductive Tracts

  • Ovarian (…) artery
  • … artery
  • … artery
  • Internal … artery
A
  • Ovarian (gonadal) artery
  • Uterine artery
  • Vaginal artery
  • Internal pudendal artery
21
Q

Female External Genitalia - Blood supply/drainage and Innervation

  • Blood supply/drainage: … artery (erectile) & vein
  • Innervation: branches of … and … n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)
A
  • Blood supply/drainage: pudendal artery (erectile) & vein
  • Innervation: branches of genitofemoral and pudendal n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)
22
Q

Pregnancy

  • Changes to the uterus and vagina from … and increasing size of the ….
    • 1.Uterus expands from 50g to …g
    • 2.Uterus extends to the x….
    • 3.Centre of … is altered-increased lumbar ….
    • 4 …. joint and pubic … relaxes
    • 5.With uterine expansion the ovaries and uterine tubes are displaced …. The cervix becomes … and ….
A
  • Changes to the uterus and vagina from hormones and increasing size of the uterus.
    • 1.Uterus expands from 50g to 950g.
    • 2.Uterus extends to the xiphisternum.
    • 3.Centre of gravity is altered-increased lumbar lordosis.
    • 4.Sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis relaxes
    • 5.With uterine expansion the ovaries and uterine tubes are displaced laterally. The cervix becomes softer and swollen.
23
Q

Male Reproductive System

  • Gonads = …
  • Internal Ducts= Efferent …, E.., Vas .., … glands (e.g. prostate), U…
  • External Genitalia= … and …
  • Principle Functions of the Male Genital System:
    • 1.To produce … -Male gametes
    • 2.To produce … - Mostly testosterone
    • 3.To facilitate fertilization- C…
A
  • Gonads= testis
  • Internal Ducts= Efferent ductules, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Accessory glands (e.g. prostate), Urethra
  • External Genitalia=Penis and scrotum
  • Principle Functions of the Male Genital System:
    • 1.To produce spermatozoa-Male gametes
    • 2.To produce androgens- Mostly testosterone
    • 3.To facilitate fertilization- Copulation
24
Q

Testis

  • Appearance: Small egg-shaped oval organ …cm long …-…cm thick
  • Location: The testis begin in the … region in week 12 and by week 32 arrive in the ….
    • In the adult they should be located in the Scrotum suspended by the … cord
  • Blood: Supplied by … artery- veins form the … plexus
  • Nerve = … plexus (abdomen)
A
  • Appearance: Small egg-shaped oval organ 4cm long 2-3cm thick
  • Location: The testis begin in the lumbar region in week 12 and by week 32 arrive in the scrotum.
    • In the adult they should be located in the Scrotum suspended by the spermatic cord
  • Blood: Supplied by Testicular artery- veins form the pampiniform plexus
  • Nerve:spermatic plexus (abdomen)
25
_Testis ducts_ * Sperm travel – exiting the testis: * ... tubules – coiled tubules; sperm is produced * ... testis – straight tubules (‘rete’ = net) * ... ductules – ducts leaving (efferent) testis * ... – transport and storage of sperm * ... ... – thin muscular tube about 45 cm long
* Sperm travel – exiting the testis: * **Seminiferous** tubules – coiled tubules; sperm is produced * **Rete** testis – straight tubules (‘rete’ = net) * **Efferent** ductules – ducts leaving (efferent) testis * **Epididymis** – transport and storage of sperm * **Vas deferens** – thin muscular tube about 45 cm long
26
_Microscopic (Semifiniferous tubules)_ * Each testis is subdivided into approx - ... pyramid shaped lobules contain seminiferous tubules * Function- production of ... (spermatogenesis) * Structure- highly ..., lined by seminiferous epithelium * Tunica propria-loose C.T, fibroblasts and myoid cells * Stroma-surrounds semifiniferous tubules, loose C.T, vascular and houses small clusters of large interstitial cells of ... * ... Cells - sit between seminiferous tubules * Stretch from basal lamina to the lumen, linked by ... junctions * •Enfold developing spermatozoa-acting to * Protect them from ... in the blood * Provide ... * ... excess cytoplasm * Secrete ... binding protein * Secrete i.. * Add fluid to the l..
* Each testis is subdivided into approx. **250** pyramid shaped lobules contain seminiferous tubules * Function- production of **spermatozoa** (spermatogenesis) * Structure- highly **tortuous**, lined by seminiferous epithelium * Tunica propria-loose C.T, fibroblasts and myoid cells * Stroma-surrounds semifiniferous tubules, loose C.T, vascular and houses small clusters of large interstitial cells of **Leydig** * **S****ertoli** Cells - sit between seminiferous tubules * Stretch from basal lamina to the lumen, linked by **tight** junctions * Enfold developing spermatozoa-acting to * Protect them from **antibodies** in the blood * Provide **nutrients** * **Phagocytose** excess cytoplasm * Secrete **androgen** binding protein * Secrete **inhibin** * Add fluid to the **lumen**
27
_Inguinal Canal - (Not testing in 203)_ * Formed between ... and ... inguinal ring * Male contains ductus ..., testicular artery, veins and nerves * Female contains ... ligament * Hernia: Basic info: * Weakness in muscle and surrounding tissue. * Variety of causes, including congenital * 1 in 50 boys get a hernia. 98% of inguinal hernia affect men. * Surgery to correct.
* Formed between **deep** and **superficial** inguinal ring * Male contains ductus **deferens**, testicular artery, veins and nerves * Female contains **round** ligament * Hernia: Basic info: * Weakness in muscle and surrounding tissue. * Variety of causes, including congenital * 1 in 50 boys get a hernia. 98% of inguinal hernia affect men. * Surgery to correct.
28
_Spermatogenesis_ * ... sperm per gram of testis per second! * Mature spermatozoa-highly specialized cell * Involves extensive and elaborate ... during development * It involves ... and ... * Takes ... days * Spermatids transformed into ...
* **600** sperm per gram of testis per second! * Mature spermatozoa-highly specialized cell * Involves extensive and elaborate **remodelling** during development * It involves **mitosis** and **meiosis** * Takes **64** days * Spermatids transformed into **spermatozoa**
29
_Ductus Deferens Gross Anatomy_ * Flow as from the perspective of sperm leaving the testis. * Structure: Tube continuous with epididymis that is joined by duct seminal gland =\> ... duct * Location: Ascends in spermatic cord- which contains: vas deferens, Blood (testicular) and lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle, nerves (e.g. branch of genitofemoral). Passes through the Inguinal canal- superficial ring first then canal- then deep inguinal ring. Deferens travels posteriorly, crosses over external iliacs and towards the back of bladder * Function: to enable movement of sperm from testis to urethra for deposit into female tract. * VAN: Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower bladder – inferior vesical – and rectum – middle rectal. Venous: blood follow the arteries and so have the same name.
* Flow as from the perspective of sperm leaving the testis. * Structure: Tube continuous with epididymis that is joined by duct seminal gland =\> **ejaculatory** duct * Location: Ascends in spermatic cord- which contains: vas deferens, Blood (testicular) and lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle, nerves (e.g. branch of genitofemoral). Passes through the Inguinal canal- superficial ring first then canal- then deep inguinal ring. Deferens travels posteriorly, crosses over external iliacs and towards the back of bladder * Function: to enable movement of sperm from testis to urethra for deposit into female tract. * VAN:Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower bladder – inferior vesical – and rectum – middle rectal. Venous: blood follow the arteries and so have the same name.
30
_Ductus Deferens - VAN_ * Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower ... – inferior ... – and ... – middle ... * Venous: blood follow the ... and so ...
* Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower **bladder** – inferior **vesical** – and rectum – middle **rectal** * Venous: blood follow the **arteries** and so **have the same name.**
31
_Accessory Glands_ * ... duct is joined by ... glands: * ... vesicles – 5cm elongated organ; just inferior to rectovesical pouch; secretes alkaline fluid + fructose + coagulate * ... – blunt inverted cone; 3 x 4 cm; located at base of bladder; secretes prostatic fluid (20% total volume) * ... glands – pea sized glands; a.k.a. Cowpers glands; located inferior to prostate; secretion assists lubrication of ducts
* **Deferens** duct is joined by **accessory** glands: * **Seminal** vesicles – 5cm elongated organ; just inferior to rectovesical pouch; secretes alkaline fluid + fructose + coagulate * **Prostate** – blunt inverted cone; 3 x 4 cm; located at base of bladder; secretes prostatic fluid (20% total volume) * **Bulbourethral** glands – pea sized glands; a.k.a. Cowpers glands; located inferior to prostate; secretion assists lubrication of ducts
32
_Seminal Vesicles_ * Structure: ... tubes in sac, bound by adventitia, Epithelium folded, ... affect height and secretion of the epithelium * Location: Posterior aspect of the ... * Function: Secrete- f..., amino acids, p..., citric and ascorbic acids that nourish ... * VAN: Wall of sac contains smooth muscle, which when stimulated by sympathetic nerves expels fluid out-ejaculation. Blood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)
* Structure: **Coiled** tubes in sac, bound by adventitia, Epithelium folded, **androgens** affect height and secretion of the epithelium * Location: Posterior aspect of the **bladder** * Function: Secrete- **fructose**, amino acids, **prostaglandins**, citric and ascorbic acids that nourish **spermatozoa** * VAN: Wall of sac contains smooth muscle, which when stimulated by sympathetic nerves expels fluid out-ejaculation. Blood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)
33
_Seminal Vesicles - VAN_ * Wall of sac contains ... muscle, which when stimulated by ... nerves expels fluid out-... * Blood: ... vesicle + ... vessels (int iliac a)
* Wall of sac contains **smooth** muscle, which when stimulated by **sympathetic** nerves expels fluid out-**ejaculation** * DBlood: **Inf** vesicle + **prostatic** vessels (int iliac a)
34
_Prostate_ * Structure: Largest accessory gland of reproductive system (3cm long), 2/3 .... 1/3 ... * Location: Prostatic ducts open into prostatic ... * Function: Support ... * VAN: Supplied by ... arteries and veins, Innervated by sympathetic from inferior ... and parasympathetic from ... nerves * TURP
* Structure: Largest accessory gland of reproductive system (3cm long), 2/3 **glandular**. 1/3 **fibromuscular** * Location: Prostatic ducts open into prostatic **urethra** * Function: Support **sperm** * VAN: Supplied by **prostatic** arteries and veins, Innervated by sympathetic from inferior **hypogastric** and parasympathetic from **pelvic splanchnic** nerves * TURP - Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgery used to treat urinary problems that are caused by an enlarged prostate
35
What is TURP?
**Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgery used to treat urinary problems that are caused by an enlarged prostate**
36
_Bulbourethral glands_ * Structure: Paired gland, Pea shaped, Open into spongy ... * Location: in external ... ... * Function:.. of urethra * VAN: Blood: ... vesicle + ... vessels (int iliac a)
* Structure: Paired gland, Pea shaped, Open into spongy **urethra** * Location: in external **urethral sphincter** * Function:**lubrication** of urethra * VAN: Blood: **Inf** vesicle + **prostatic** vessels (int iliac a)
37
_Composition of Ejaculate_ * Sperm accounts for about ...-...% * Seminal vesicles about ...-...% * Prostate secreting ...-...% * Bulbourethral glands ...%
* Sperm accounts for about **2-5%** * Seminal vesicles about **60-70%** * Prostate secreting **20-30%** * Bulbourethral glands **1%**
38
_Penis Gross Anatomy_ * Structure: Consists of root, body and glans, body contains 3 ... bodies * Paired corpora ... and 1 corpus ... * Location: ... aspect of the pelvis * Function: * VAN: Supplied by internal ... arteries and external ... veins. Innervated by S2/4 ... nerve, ... nerve to penis, ... nerve
* Structure: Consists of root, body and glans, body contains 3 **cylindrical** bodies * Paired corpora **cavernosa** and 1 corpus **spongiosum** * Location: **Anterior** aspect of the pelvis * Function: * VAN: Supplied by internal **pudendal** arteries and external **pudendal** veins. Innervated by S2/4 **Pudendal** nerve, **dorsal** nerve to penis, **ilioinguinal** nerve
39
_Penis Microscopic Anatomy_ * Each cavernous body is encapsulated by tough fibrous sheath (Tunica ...) * Interior of each cavernous body -\> irregular ... spaces, lined by endothelium, with dense ... tissue and ... muscle
* Each cavernous body is encapsulated by tough fibrous sheath (Tunica **Albuginea**) * Interior of each cavernous body-irregular **vascular** spaces, lined by endothelium, with dense **fibroelastic** tissue and **smooth** muscle
40
_Male Urethra_ * Divided into three parts: * P... * M... * P...
* Divided into three parts: * **Prostatic** * **Membranous** * **Penile**
41
_Erection, Emission and Ejaculation_ * Erection- ... arteries-supply the corpora-in flaccid state A/V shunts * Increased ... nerve supply, increases blood flow- diverted to vascular spaces * Increased pressure in erectile tissue thus ... venous return * Emission - semen is delivered to the prostatic ..., prostatic ... added. * Emission results from ... activity. * Ejaculation - semen expelled through ... * Inhibition of ... supply-return to flaccid state
* Erection- **Deep** arteries-supply the corpora-in flaccid state A/V shunts * Increased **parasympathetic** nerve supply, increases blood flow- diverted to vascular spaces * Increased pressure in erectile tissue thus **decreasing** venous return * Emission- semen is delivered to the prostatic **urethra**, prostatic **fluid** added. * Emission results from **sympathetic** activity. * Ejaculation-semen expelled through **urethra** * Inhibition of **sympathetic** supply-return to flaccid state
42
_Male Reproductive Tracts - Clinical Cases_ * Testicular Torsion * Cryptorchidism * Patent processus vaginalis * Hydrocele * Hematocele
* Testicular Torsion * Cryptorchidism * Patent processus vaginalis * Hydrocele * Hematocele
43
_Female Reproductive Tracts - Clinical Cases_ * Female Genital Mutilation * Prolapse * Genital Warts * Vulvitis
* Female Genital Mutilation * Prolapse * Genital Warts * Vulvitis
44
_Innervation - Erection, Emission, Ejaculation_ * Erection - point = * Emission = shoot =
* Erection - point = parasympathetic * Emission = shoot = sympathetic

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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