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Year 2 Medicine > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System:

  • Part of the …NS
  • Involuntary control:
    • Regulates operation of the … organs
    • Maintains … environment
    • Innervates … muscle, … muscle, …
  • 3 divisions:
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
    • … (the “little brain”)
A
  • Part of the PNS
  • Involuntary control:
    • Regulates operation of the internal organs
    • Maintains internal environment
    • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • 3 divisions:
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
    • Enteric (the “little brain”)
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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System:

  • Part of the PNS
  • … control:
    • Regulates operation of the internal organs
    • Maintains internal environment
    • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • 3 divisions:
    • …
    • …
    • Enteric (the “little …”)
A
  • Part of the PNS
  • Involuntary control:
    • Regulates operation of the internal organs
    • Maintains internal environment
    • Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • 3 divisions:
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
    • Enteric (the “little brain”)
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3
Q

3 divisions of the ANS

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric (the “little brain”)
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4
Q

Autonomic function

  • … function:
    • Fight or flight response
    • Maximises use of metabolic resources
  • … function:
    • Opposite to … division
    • Switched on during resting
    • Increases/conserves metabolic resources
  • Both divisions work together to maintain the … environment
A
  • Sympathetic function:
    • Fight or flight response
    • Maximises use of metabolic resources
  • Parasympathetic function:
    • Opposite to sympathetic division
    • Switched on during resting
    • Increases/conserves metabolic resources
  • Both divisions work together to maintain the internal environment
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5
Q

Autonomic function

  • Sympathetic function:
    • … or … response
    • Maximises use of … resources
  • Parasympathetic function:
    • Opposite to sympathetic division
    • Switched on during …
    • Increases/conserves metabolic …
  • Both divisions work together to maintain the internal environment
A
  • Sympathetic function:
    • Fight or flight response
    • Maximises use of metabolic resources
  • Parasympathetic function:
    • Opposite to sympathetic division
    • Switched on during resting
    • Increases/conserves metabolic resources
  • Both divisions work together to maintain the internal environment
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6
Q

Map of the ANS

  • What is para? what is sympathetic?
A
  • Sympathetic system is sandwiched between parasympathetic system
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7
Q
  • 2 Parasympathetic components - one in …, one in S2 to S4 region of spinal cord
  • 1 sympathetic component - … to …. region of spinal cord
A
  • 2 Parasympathetic components - one in brainstem, one in S2 to S4 region of spinal cord
  • 1 sympathetic component - T1 to L2 region of spinal cord
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8
Q

General autonomic circuit

  • Axons do not pass directly to the … organs
    • They form … pathways
  • EXCEPT … supply to adrenal medulla
A
  • Axons do not pass directly to the effector organs
    • They form disynaptic pathways
  • EXCEPT sympathetic supply to adrenal medulla
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9
Q

General autonomic circuit

  • Axons do not pass directly to the effector organs
    • They form disynaptic pathways
  • EXCEPT sympathetic supply to … …
A
  • Axons do not pass directly to the effector organs
    • They form disynaptic pathways
  • EXCEPT sympathetic supply to adrenal medulla
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10
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS

  • Many of the receptors within the ANS provide targets for drugs
  • Within autonomic ganglia:
    • … is the main neurotransmitter (Although lots of neuropeptides)
    • Binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
      • Ionotropic ligand-gated (fast): … opens pore, depolarises neuron
A
  • Many of the receptors within the ANS provide targets for drugs
  • Within autonomic ganglia:
    • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter (Although lots of neuropeptides)
    • Binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
      • Ionotropic ligand-gated (fast): Acetylcholine opens pore, depolarises neuron
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11
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS

  • Many of the receptors within the ANS provide targets for drugs
  • Within … …:
    • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter (Although lots of neuropeptides)
    • Binds to nicotinic receptors on … neurons
      • Ionotropic ligand-gated (fast): Acetylcholine opens pore, … neuron
A
  • Many of the receptors within the ANS provide targets for drugs
  • Within autonomic ganglia:
    • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter (Although lots of neuropeptides)
    • Binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons
      • Ionotropic ligand-gated (fast): Acetylcholine opens pore, depolarises neuron
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12
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS

  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
    • … is the main neurotransmitter (except sweat glands use acetylcholine)
    • Binds to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ
  • … G-protein coupled (slow)
  • There are multiple subtypes: a1, a2, B1, B2 and B3
A
  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
    • Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter (except sweat glands use acetylcholine)
    • Binds to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ
  • Metabotropic G-protein coupled (slow)
  • There are multiple subtypes: a1, a2, B1, B2 and B3
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13
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS

  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
    • Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter (except sweat glands use …)
    • Binds to … receptors on the effector organ
  • Metabotropic G-protein coupled (…)
  • There are multiple subtypes: a1, a2, B1, B2 and B3
A
  • Postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
    • Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter (except sweat glands use acetylcholine)
    • Binds to adrenergic receptors on the effector organ
  • Metabotropic G-protein coupled (slow)
  • There are multiple subtypes: a1, a2, B1, B2 and B3
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14
Q
  • A1 - Blood vessels: a1 antagonists used to treat … (E.g. Prazosin)
  • B1 - Heart: B1 antagonists used to treat … (E.g. Atenolol)
  • B2 - Bronchus: B2 agonists used to treat … (E.g. Salbutamol)
A
  • A1 - Blood vessels: a1 antagonists used to treat hypertension (E.g. Prazosin)
  • B1 - Heart: B1 antagonists used to treat hypertension (E.g. Atenolol)
  • B2 - Bronchus: B2 agonists used to treat asthma (E.g. Salbutamol)
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15
Q

Neurotransmission -Within adrenal medulla

  • … is also the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on … cells
  • Causes release of adrenalin/noradrenalin into circulation
    • Direct activation of sympathetic effector organs
A
  • Acetylcholine is also the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
  • Causes release of adrenalin/noradrenalin into circulation
    • Direct activation of sympathetic effector organs
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16
Q

Neurotransmission -Within adrenal medulla

  • Acetylcholine is also the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
  • Causes release of …/… into circulation
    • … activation of sympathetic effector organs
A
  • Acetylcholine is also the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells
  • Causes release of adrenalin/noradrenalin into circulation
    • Direct activation of sympathetic effector organs
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17
Q

Neurotransmission - ANS - Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

  • … is the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to … receptors on the effector organ
    • … G-protein coupled (slow)
  • Cholinergic-muscarinic antagonist (e.g. Atropine) are used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions etc.
A
  • Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter
  • Binds to muscarinic receptors on the effector organ
    • Metabotropic G-protein coupled (slow)
  • Cholinergic-muscarinic antagonist (e.g. Atropine) are used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions etc.
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18
Q

…-muscarinic … (e.g. Atropine) are used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions etc.

A

Cholinergic-muscarinic antagonist (e.g. Atropine) are used to treat bradycardia, dilate pupils, reduce glandular secretions etc.

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19
Q

Sympathetic system - ANS

  • Huge system
    • Cardiac muscle - … pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - broncho…
    • Sweat glands - sweat …
    • Hair follicles - piloerection
    • Blood vessels - vaso… of arteries/arterioles
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - inhibits peristalsis + gastric secretion, stimulate glucagon secretion, stimulates secretion of adrenalin
    • Eye - … pupils
A
  • Huge system
    • Cardiac muscle - increases pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchodilation
    • Sweat glands - sweat secretion
    • Hair follicles - piloerection
    • Blood vessels - vasoconstriction of arteries/arterioles
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - inhibits peristalsis + gastric secretion, stimulate glucagon secretion, stimulates secretion of adrenalin
    • Eye - dilates pupils
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20
Q

Sympathetic system - ANS

  • Huge system
    • Cardiac muscle - … pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchodilation
    • Sweat glands - sweat …
    • Hair follicles - pilo…
    • Blood vessels - vasoconstriction of arteries/arterioles
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - … peristalsis + gastric secretion, … glucagon secretion, … secretion of adrenalin
    • Eye - … pupils
A
  • Huge system
    • Cardiac muscle - increases pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchodilation
    • Sweat glands - sweat secretion
    • Hair follicles - piloerection
    • Blood vessels - vasoconstriction of arteries/arterioles
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - inhibits peristalsis + gastric secretion, stimulate glucagon secretion, stimulates secretion of adrenalin
    • Eye - dilates pupils
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21
Q

Sympathetic trunk/chain

  • Interconnected … ganglia close to bodies of vertebrae
  • Extends from cervical to sacral levels
  • Preganglionic fibres enter sympathetic trunk through … rami communicantes
A
  • Interconnected paravertebral ganglia close to bodies of vertebrae
  • Extends from cervical to sacral levels
  • Preganglionic fibres enter sympathetic trunk through white rami communicantes
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22
Q

Preganglionic fibres

  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
    • Synapse in … - same level or travel to another level OR
    • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in … ganglia
A
  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
  • Synapse in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
  • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
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23
Q

Preganglionic fibres

  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
    • … in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
    • … … ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
A
  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
  • Synapse in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
  • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
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24
Q

Preganglionic fibres

  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
    • Synapse in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
    • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in … …
A
  • On entering the trunk, preganglionic fibres either:
  • Synapse in ganglion - same level or travel to another level OR
  • Pass through ganglion into splanchnic nerves to synapse in prevertebral ganglia
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25
Q

Postganglionic fibres

  • Postganglionic neurons much … numerous than preganglionic
    • Approx 1: 20 ratio …-to …-ganglionic neurons
  • … axons synapse on many … neurons
  • Leads to concurrent activation of … neurons
  • = mass discharge
A
  • Postganglionic neurons much more numerous than preganglionic
    • Approx 1: 20 ratio pre-to post-ganglionic neurons
  • Preganglionic axons synapse on many postganglionic neurons
  • Leads to concurrent activation of postganglionic neurons
  • = mass discharge
26
Q

From sympathetic trunk, postganglionic fibres follow one of two routes:

  • To the … (Sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels)
    • Via … rami communicans back into spinal nerves
  • To the … (heart, lungs, head)
    • Via medial branches/plexus
  • From prevertebral ganglia, postganglionic fibres form plexus around viscera
A
  • To the periphery (Sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessels)
    • Via grey rami communicans back into spinal nerves
  • To the viscera (heart, lungs, head)
    • Via medial branches/plexus
  • From prevertebral ganglia, postganglionic fibres form plexus around viscera
27
Q

Cervical sympathetic

  • Cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and heart
  • Three cervical ganglia - …, …, …
A
  • Cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and heart
  • Three cervical ganglia - superior, middle, inferior
28
Q

Cervical sympathetic

  • Cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and heart
  • Three cervical ganglia - …, …, …
A
  • Cervical ganglia supply head, upper limbs and heart
  • Three cervical ganglia - superior, middle, inferior
29
Q

Stellate ganglion:

  • Fused … cervical and … thoracic ganglia
  • Anterior to neck of … rib
  • Stellate ganglion block can be used to treat … pain
A
  • Fused inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia
  • Anterior to neck of first rib
  • Stellate ganglion block can be used to treat chronic pain
30
Q

… ganglion block can be used to treat chronic pain

A

Stellate ganglion block can be used to treat chronic pain

31
Q

Cervical sympathetic - Postganglionic fibres:

  • Exit via grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves to … limbs
  • Some “piggyback” down common carotid artery to …
A
  • Exit via grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves to upper limbs
  • Some “piggyback” down common carotid artery to heart
32
Q

Cervical sympathetic - Postganglionic fibres:

  • Some “piggy back” up internal/external carotid artery to head
  • Internal carotid plexus:
    • To eye (… pupil, … eye lid)
    • To lacrimal gland (… secretions)
  • External carotid plexus:
    • To submandibular and parotid glands (… secretions)
A
  • Some “piggy back” up internal/external carotid artery to head
  • Internal carotid plexus:
    • To eye (dilate pupil, raise eye lid)
    • To lacrimal gland (inhibit secretions)
  • External carotid plexus:
    • To submandibular and parotid glands (inhibits secretions)
33
Q

Horner’s syndrome

  • Due to a disruption of the … supply to the head
  • Any part of pathway: hypothalamus to preganglionic neurons
    • E.g. lesions within brainstem/cervical spinal cord (in MS) - Affecting descending autonomic regulatory pathways
A
  • Due to a disruption of the sympathetic supply to the head
  • Any part of pathway: hypothalamus to preganglionic neurons
    • E.g. lesions within brainstem/cervical spinal cord (in MS) - Affecting descending autonomic regulatory pathways
34
Q

Signs of horner’s syndrome

A
  • Signs include:
    • Miosis (Constriction of pupil)
    • Ptosis (drooping of eyelid)
    • Anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
35
Q
  • Miosis (Constriction of pupil)
  • Ptosis (drooping of eyelid)
  • Anhydrosis (lack of sweating)

all signs of what syndrome?

A

horner’s syndrome

36
Q

Thoracic sympathetic

  • Thoracic ganglia supply thorax, heart, lungs and abdominal viscera
A
  • Thoracic ganglia supply thorax, heart, lungs and abdominal viscera
37
Q

Thoracic sympathetic

  • Postganglionic fibres exit via:
    • … rami communicantes to spinal nerves
    • … branches to heart and lungs
A
  • Postganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves
    • Medial branches to heart and lungs
38
Q

Thoracic sympathetic:

  • Preganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Thoracic … nerves to abdomen
    • Greater, lesser, least - to … ganglia
A
  • Preganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Thoracic splanchnic nerves to abdomen
    • Greater, lesser, least - to prevertebral ganglia
39
Q

Thoracic splanchnic nerves

  • Thoracic splanchnic nerves - pierce … - synapse in prevertebral ganglia
  • Postganglionic fibres form prevertebral plexus around viscera
  • Innervates abdominal … (including the …)
A
  • Thoracic splanchnic nerves - pierce diaphragm - synapse in prevertebral ganglia
  • Postganglionic fibres form prevertebral plexus around viscera
  • Innervates abdominal viscera (including the foregut)
40
Q
  • Thoracic splanchnic nerves - pierce diaphragm - synapse in prevertebral ganglia
  • Postganglionic fibres form prevertebral plexus around viscera
  • Innervates abdominal … (including the …)
A
  • Thoracic splanchnic nerves - pierce diaphragm - synapse in prevertebral ganglia
  • Postganglionic fibres form prevertebral plexus around viscera
  • Innervates abdominal viscera (including the foregut)
41
Q

Lumbar sympathetic

  • Lumbar ganglia supply the abdominal … and … limb
  • Postganglionic fibres exit via:
    • … rami communicantes to spinal nerves:
  • Preganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Lumbar … nerves to abdomen - (synapse in prevertebral ganglia)
A
  • Lumbar ganglia supply the abdominal viscera and lower limb
  • Postganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves:
  • Preganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Lumbar splanchnic nerves to abdomen - (synapse in prevertebral ganglia)
42
Q

Sacral sympathetic

  • Sacral ganglia supply … and … limb
  • Postganglionic fibres exit via:
    • … rami communicantes to spinal nerves (lower limb)
    • Sacral … nerves to pelvic organs
  • NOTE: other sympathetic splanchnic nerves mainly contain preganglionic fibres
A
  • Sacral ganglia supply pelvis and lower limb
  • Postganglionic fibres exit via:
    • Grey rami communicantes to spinal nerves (lower limb)
    • Sacral splanchnic nerves to pelvic organs
  • NOTE: other sympathetic splanchnic nerves mainly contain preganglionic fibres
43
Q

Parasympathetic system

  • Smaller division:
    • Cardiac muscle - … pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - broncho…
    • Sweat glands - …
    • Hair follicles - …
    • Blood vessels - none (Except … erectile tissue)
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - … peristalsis + gastric secretions
    • Eye - … pupils
    • Salivary + lacrimal glands - … of watery saliva and tears
A
  • Smaller division:
    • Cardiac muscle - decreases pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchoconstriction
    • Sweat glands - none
    • Hair follicles - none
    • Blood vessels - none (Except male erectile tissue)
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - stimulates peristalsis + gastric secretions
    • Eye - constricts pupils
    • Salivary + lacrimal glands - secretion of watery saliva and tears
44
Q

Parasympathetic system

  • Smaller division:
    • … muscle - decreases pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchoconstriction
    • … glands - none
    • … follicles - none
    • …. vessels - none (Except male erectile tissue)
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - stimulates peristalsis + gastric secretions
    • Eye - constricts pupils
    • Salivary + lacrimal glands - … of watery saliva and tears
A
  • Smaller division:
    • Cardiac muscle - decreases pacemaker activity + contractile force
    • Bronchi of lungs - bronchoconstriction
    • Sweat glands - none
    • Hair follicles - none
    • Blood vessels - none (Except male erectile tissue)
    • Abdomino-pelvic viscera - stimulates peristalsis + gastric secretions
    • Eye - constricts pupils
    • Salivary + lacrimal glands - secretion of watery saliva and tears
45
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres

  • Preganglionic neurons within:
    • …
    • … matter spinal cord (part that forms S2-S4 spinal nerves)
  • All ganglia located close to target organ:
A
  • Preganglionic neurons within:
    • Brainstem
    • Grey matter spinal cord (part that forms S2-S4 spinal nerves)
  • All ganglia located close to target organ:
46
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres

  • Preganglionic neurons within:
    • Brainstem
    • Grey matter spinal cord (part that forms ..-.. spinal nerves)
  • All ganglia located close to … organ:
A
  • Preganglionic neurons within:
    • Brainstem
    • Grey matter spinal cord (part that forms S2-S4 spinal nerves)
  • All ganglia located close to target organ:
47
Q

Cranial parasympathetic

  • Cranial preganglionic neuronal cell bodies are within … … nuclei
A
  • Cranial preganglionic neuronal cell bodies are within cranial nerve nuclei
48
Q

Only cranial nerves with a parasympathetic component - 4

A

Only cranial nerves with a parasympathetic component - CN III, VII, IX, X

49
Q

Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming …-… nucleus (CN III)

A

Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming edinger-westphal nucleus (CN III)

50
Q

Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming … … nucleus (CN VII)

A

Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming superior salivatory nucleus (CN VII)

51
Q

Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming … … nucleus (CN IX)

A

Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming inferior salivatory nucleus (CN IX)

52
Q

Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming nucleus ambigious, dorsal motor nucleus (CN …)

A

Cranial nerve preganglionic neuronal cell bodies within cranial nerves - forming nucleus ambigious, dorsal motor nucleus (CN X)

53
Q

What 4 cranial nerves have a parasympathetic component?

54
Q

Preganglionic axons pass through cranial nerves to ganglia

55
Q

… nerve passes to heart, lungs and abdominal viscera

A

Vagus nerve passes to heart, lungs and abdominal viscera

56
Q

Sacral parasympathetic function

  • Bladder (urination)
    • Contraction of bladder wall
    • … to bladder sphincter
  • Rectum (Defecation)
    • … of rectal sphincter
  • Sexual function
    • … in erectile tissues
A
  • Bladder (urination)
    • Contraction of bladder wall
    • Inhibition to bladder sphincter
  • Rectum (Defecation)
    • Inhibition of rectal sphincter
  • Sexual function
    • Vasodilation in erectile tissues
57
Q

Sacral parasympathetic function

  • Bladder (urination)
    • … of bladder wall
    • Inhibition to bladder sphincter
  • Rectum (Defecation)
    • Inhibition of rectal …
  • Sexual function
    • Vasodilation in … tissues
A
  • Bladder (urination)
    • Contraction of bladder wall
    • Inhibition to bladder sphincter
  • Rectum (Defecation)
    • Inhibition of rectal sphincter
  • Sexual function
    • Vasodilation in erectile tissues
58
Q

In men - … component causes vasodilation in erectile tissue - erection, whereas … tissue causes ejaculation

A

In men - parasympathetic component causes vasodilation in erectile tissue - erection, whereas sympathetic tissue causes ejaculation

59
Q

Enteric nervous system

  • In walls of gastrointestinal tract
  • Two very complicated plexi:
    • … - regulates muscle contraction (also known as myenteric plexus)
    • … - regulates glandular secretions (also known as submucosal plexus)
  • Contains 10-100 billion neurons
  • Very … - retains functions after all central connections severed
  • Truly autonomic
A
  • In walls of gastrointestinal tract
  • Two very complicated plexi:
    • Auerbach’s - regulates muscle contraction (also known as myenteric plexus)
    • Meissner’s - regulates glandular secretions (also known as submucosal plexus)
  • Contains 10-100 billion neurons
  • Very unusual - retains functions after all central connections severed
  • Truly autonomic
60
Q

Enteric nervous system

  • In walls of gastrointestinal tract
  • Two very complicated plexi:
    • Auerbach’s - regulates … contraction (also known as … plexus)
    • Meissner’s - regulates … secretions (also known as … plexus)
  • Contains 10-100 billion neurons
  • Very unusual - retains functions after all central connections severed
  • Truly …
A
  • In walls of gastrointestinal tract
  • Two very complicated plexi:
    • Auerbach’s - regulates muscle contraction (also known as myenteric plexus)
    • Meissner’s - regulates glandular secretions (also known as submucosal plexus)
  • Contains 10-100 billion neurons
  • Very unusual - retains functions after all central connections severed
  • Truly autonomic
61
Q

Enteric nervous system

62
Q

Central control - ANS

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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