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Year 2 Medicine > Defining the Reproductive Tracts > Flashcards

Defining the Reproductive Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction to Defining the Reproductive Tracts:

  • Unlike most other body systems the reproductive system is in ‘slumber’ until …
  • It is composed of the primary sex organs (… and …) that produce the gametes and a associated structures such as glands, ducts and external …
  • In the adult the reproductive structures are located in the … or … pelvis.
  • Provides a link to the external environment via ….
  • Function is …, … and … of germ cells
A
  • Unlike most other body systems the reproductive system is in ‘slumber’ until puberty.
  • It is composes of the primary sex organs (testes and ovaries) that produce the gametes and a associated structures such as glands, ducts and external genitalia.
  • In the adult the reproductive structures are located in the true or lesser pelvis.
  • Provides a link to the external environment via genitalia.
  • Function is Production, storage and delivery of germ cells
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2
Q

Female Reproductive System

  • Gonads = …
  • Internal Ducts= U…, f…, c…, v…
  • External Genitalia= v…- c…, … of vagina.
    • Principle function of the Female Genital System
  1. To produce …- female gametes
  2. To produce … (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone)
  3. To transport … to the site of …
  4. … fertilized … to term
  5. Deliver …
A
  • Gonads= Ovaries
  • Internal Ducts= Uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina
  • External Genitalia= Vulva- Clitoris, vestibule of vagina.
    • Principle function of the Female Genital System
  1. To produce oocytes- female gametes
  2. To produce hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone)
  3. To transport oocyte to the site of fertilization
  4. Nourish fertilized oocyte to term
  5. Deliver fetus
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3
Q

Ovaries

  • Appearance: … shaped and size
  • Location: Develop … and remain in … cavity. Suspended by ligament of … and …
  • Blood: Supplied by ovarian artery/vein within … ligament
  • Nerve: Ovarian …
A
  • Appearance: Almond shaped and size
  • Location: Develop retroperitoneal and remain in abdominal cavity. Suspended by ligament of ovary and mesovarium
  • Blood: Supplied by ovarian artery/vein within suspensory ligament
  • Nerve: Ovarian plexus
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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy - Reproductive Tracts

  • A woman has around … gametes - only a fraction make it to maturation.
    • Within each ovary are follicles. Within each follicle is a primary … and hormone producing support cells. Within the follicle the … matures before being released for fertilization.
      • This development from … -> … follicles -> … follicles -> … follicle -> … follicle
  • Ovulation = secondary oocyte release from … follicle. The secondary oocyte is arrested in … of second … division.
  • Remainder of follicle forms the … … – secretes progesterone
  • … secrete androgens and … convert to oestrogen
A
  • A woman has around 400,000 gametes- only a fraction make it to maturation.
  • Within each ovary are follicles. Within each follicle is a primary oocyte and hormone producing support cells. Within the follicle the oocyte matures before being released for fertilization.
  • This development from oocyte- Promordial follicles- Primary follicles- Secondary follicle-Graafain follicle
  • Ovulation = secondary oocyte release from graafian follicle. The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase of second meiotic division.
  • Corpus luteum – secretes progesterone
  • Theca secrete androgens and granulosa convert to oestrogen
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5
Q

Uterine Tube

  • Function: conduct …
  • Structure: …cm long and divided into four parts from lateral to medial
    • 1.I..
    • 2.A…
    • 3.I…
    • 4.U…
  • Normally the site of …
  • VAN:
    • branches from uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
    • Innervation: … from ovarian (abdomen) and … from pelvic splanchnic n
A
  • Function: conduct oocyte
  • Structure: 10cm long and divided into four parts from lateral to medial
    • 1.Infundibulum
    • 2.Ampulla
    • 3.Isthmus
    • 4.Uterine
  • Normally the site of fertilization
  • VAN:
    • branches from uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
    • Innervation: symp from ovarian (abdomen) and parasymp from pelvic splanchnic n
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6
Q

4 Parts of the Uterine Tube

  • What are they? (lateral to medial)
A
  1. Infundibulum (containing fimbriae)
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
  4. Intramural
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7
Q

The uterine tube is normally the site of …

A

fertilization

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8
Q

Innervation of the Uterine Tube

  • Sympathethic from the … + …
  • Parasympathetic from the …
A
  • Sympathethic from the uterine + ovarian arteries and veins
  • Parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerve
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9
Q

Uterus - Structure and Function

  • Structure: … …-shaped muscular organ. Body – … shaped, upper 2/3rd Cervix – …, lower 1/3rd.
  • Function: Site of … of … … and … development
  • Has a uterine … that communicates to … via internal os
A
  • Structure: Hollow pear-shaped muscular organ. Body – cone shaped, upper 2/3rd Cervix – cylindrical, lower 1/3rd.
  • Function: Site of implantation of fertilized egg and foetus development
  • Has a uterine cavity that communicates to vagina via internal os
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10
Q

Uterus - 3 Layered Wall

  • … – outer … wall covering the uterus
  • … – thick muscular layer, responsible for process of …
  • … – inner mucous layer; site of …; thickness changes through … cycle
A
  • Perimetrium – outer serous wall covering the uterus
  • Myometrium – thick muscular layer, responsible for process of parturition
  • Endometrium – inner mucous layer; site of implantation; thickness changes through menstrual cycle
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11
Q

Innervation of the Uterus

  • Innervation: sympathetic from the … …(along uterine artery); parasympathetic via the … … … - Note: also vagina
  • Touch and Pain - birth - via … afferents to S…-S…
A
  • Innervation: symp from the hypogastric plexus (along uterine artery); parasymp via the pelvic splanchnic n. Note: also vagina
  • Touch and Pain - birth - via somatic afferents to S2-S4
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12
Q

Position of the uterus

  • The position of the uterus is normally considered as being … – the fundus and body point … relative to the cervix and …- the uterus is angled forward relative to the ….
    • In ~…% of women the uterus is … – angled backwards
A
  • The position of the uterus is normally considered as being anteflexed – the fundus and body point forward relative to the cervix and anteverted- the uterus is angled forward relative to the vagina.
  • In ~20% of women the uterus is retroverted – angled backwards
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13
Q

Uterine Ligaments

  • Ligament of …
  • … ligament of uterus
  • B… ligament
  • Transverse … ligament
  • U… ligament
  • Peritoneal pouches-
    • 1…. pouch
    • 2…. pouch
A
  • Ligament of ovary
  • Round ligament of uterus
  • Broad ligament
  • Transverse cervical ligament
  • Uterosacral ligament
  • Peritoneal pouches-
    • 1.Vesicouterine pouch
    • 2.Rectouterine pouch
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14
Q

Cervix

  • Inferior portion of uterus; … tube
  • Thick muscular layer – support developing …
  • Lumen – … canal
  • Constricted openings at ends (os)
    • Internal – communicating with …
    • External – communicating with …
A
  • Inferior portion of uterus; cylindrical tube
  • Thick muscular layer – support developing foetus
  • Lumen – cervical canal
  • Constricted openings at ends (os)
    • Internal – communicating with uterus
    • External – communicating with vagina
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15
Q

Label the Diagram

A
  • Mesosalpinx
  • Mesovarium
  • Ovarian Artery
  • Ovarian Vein
  • Suspensory Ligament
  • Uterine Tube
  • Ovary
  • Broad Ligament
  • Round Ligament
  • Ovarian Ligament
  • Cardinal Ligament (transverse cervical ligament)
  • Uterosacral Ligament
  • Vagina
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16
Q

The round ligament is a remnant of the embryonic …

A

The round ligament is a remnant of the embryonic gubernaculum

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17
Q

In females, there are two areas of note:

  • … pouch (of Douglas) – double folding of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus.
  • … pouch – double folding of peritoneum between the anterior surface of the uterus and the bladder.
A

Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas) – double folding of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus.

Vesicouterine pouch – double folding of peritoneum between the anterior surface of the uterus and the bladder.

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18
Q

Vagina

  • Function: Canal for … fluid, … canal, receives …/…
  • Musculomembranous tube (…-…cm)
  • Superiorly two recesses (…)
  • Opens into … inferiorly
A
  • Function: Canal for menstrual fluid, birth canal, receives penis/ejaculate
  • Musculomembranous tube (7-9cm)
  • Superiorly two recesses (fornix)
  • Opens into vestibule inferiorly
19
Q

External Genitalia - Female

  • Consists of: … pubis, labia …, labia …, c…, bulb of …, … glands.
  • Clitoris - erectile organ consists of: r…, body and g…
  • Bulb of vestibule- erectile tissue over b… muscle
  • Vestibular glands- secrete …
  • Labia … encloses the … (openings for vagina and urethra) and the …
  • Blood supply/drainage: … artery (erectile) & vein
  • Innervation: branches of … and … n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)
A
  • Consists of: mons pubis, labia majoria, labia minoria, clitoris, bulb of vestibule, vestibular glands.
  • Clitoris- erectile organ consists of: root, body and glans
  • Bulb of vestibule- erectile tissue over bulbospongiosus muscle
  • Vestibular glands- secrete mucus
  • Labia minora encloses the vestibule (openings for vagina and urethra) and the clitoris
  • Blood supply/drainage: pudendal artery (erectile) & vein
  • Innervation: branches of genitofemoral and pudendal n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)
20
Q

Vasculature - Female Reproductive Tracts

  • Ovarian (…) artery
  • … artery
  • … artery
  • Internal … artery
A
  • Ovarian (gonadal) artery
  • Uterine artery
  • Vaginal artery
  • Internal pudendal artery
21
Q

Female External Genitalia - Blood supply/drainage and Innervation

  • Blood supply/drainage: … artery (erectile) & vein
  • Innervation: branches of … and … n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)
A
  • Blood supply/drainage: pudendal artery (erectile) & vein
  • Innervation: branches of genitofemoral and pudendal n (e.g. dorsal n of clitoris)
22
Q

Pregnancy

  • Changes to the uterus and vagina from … and increasing size of the ….
    • 1.Uterus expands from 50g to …g
    • 2.Uterus extends to the x….
    • 3.Centre of … is altered-increased lumbar ….
    • 4 …. joint and pubic … relaxes
    • 5.With uterine expansion the ovaries and uterine tubes are displaced …. The cervix becomes … and ….
A
  • Changes to the uterus and vagina from hormones and increasing size of the uterus.
    • 1.Uterus expands from 50g to 950g.
    • 2.Uterus extends to the xiphisternum.
    • 3.Centre of gravity is altered-increased lumbar lordosis.
    • 4.Sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis relaxes
    • 5.With uterine expansion the ovaries and uterine tubes are displaced laterally. The cervix becomes softer and swollen.
23
Q

Male Reproductive System

  • Gonads = …
  • Internal Ducts= Efferent …, E.., Vas .., … glands (e.g. prostate), U…
  • External Genitalia= … and …
  • Principle Functions of the Male Genital System:
    • 1.To produce … -Male gametes
    • 2.To produce … - Mostly testosterone
    • 3.To facilitate fertilization- C…
A
  • Gonads= testis
  • Internal Ducts= Efferent ductules, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Accessory glands (e.g. prostate), Urethra
  • External Genitalia=Penis and scrotum
  • Principle Functions of the Male Genital System:
    • 1.To produce spermatozoa-Male gametes
    • 2.To produce androgens- Mostly testosterone
    • 3.To facilitate fertilization- Copulation
24
Q

Testis

  • Appearance: Small egg-shaped oval organ …cm long …-…cm thick
  • Location: The testis begin in the … region in week 12 and by week 32 arrive in the ….
    • In the adult they should be located in the Scrotum suspended by the … cord
  • Blood: Supplied by … artery- veins form the … plexus
  • Nerve = … plexus (abdomen)
A
  • Appearance: Small egg-shaped oval organ 4cm long 2-3cm thick
  • Location: The testis begin in the lumbar region in week 12 and by week 32 arrive in the scrotum.
    • In the adult they should be located in the Scrotum suspended by the spermatic cord
  • Blood: Supplied by Testicular artery- veins form the pampiniform plexus
  • Nerve:spermatic plexus (abdomen)
25
Q

Testis ducts

  • Sperm travel – exiting the testis:
    • … tubules – coiled tubules; sperm is produced
    • … testis – straight tubules (‘rete’ = net)
    • … ductules – ducts leaving (efferent) testis
    • … – transport and storage of sperm
    • … … – thin muscular tube about 45 cm long
A
  • Sperm travel – exiting the testis:
    • Seminiferous tubules – coiled tubules; sperm is produced
    • Rete testis – straight tubules (‘rete’ = net)
    • Efferent ductules – ducts leaving (efferent) testis
    • Epididymis – transport and storage of sperm
    • Vas deferens – thin muscular tube about 45 cm long
26
Q

Microscopic (Semifiniferous tubules)

  • Each testis is subdivided into approx - … pyramid shaped lobules contain seminiferous tubules
  • Function- production of … (spermatogenesis)
  • Structure- highly …, lined by seminiferous epithelium
  • Tunica propria-loose C.T, fibroblasts and myoid cells
  • Stroma-surrounds semifiniferous tubules, loose C.T, vascular and houses small clusters of large interstitial cells of …
  • … Cells - sit between seminiferous tubules
    • Stretch from basal lamina to the lumen, linked by … junctions
  • •Enfold developing spermatozoa-acting to
    • Protect them from … in the blood
    • Provide …
    • … excess cytoplasm
    • Secrete … binding protein
    • Secrete i..
    • Add fluid to the l..
A
  • Each testis is subdivided into approx. 250 pyramid shaped lobules contain seminiferous tubules
  • Function- production of spermatozoa (spermatogenesis)
  • Structure- highly tortuous, lined by seminiferous epithelium
  • Tunica propria-loose C.T, fibroblasts and myoid cells
  • Stroma-surrounds semifiniferous tubules, loose C.T, vascular and houses small clusters of large interstitial cells of Leydig
  • Sertoli Cells - sit between seminiferous tubules
    • Stretch from basal lamina to the lumen, linked by tight junctions
  • Enfold developing spermatozoa-acting to
    • Protect them from antibodies in the blood
    • Provide nutrients
    • Phagocytose excess cytoplasm
    • Secrete androgen binding protein
    • Secrete inhibin
    • Add fluid to the lumen
27
Q

Inguinal Canal - (Not testing in 203)

  • Formed between … and … inguinal ring
    • Male contains ductus …, testicular artery, veins and nerves
    • Female contains … ligament
  • Hernia: Basic info:
    • Weakness in muscle and surrounding tissue.
    • Variety of causes, including congenital
    • 1 in 50 boys get a hernia. 98% of inguinal hernia affect men.
    • Surgery to correct.
A
  • Formed between deep and superficial inguinal ring
    • Male contains ductus deferens, testicular artery, veins and nerves
    • Female contains round ligament
  • Hernia: Basic info:
    • Weakness in muscle and surrounding tissue.
    • Variety of causes, including congenital
    • 1 in 50 boys get a hernia. 98% of inguinal hernia affect men.
    • Surgery to correct.
28
Q

Spermatogenesis

  • … sperm per gram of testis per second!
  • Mature spermatozoa-highly specialized cell
  • Involves extensive and elaborate … during development
  • It involves … and …
  • Takes … days
  • Spermatids transformed into …
A
  • 600 sperm per gram of testis per second!
  • Mature spermatozoa-highly specialized cell
  • Involves extensive and elaborate remodelling during development
  • It involves mitosis and meiosis
  • Takes 64 days
  • Spermatids transformed into spermatozoa
29
Q

Ductus Deferens Gross Anatomy

  • Flow as from the perspective of sperm leaving the testis.
  • Structure: Tube continuous with epididymis that is joined by duct seminal gland => … duct
  • Location: Ascends in spermatic cord- which contains: vas deferens, Blood (testicular) and lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle, nerves (e.g. branch of genitofemoral). Passes through the Inguinal canal- superficial ring first then canal- then deep inguinal ring. Deferens travels posteriorly, crosses over external iliacs and towards the back of bladder
  • Function: to enable movement of sperm from testis to urethra for deposit into female tract.
  • VAN: Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower bladder – inferior vesical – and rectum – middle rectal. Venous: blood follow the arteries and so have the same name.
A
  • Flow as from the perspective of sperm leaving the testis.
  • Structure: Tube continuous with epididymis that is joined by duct seminal gland => ejaculatory duct
  • Location: Ascends in spermatic cord- which contains: vas deferens, Blood (testicular) and lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle, nerves (e.g. branch of genitofemoral). Passes through the Inguinal canal- superficial ring first then canal- then deep inguinal ring. Deferens travels posteriorly, crosses over external iliacs and towards the back of bladder
  • Function: to enable movement of sperm from testis to urethra for deposit into female tract.
  • VAN:Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower bladder – inferior vesical – and rectum – middle rectal. Venous: blood follow the arteries and so have the same name.
30
Q

Ductus Deferens - VAN

  • Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower … – inferior … – and … – middle …
  • Venous: blood follow the … and so …
A
  • Arteries: those that primarily supply the lower bladder – inferior vesical – and rectum – middle rectal
  • Venous: blood follow the arteries and so have the same name.
31
Q

Accessory Glands

  • … duct is joined by … glands:
    • … vesicles – 5cm elongated organ; just inferior to rectovesical pouch; secretes alkaline fluid + fructose + coagulate
    • … – blunt inverted cone; 3 x 4 cm; located at base of bladder; secretes prostatic fluid (20% total volume)
    • … glands – pea sized glands; a.k.a. Cowpers glands; located inferior to prostate; secretion assists lubrication of ducts
A
  • Deferens duct is joined by accessory glands:
    • Seminal vesicles – 5cm elongated organ; just inferior to rectovesical pouch; secretes alkaline fluid + fructose + coagulate
    • Prostate – blunt inverted cone; 3 x 4 cm; located at base of bladder; secretes prostatic fluid (20% total volume)
    • Bulbourethral glands – pea sized glands; a.k.a. Cowpers glands; located inferior to prostate; secretion assists lubrication of ducts
32
Q

Seminal Vesicles

  • Structure: … tubes in sac, bound by adventitia, Epithelium folded, … affect height and secretion of the epithelium
  • Location: Posterior aspect of the …
  • Function: Secrete- f…, amino acids, p…, citric and ascorbic acids that nourish …
  • VAN: Wall of sac contains smooth muscle, which when stimulated by sympathetic nerves expels fluid out-ejaculation. Blood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)
A
  • Structure: Coiled tubes in sac, bound by adventitia, Epithelium folded, androgens affect height and secretion of the epithelium
  • Location: Posterior aspect of the bladder
  • Function: Secrete- fructose, amino acids, prostaglandins, citric and ascorbic acids that nourish spermatozoa
  • VAN: Wall of sac contains smooth muscle, which when stimulated by sympathetic nerves expels fluid out-ejaculation. Blood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)
33
Q

Seminal Vesicles - VAN

  • Wall of sac contains … muscle, which when stimulated by … nerves expels fluid out-…
  • Blood: … vesicle + … vessels (int iliac a)
A
  • Wall of sac contains smooth muscle, which when stimulated by sympathetic nerves expels fluid out-ejaculation
  • DBlood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)
34
Q

Prostate

  • Structure: Largest accessory gland of reproductive system (3cm long), 2/3 …. 1/3 …
  • Location: Prostatic ducts open into prostatic …
  • Function: Support …
  • VAN: Supplied by … arteries and veins, Innervated by sympathetic from inferior … and parasympathetic from … nerves
  • TURP
A
  • Structure: Largest accessory gland of reproductive system (3cm long), 2/3 glandular. 1/3 fibromuscular
  • Location: Prostatic ducts open into prostatic urethra
  • Function: Support sperm
  • VAN: Supplied by prostatic arteries and veins, Innervated by sympathetic from inferior hypogastric and parasympathetic from pelvic splanchnic nerves
  • TURP - Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgery used to treat urinary problems that are caused by an enlarged prostate
35
Q

What is TURP?

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgery used to treat urinary problems that are caused by an enlarged prostate

36
Q

Bulbourethral glands

  • Structure: Paired gland, Pea shaped, Open into spongy …
  • Location: in external … …
  • Function:.. of urethra
  • VAN: Blood: … vesicle + … vessels (int iliac a)
A
  • Structure: Paired gland, Pea shaped, Open into spongy urethra
  • Location: in external urethral sphincter
  • Function:lubrication of urethra
  • VAN: Blood: Inf vesicle + prostatic vessels (int iliac a)
37
Q

Composition of Ejaculate

  • Sperm accounts for about …-…%
  • Seminal vesicles about …-…%
  • Prostate secreting …-…%
  • Bulbourethral glands …%
A
  • Sperm accounts for about 2-5%
  • Seminal vesicles about 60-70%
  • Prostate secreting 20-30%
  • Bulbourethral glands 1%
38
Q

Penis Gross Anatomy

  • Structure: Consists of root, body and glans, body contains 3 … bodies
  • Paired corpora … and 1 corpus …
  • Location: … aspect of the pelvis
  • Function:
  • VAN: Supplied by internal … arteries and external … veins. Innervated by S2/4 … nerve, … nerve to penis, … nerve
A
  • Structure: Consists of root, body and glans, body contains 3 cylindrical bodies
  • Paired corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum
  • Location: Anterior aspect of the pelvis
  • Function:
  • VAN: Supplied by internal pudendal arteries and external pudendal veins. Innervated by S2/4 Pudendal nerve, dorsal nerve to penis, ilioinguinal nerve
39
Q

Penis Microscopic Anatomy

  • Each cavernous body is encapsulated by tough fibrous sheath (Tunica …)
  • Interior of each cavernous body -> irregular … spaces, lined by endothelium, with dense … tissue and … muscle
A
  • Each cavernous body is encapsulated by tough fibrous sheath (Tunica Albuginea)
  • Interior of each cavernous body-irregular vascular spaces, lined by endothelium, with dense fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle
40
Q

Male Urethra

  • Divided into three parts:
    • P…
    • M…
    • P…
A
  • Divided into three parts:
    • Prostatic
    • Membranous
    • Penile
41
Q

Erection, Emission and Ejaculation

  • Erection- … arteries-supply the corpora-in flaccid state A/V shunts
  • Increased … nerve supply, increases blood flow- diverted to vascular spaces
  • Increased pressure in erectile tissue thus … venous return
  • Emission - semen is delivered to the prostatic …, prostatic … added.
  • Emission results from … activity.
  • Ejaculation - semen expelled through …
  • Inhibition of … supply-return to flaccid state
A
  • Erection- Deep arteries-supply the corpora-in flaccid state A/V shunts
  • Increased parasympathetic nerve supply, increases blood flow- diverted to vascular spaces
  • Increased pressure in erectile tissue thus decreasing venous return
  • Emission- semen is delivered to the prostatic urethra, prostatic fluid added.
  • Emission results from sympathetic activity.
  • Ejaculation-semen expelled through urethra
  • Inhibition of sympathetic supply-return to flaccid state
42
Q

Male Reproductive Tracts - Clinical Cases

  • Testicular Torsion
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Patent processus vaginalis
  • Hydrocele
  • Hematocele
A
  • Testicular Torsion
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Patent processus vaginalis
  • Hydrocele
  • Hematocele
43
Q

Female Reproductive Tracts - Clinical Cases

  • Female Genital Mutilation
  • Prolapse
  • Genital Warts
  • Vulvitis
A
  • Female Genital Mutilation
  • Prolapse
  • Genital Warts
  • Vulvitis
44
Q

Innervation - Erection, Emission, Ejaculation

  • Erection - point =
  • Emission = shoot =
A
  • Erection - point = parasympathetic
  • Emission = shoot = sympathetic

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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