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Year 2 Medicine > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System:

  • Part of the …NS
  • Involuntary control:
    • Regulates operation of the … organs
    • Maintains … environment
    • Innervates … muscle, … muscle, …
  • 3 divisions:
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
    • … (the “little brain”)
A
  • Part of the PNS
  • Involuntary control:
    • Regulates operation of the internal organs
    • Maintains internal environment
    • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • 3 divisions:
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
    • Enteric (the “little brain”)
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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System:

  • Part of the PNS
  • … control:
    • Regulates operation of the internal organs
    • Maintains internal environment
    • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • 3 divisions:
    • …
    • …
    • Enteric (the “little …”)
A
  • Part of the PNS
  • Involuntary control:
    • Regulates operation of the internal organs
    • Maintains internal environment
    • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • 3 divisions:
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
    • Enteric (the “little brain”)
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3
Q

3 divisions of the ANS

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric (the “little brain”)
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4
Q

Autonomic function

  • … function:
    • Fight or flight response
    • Maximises use of metabolic resources
  • … function:
    • Opposite to … division
    • Switched on during resting
    • Increases/conserves metabolic resources
  • Both divisions work together to maintain the … environment
A
  • Sympathetic function:
    • Fight or flight response
    • Maximises use of metabolic resources
  • Parasympathetic function:
    • Opposite to sympathetic division
    • Switched on during resting
    • Increases/conserves metabolic resources
  • Both divisions work together to maintain the internal environment
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5
Q

Autonomic function

  • Sympathetic function:
    • … or … response
    • Maximises use of … resources
  • Parasympathetic function:
    • Opposite to sympathetic division
    • Switched on during …
    • Increases/conserves metabolic …
  • Both divisions work together to maintain the internal environment
A
  • Sympathetic function:
    • Fight or flight response
    • Maximises use of metabolic resources
  • Parasympathetic function:
    • Opposite to sympathetic division
    • Switched on during resting
    • Increases/conserves metabolic resources
  • Both divisions work together to maintain the internal environment
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6
Q

Map of the ANS

  • What is para? what is sympathetic?
A
  • Sympathetic system is sandwiched between parasympathetic system
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7
Q
  • 2 Parasympathetic components - one in …, one in S2 to S4 region of spinal cord
  • 1 sympathetic component - … to …. region of spinal cord
A
  • 2 Parasympathetic components - one in brainstem, one in S2 to S4 region of spinal cord
  • 1 sympathetic component - T1 to L2 region of spinal cord
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8
Q

General autonomic circuit

  • Axons do not pass directly to the … organs
    • They form … pathways
  • EXCEPT … supply to adrenal medulla
A
  • Axons do not pass directly to the effector organs
    • They form disynaptic pathways
  • EXCEPT sympathetic supply to adrenal medulla
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9
Q

General autonomic circuit

  • Axons do not pass directly to the effector organs
    • They form disynaptic pathways
  • EXCEPT sympathetic supply to … …
A
  • Axons do not pass directly to the effector organs
    • They form disynaptic pathways
  • EXCEPT sympathetic supply to adrenal medulla
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10
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS

  • Many of the receptors within the ANS provide targets for drugs
  • Within autonomic ganglia:
    • … is the main neurotransmitter (Although lots of neuropeptides)
    • Binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
      • Ionotropic ligand-gated (fast): … opens pore, depolarises neuron
A
  • Many of the receptors within the ANS provide targets for drugs
  • Within autonomic ganglia:
    • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter (Although lots of neuropeptides)
    • Binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
      • Ionotropic ligand-gated (fast): Acetylcholine opens pore, depolarises neuron
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11
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS

  • Many of the receptors within the ANS provide targets for drugs
  • Within … …:
    • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter (Although lots of neuropeptides)
    • Binds to nicotinic receptors on … neurons
      • Ionotropic ligand-gated (fast): Acetylcholine opens pore, … neuron
A
  • Many of the receptors within the ANS provide targets for drugs
  • Within autonomic ganglia:
    • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter (Although lots of neuropeptides)
    • Binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
      • Ionotropic ligand-gated (fast): Acetylcholine opens pore, depolarises neuron
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12
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS

  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
    • … is the main neurotransmitter (except sweat glands use acetylcholine)
    • Binds to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ
  • … G-protein coupled (slow)
  • There are multiple subtypes: a1, a2, B1, B2 and B3
A
  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
    • Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter (except sweat glands use acetylcholine)
    • Binds to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ
  • Metabotropic G-protein coupled (slow)
  • There are multiple subtypes: a1, a2, B1, B2 and B3
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13
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS

  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
    • Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter (except sweat glands use …)
    • Binds to … receptors on the effector organ
  • Metabotropic G-protein coupled (…)
  • There are multiple subtypes: a1, a2, B1, B2 and B3
A
  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
    • Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter (except sweat glands use acetylcholine)
    • Binds to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ
  • Metabotropic G-protein coupled (slow)
  • There are multiple subtypes: a1, a2, B1, B2 and B3
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14
Q
  • A1 - Blood vessels: a1 antagonists used to treat … (E.g. Prazosin)
  • B1 - Heart: B1 antagonists used to treat … (E.g. Atenolol)
  • B2 - Bronchus: B2 agonists used to treat … (E.g. Salbutamol)
A
  • A1 - Blood vessels: a1 antagonists used to treat hypertension (E.g. Prazosin)
  • B1 - Heart: B1 antagonists used to treat hypertension (E.g. Atenolol)
  • B2 - Bronchus: B2 agonists used to treat asthma (E.g. Salbutamol)
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15
Q

Neurotransmission -Within adrenal medulla

  • … is also the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on … cells
  • Causes release of adrenalin/noradrenalin into circulation
    • Direct activation of sympathetic effector organs
A
  • Acetylcholine is also the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
  • Causes release of adrenalin/noradrenalin into circulation
    • Direct activation of sympathetic effector organs
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16
Q

Neurotransmission -Within adrenal medulla

  • Acetylcholine is also the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
  • Causes release of …/… into circulation
    • … activation of sympathetic effector organs
A
  • Acetylcholine is also the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
  • Causes release of adrenalin/noradrenalin into circulation
    • Direct activation of sympathetic effector organs
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17
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS - Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

  • … is the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to … receptors on the effector organ
    • … G-protein coupled (slow)
  • Cholinergic-muscarinic antagonist (e.g. Atropine) are used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions etc.
A
  • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to muscarinic receptors on the effector organ
    • Metabotropic G-protein coupled (slow)
  • Cholinergic-muscarinic antagonist (e.g. Atropine) are used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions etc.
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18
Q

…-muscarinic … (e.g. Atropine) are used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions etc.

A

Cholinergic-muscarinic antagonist (e.g. Atropine) are used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions etc.

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19
Q

Sympathetic system - ANS

  • Huge system
    • Cardiac muscle - … pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - broncho…
    • Sweat glands - sweat …
    • Hair follicles - piloerection
    • Blood vessels - vaso… of arteries/arterioles
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - inhibits peristalsis + gastric secretion, stimulate glucagon secretion, stimulates secretion of adrenalin
    • Eye - … pupils
A
  • Huge system
    • Cardiac muscle - increases pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchodilation
    • Sweat glands - sweat secretion
    • Hair follicles - piloerection
    • Blood vessels - vasoconstriction of arteries/arterioles
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - inhibits peristalsis + gastric secretion, stimulate glucagon secretion, stimulates secretion of adrenalin
    • Eye - dilates pupils
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20
Q

Sympathetic system - ANS

  • Huge system
    • Cardiac muscle - … pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchodilation
    • Sweat glands - sweat …
    • Hair follicles - pilo…
    • Blood vessels - vasoconstriction of arteries/arterioles
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - … peristalsis + gastric secretion, … glucagon secretion, … secretion of adrenalin
    • Eye - … pupils
A
  • Huge system
    • Cardiac muscle - increases pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchodilation
    • Sweat glands - sweat secretion
    • Hair follicles - piloerection
    • Blood vessels - vasoconstriction of arteries/arterioles
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - inhibits peristalsis + gastric secretion, stimulate glucagon secretion, stimulates secretion of adrenalin
    • Eye - dilates pupils
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21
Q

Sympathetic trunk/chain

  • Interconnected … ganglia close to bodies of vertebrae
  • Extends from cervical to sacral levels
  • Preganglionic fibres enter sympathetic trunk through … rami communicantes
A
  • Interconnected paravertebral ganglia close to bodies of vertebrae
  • Extends from cervical to sacral levels
  • Preganglionic fibres enter sympathetic trunk through white rami communicantes
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22
Q

Preganglionic fibres

  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
    • Synapse in … - same level or travel to another level OR
    • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in … ganglia
A
  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
  • Synapse in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
  • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
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23
Q

Preganglionic fibres

  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
    • … in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
    • … … ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
A
  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
  • Synapse in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
  • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
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24
Q

Preganglionic fibres

  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
    • Synapse in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
    • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in … …
A
  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
  • Synapse in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
  • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
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25
_Postganglionic fibres_ * Postganglionic neurons much ... numerous than preganglionic * Approx 1: 20 ratio ...-to ...-ganglionic neurons * ... axons synapse on many ... neurons * Leads to concurrent activation of ... neurons * = mass discharge
* Postganglionic neurons much more numerous than preganglionic * Approx 1: 20 ratio pre-to post-ganglionic neurons * Preganglionic axons synapse on many postganglionic neurons * Leads to concurrent activation of postganglionic neurons * = mass discharge
26
_From sympathetic trunk, postganglionic fibres follow one of two routes:_ * To the ... (Sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels) * Via ... rami communicans back into spinal nerves * To the ... (heart, lungs, head) * Via medial branches/plexus * From prevertebral ganglia, postganglionic fibres form plexus around viscera
* To the periphery (Sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels) * Via grey rami communicans back into spinal nerves * To the viscera (heart, lungs, head) * Via medial branches/plexus * From prevertebral ganglia, postganglionic fibres form plexus around viscera
27
_Cervical sympathetic_ * Cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and heart * Three cervical ganglia - ..., ..., ...
* Cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and heart * Three cervical ganglia - superior, middle, inferior
28
_Cervical sympathetic_ * Cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and heart * Three cervical ganglia - ..., ..., ...
* Cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and heart * Three cervical ganglia - superior, middle, inferior
29
_Stellate ganglion:_ * Fused ... cervical and ... thoracic ganglia * Anterior to neck of ... rib * Stellate ganglion block can be used to treat ... pain
* Fused inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia * Anterior to neck of first rib * Stellate ganglion block can be used to treat chronic pain
30
... ganglion block can be used to treat chronic pain
**Stellate ganglion block can be used to treat chronic pain**
31
_Cervical sympathetic - Postganglionic fibres:_ * Exit via grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves to ... limbs * Some "piggyback" down common carotid artery to ...
* Exit via grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves to upper limbs * Some "piggyback" down common carotid artery to heart
32
_Cervical sympathetic - Postganglionic fibres:_ * Some "piggy back" up internal/external carotid artery to head * Internal carotid plexus: * To eye (... pupil, ... eye lid) * To lacrimal gland (... secretions) * External carotid plexus: * To submandibular and parotid glands (... secretions)
* Some "piggy back" up internal/external carotid artery to head * Internal carotid plexus: * To eye (dilate pupil, raise eye lid) * To lacrimal gland (inhibit secretions) * External carotid plexus: * To submandibular and parotid glands (inhibits secretions)
33
_Horner's syndrome_ * Due to a disruption of the ... supply to the head * Any part of pathway: hypothalamus to preganglionic neurons * E.g. lesions within brainstem/cervical spinal cord (in MS) - Affecting descending autonomic regulatory pathways
* Due to a disruption of the sympathetic supply to the head * Any part of pathway: hypothalamus to preganglionic neurons * E.g. lesions within brainstem/cervical spinal cord (in MS) - Affecting descending autonomic regulatory pathways
34
Signs of horner's syndrome
* Signs include: * Miosis (Constriction of pupil) * Ptosis (drooping of eyelid) * Anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
35
* Miosis (Constriction of pupil) * Ptosis (drooping of eyelid) * Anhydrosis (lack of sweating) all signs of what syndrome?
horner's syndrome
36
_Thoracic sympathetic_ * Thoracic ganglia supply thorax, heart, lungs and abdominal viscera
* Thoracic ganglia supply thorax, heart, lungs and abdominal viscera
37
_Thoracic sympathetic_ * Postganglionic fibres exit via: * ... rami communicantes to spinal nerves * ... branches to heart and lungs
* Postganglionic fibres exit via: * Grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves * Medial branches to heart and lungs
38
_Thoracic sympathetic:_ * Preganglionic fibres exit via: * Thoracic ... nerves to abdomen * Greater, lesser, least - to ... ganglia
* Preganglionic fibres exit via: * Thoracic splanchnic nerves to abdomen * Greater, lesser, least - to prevertebral ganglia
39
_Thoracic splanchnic nerves_ * Thoracic splanchnic nerves - pierce ... - synapse in prevertebral ganglia * Postganglionic fibres form prevertebral plexus around viscera * Innervates abdominal ... (including the ...)
* Thoracic splanchnic nerves - pierce diaphragm - synapse in prevertebral ganglia * Postganglionic fibres form prevertebral plexus around viscera * Innervates abdominal viscera (including the foregut)
40
* Thoracic splanchnic nerves - pierce diaphragm - synapse in prevertebral ganglia * Postganglionic fibres form prevertebral plexus around viscera * Innervates abdominal ... (including the ...)
* **Thoracic splanchnic nerves - pierce diaphragm - synapse in prevertebral ganglia** * **Postganglionic fibres form prevertebral plexus around viscera** * **Innervates abdominal viscera (including the foregut)**
41
_Lumbar sympathetic_ * Lumbar ganglia supply the abdominal ... and ... limb * Postganglionic fibres exit via: * ... rami communicantes to spinal nerves: * Preganglionic fibres exit via: * Lumbar ... nerves to abdomen - (synapse in prevertebral ganglia)
* Lumbar ganglia supply the abdominal viscera and lower limb * Postganglionic fibres exit via: * Grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves: * Preganglionic fibres exit via: * Lumbar splanchnic nerves to abdomen - (synapse in prevertebral ganglia)
42
_Sacral sympathetic_ * Sacral ganglia supply ... and ... limb * Postganglionic fibres exit via: * ... rami communicantes to spinal nerves (lower limb) * Sacral ... nerves to pelvic organs * NOTE: other sympathetic splanchnic nerves mainly contain preganglionic fibres
* Sacral ganglia supply pelvis and lower limb * Postganglionic fibres exit via: * Grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves (lower limb) * Sacral splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs * NOTE: other sympathetic splanchnic nerves mainly contain preganglionic fibres
43
_Parasympathetic system_ * Smaller division: * Cardiac muscle - ... pacemaker activity + contractile force * Bronchi of lungs - broncho... * Sweat glands - ... * Hair follicles - ... * Blood vessels - none (Except ... erectile tissue) * Abdomino-pelvic viscera - ... peristalsis + gastric secretions * Eye - ... pupils * Salivary + lacrimal glands - ... of watery saliva and tears
* Smaller division: * Cardiac muscle - decreases pacemaker activity + contractile force * Bronchi of lungs - bronchoconstriction * Sweat glands - none * Hair follicles - none * Blood vessels - none (Except male erectile tissue) * Abdomino-pelvic viscera - stimulates peristalsis + gastric secretions * Eye - constricts pupils * Salivary + lacrimal glands - secretion of watery saliva and tears
44
_Parasympathetic system_ * Smaller division: * ... muscle - decreases pacemaker activity + contractile force * Bronchi of lungs - bronchoconstriction * ... glands - none * ... follicles - none * .... vessels - none (Except male erectile tissue) * Abdomino-pelvic viscera - stimulates peristalsis + gastric secretions * Eye - constricts pupils * Salivary + lacrimal glands - ... of watery saliva and tears
* Smaller division: * Cardiac muscle - decreases pacemaker activity + contractile force * Bronchi of lungs - bronchoconstriction * Sweat glands - none * Hair follicles - none * Blood vessels - none (Except male erectile tissue) * Abdomino-pelvic viscera - stimulates peristalsis + gastric secretions * Eye - constricts pupils * Salivary + lacrimal glands - secretion of watery saliva and tears
45
_Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres_ * Preganglionic neurons within: * ... * ... matter spinal cord (part that forms S2-S4 spinal nerves) * All ganglia located close to target organ:
* Preganglionic neurons within: * Brainstem * Grey matter spinal cord (part that forms S2-S4 spinal nerves) * All ganglia located close to target organ:
46
_Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres_ * Preganglionic neurons within: * Brainstem * Grey matter spinal cord (part that forms ..-.. spinal nerves) * All ganglia located close to ... organ:
* Preganglionic neurons within: * Brainstem * Grey matter spinal cord (part that forms S2-S4 spinal nerves) * All ganglia located close to target organ:
47
_Cranial parasympathetic_ * Cranial preganglionic neuronal cell bodies are within ... ... nuclei
* Cranial preganglionic neuronal cell bodies are within cranial nerve nuclei
48
Only cranial nerves with a parasympathetic component - 4
**Only cranial nerves with a parasympathetic component - CN III, VII, IX, X**
49
Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming ...-... nucleus (CN III)
Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming edinger-westphal nucleus (CN III)
50
Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming ... ... nucleus (CN VII)
Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming superior salivatory nucleus (CN VII)
51
Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming ... ... nucleus (CN IX)
Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming inferior salivatory nucleus (CN IX)
52
Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming nucleus ambigious, dorsal motor nucleus (CN ...)
Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming nucleus ambigious, dorsal motor nucleus (CN X)
53
What 4 cranial nerves have a parasympathetic component?
54
_Preganglionic axons pass through cranial nerves to ganglia_
55
... nerve passes to heart, lungs and abdominal viscera
Vagus nerve passes to heart, lungs and abdominal viscera
56
_Sacral parasympathetic function_ * Bladder (urination) * Contraction of bladder wall * ... to bladder sphincter * Rectum (Defecation) * ... of rectal sphincter * Sexual function * ... in erectile tissues
* Bladder (urination) * Contraction of bladder wall * Inhibition to bladder sphincter * Rectum (Defecation) * Inhibition of rectal sphincter * Sexual function * Vasodilation in erectile tissues
57
_Sacral parasympathetic function_ * Bladder (urination) * ... of bladder wall * Inhibition to bladder sphincter * Rectum (Defecation) * Inhibition of rectal ... * Sexual function * Vasodilation in ... tissues
* Bladder (urination) * Contraction of bladder wall * Inhibition to bladder sphincter * Rectum (Defecation) * Inhibition of rectal sphincter * Sexual function * Vasodilation in erectile tissues
58
In men - ... component causes vasodilation in erectile tissue - erection, whereas ... tissue causes ejaculation
In men - parasympathetic component causes vasodilation in erectile tissue - erection, whereas sympathetic tissue causes ejaculation
59
_Enteric nervous system_ * In walls of gastrointestinal tract * Two very complicated plexi: * ... - regulates muscle contraction (also known as myenteric plexus) * ... - regulates glandular secretions (also known as submucosal plexus) * Contains 10-100 billion neurons * Very ... - retains functions after all central connections severed * Truly autonomic
* In walls of gastrointestinal tract * Two very complicated plexi: * Auerbach's - regulates muscle contraction (also known as myenteric plexus) * Meissner's - regulates glandular secretions (also known as submucosal plexus) * Contains 10-100 billion neurons * Very unusual - retains functions after all central connections severed * Truly autonomic
60
_Enteric nervous system_ * In walls of gastrointestinal tract * Two very complicated plexi: * Auerbach's - regulates ... contraction (also known as ... plexus) * Meissner's - regulates ... secretions (also known as ... plexus) * Contains 10-100 billion neurons * Very unusual - retains functions after all central connections severed * Truly ...
* In walls of gastrointestinal tract * Two very complicated plexi: * Auerbach's - regulates muscle contraction (also known as myenteric plexus) * Meissner's - regulates glandular secretions (also known as submucosal plexus) * Contains 10-100 billion neurons * Very unusual - retains functions after all central connections severed * Truly autonomic
61
Enteric nervous system
62
_Central control - ANS_

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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