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Year 2 Medicine > Psychobiology of Emotion > Flashcards

Psychobiology of Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion is:

A

Brief, evoked, valenced responses to external or internal event

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2
Q

Examples of Emotion

A

Anger, sadness, joy, fear, shame, elation, pride

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3
Q

Mood

A

Diffuse affect state

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4
Q

Examples of Mood

A

Cheerful, gloomy, irritable, longer duration - listless

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5
Q

Interpersonal Stance

A

Colouring of interaction with others, situational

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6
Q

Examples of Interpersonal Stance

A

Cold, distance, warm, supportive, contemptuous

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7
Q

Attitudes

A

Enduring coloured belief / predispositions to others/objects

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8
Q

Examples of Attitudes

A

Liking, loving, hating, desiring

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9
Q

Personality Traits

A

Behavioural style and tendencies, individualised, stable

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10
Q

Examples of Personality Traits

A

Nervous, hostile, reckless

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11
Q

Definition of Emotion

A

Emotions are transient events, produced in response to external or internal events of significance to the individual, characterised by attention to the evoking stimulus & changes In physiological arousal, motor behaviour and feelings and engender a biasing of behaviour

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12
Q

Emotion triad

A
  • Physiological responses - A readiness to act in specific ways - Feelings
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13
Q

Alexithymia is…

A

a personality characteristic in which the individual is unable to identify and describe their emotions.

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14
Q

Anhedonia is…

A

the inability to feel pleasure in normally pleasurable activities.

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15
Q

Disorders of empathy typically refer to

A

Psychopathy and autism

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16
Q

Empathy is the

A

ability to share and understand the emotional experiences of other people

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17
Q

Emotional Instability presents with a …

A

changeable mood (one cannot maintain consistency with emotions or control emotional experiences)

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18
Q

Emotional lability is characterised by …

A

sudden changes in emotion and behaviors of inappropriately high intensity that may include sudden bouts of anger, dysphoria, sadness, or euphoria.

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19
Q

Hypomania is a state of …

A

enhanced activation and arousal associated with typically a sense of physiological and psychological well-being.

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20
Q

Hypomania vs Mania - Which is milder?

A

Hypomania

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21
Q

When hypomania is associated with psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions, typically of grandeur, this becomes

A

Mania

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22
Q

A grandeur delusion is …

A

the false belief in one’s own superiority, greatness, or intelligence.

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23
Q

Mania is the more …

A

severe form that lasts for a longer period (a week or more)

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24
Q

Panic describes the …

A

Occurrence of panic attacks where you get heightened physiological arousal and the sense that you are going to die

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25
Q

Anxiety is …. intense than panic

A

less

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26
Q

Free-floating anxiety

A

no particular triggers or definable origin

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27
Q

Specific anxiety

A

very specific to particular context or worries

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28
Q

Rumination and worry are forms of

A

perseverative cognition

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29
Q

Perseverative cognition is a collective term in psychology for …

A

continuous thinking about negative events in the past or in the future

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30
Q

Rumination describes thoughts that …

A

repeat about things that have occurred in the past

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31
Q

Rumination is more associated with …

A

depression

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32
Q

Worry is more associated with …

A

anxiety

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33
Q

Worry describes thoughts that are

A

associated with the future

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34
Q

Functions of emotion include: (5 things)

A
  • regulation of health (homeostasis, allostasis) - protection (defensive, immune) - communication (social) - attachment and affiliation - reinforcement, learning, memory
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35
Q

Operant learning & Pavlovian conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus + reinforcer -> motivational cue

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36
Q

James-Lange emotion theory suggests that

A

emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events (your emotional reaction depends on your interpretation of the physical response)

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37
Q

Hippocratic doctors were very keen on the fact that all thoughts, feelings, emotions were based in …

A

the brain

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38
Q

Aristotle felt that all emotions and thoughts must have a tight coupling in the

A

heart

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39
Q

Aristotle and plato talked of passion as an opposite of

A

reason

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40
Q

Descartes/ Spinoza - emotion from

A

evaluation of events with bodily expression

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41
Q

Darwin - 1872 - proposed that all emotions …

A

share the same evolutionary origins across mammalian species

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42
Q

Darwin - origin of emotion

A

defensive and consummatory reflexes - redundancy, communicative

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43
Q

James-Lange example of emotion

A
  • arousal (snake) - heart pounds, sweating - fear (emotion) fear as a result of the physiological response
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44
Q

Somatic marker theory linked to brain damage of the

A

ventral and medial parts of the frontal lobe - people fail to generate bodily arousal responses to particular types of stimuli - fail to make right decision - put themselves at risk - behave abnormally

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45
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

feel same emotion whether heart is beating fast or slow, process emotional value of stimulus independently of what is going on in your body

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46
Q

Cannon-Bard came up with the

A

fight or flight response as a sympathetic response to stimuli but saw it as being independent of the emotional feelings engendered by a stimulus

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47
Q

dimensional models of emotion incorporate

A

valence and arousal or intensity dimensions.

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48
Q

Dimensional models of emotion suggest that a

A

common and interconnected neurophysiological system is responsible for all affective states

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49
Q

Duffy was one of the main proponents of the … theory of emotion

A

activation

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50
Q

Paul Ekman identified … basic emotions:

A

SIX - anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise

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51
Q

Jaak Panksepp put the forth the notion of basic …

A

emotional circuitry

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52
Q

Jaak Panksepps idea came from observations in

A

rodents

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53
Q

Jaak Panksepps 7 circuits/systems for ‘primal emotions’

A

Seeking Fear Rage Lust Care Panic Play

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54
Q

seeking emotion related to

A

wanting and reward

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55
Q

fear and panic circuits are related to

A

threat processing

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56
Q

Summary of theories of emotion (James Lange, Walter Cannon, Schachter and Singer,

A

JL - emotional feeling states originate in automatic changes in the body WC - what goes on in the brain is separated from what goes on in the body (experience same emotion for different body states) S&S - 2-stage model of emotion

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57
Q

Schachter and Singer - Constructionist 2-stage experiment

A

1962 injected with either saline or adrenaline - physiological arousal - room with someone pretending to be angry or very positive - those in the angry person came out feeling angry, those with positive came out feeling positive

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58
Q

2 stage model

A

arousal response interpret the arousal response to produce emotion

59
Q

Lisa Barrett - Constructionist 2-stage - put forward the idea that emotional states …

A

are not differentiated enough on their own to show any evidence of discrete emotional types

60
Q

Signals from each of the internal bodily organs travel up either

A

the spinal root - tracking back along sympathetic nerve fibres OR back up the vagus nerve and other cranial nerve to the brainstem

61
Q

autonomic outputs follow the

A

vagus nerve and follow the sympathetics and parasympathetics of the sacrum - control the internal state of arousal of the body

62
Q

within the brainstem there are a number of

A

neuromodulatory nuclei

63
Q

neuromodulatory nuclei project both up into the …

A

forebrain via the midbrain and down the spinal cord

64
Q

neuromodulatory nuclei project down the spinal cord to gate things like

A

pain control and physiological arousal through the sympathetics via noradrenaline system

65
Q

as neuromodulators project into the forebrain and areas such as amygdala and hippocampus , they control aspects of functioning that regulate

A

mood, arousal, attention and reward-seeking behaviour

66
Q

hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of

A

emotional states and physiological states

67
Q

Stimulation studies in animals of hypothalamus - Cannon-Bard, Ranson, Hess - If you stimulate particular regions of the hypothalamus …

A

you can induce emotional type behaviours

68
Q

stimulation studies in animals - example in cats?

A

stimulate rage attacks in cats (electrical stimulation of lateral hypothalamus)

69
Q

hypothalamus is connected to what centres?

A

neuroendocrine, autonomic and cortices

70
Q

hypothalamus mediates a lot of what behaviours?

A

motivational behaviours (low-level, homeostatic emotions)

71
Q

within the midbrain, there is a projection from the … to the … striatum

A

midbrain ventral striatum

72
Q

main component of the ventral striatum

A

nucleus accumbens

73
Q

nucleus accumbent receives a … projection from the … … … in the midbrain

A

dopamine ventral tegmental area

74
Q

nucleus accumbens is situated between the … and …

A

putamen, caudate

75
Q

dopamine pathway is part of the … system of the brain

A

reward

76
Q

mesolimbic pathway (reward pathway) connects the … in the midbrain to the …

A

ventral tegmental area to the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) of the basal ganglia in the forebrain

77
Q

where is the nucleus accumbens?

A

basal ganglia in the forebrain

78
Q

if you stimulate the mesolimbic pathway, it will stimulate the

A

nucleus accumbens

79
Q

mesolimbic pathway is implicated in not only natural rewards, but also is seen as being hijacked by … such as …

A

drugs nicotine, alcohol etc

80
Q

mesolimbic dopaminergic system is predominantly a mono…. system

A

monoamine

81
Q

cocaine and amphetamines … the mesolimbic dopaminergic system the most

A

activate

82
Q

Brain stimulation reward (BSR) is a pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions, originally discovered by … and …

A

James Olds and Peter Milner.

83
Q

Reward prediction errors consist of the differences between … and … rewards.

A

received, predicted

84
Q

the limbic system is a term that has traditionally been used to describe

A

brain areas supporting emotion

85
Q

anatomy of the limbic system - traditionally…

A

rhinencephalon

86
Q

the amygdala is the … centre of the brain

A

emotion

87
Q

history of the limbic system (3 people)

A

Broca, Papez, Maclean

88
Q

Functions of the limbic system

A

emotion, motivation, reward, bias, learning, memory, encoding, recall, recognition, survival

89
Q

pathology of the limbic system (neuropsychiatry) including disorders such as

A

neurosis, psychosis, epilepsy, behavioural disorders, dementia

90
Q

anatomy of the limbic system - what is considered to be part of it?

A

cingulate, fornix, hippocampal complex, amygdala, mammillary bodies, hypothalamus also paralimbic cortices (such as orbitofrontal cortex and insula)

91
Q

hippocampus is involved in ….

A

memory

92
Q

the limbic system is involved in social and emotional behaviour, what anatomical parts are involved? (4)

A

amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, Anterior cingulate cortex, insula

93
Q

limbic system - reward system

A

mesolimbic dopaminergic system

94
Q

neuromodulators of limbic system

A

noradrenaline, acetylcholine, 5HT, dopamine

95
Q

amygdala is involved mainly in what reactions?

A

fear

96
Q

amygdala and fear - shock or loud noise + what?

A

angry face

97
Q

Joe Ledoux - views fear reaction as not being

A

emotional

98
Q

reactions of the amygdala to threat can occur without

A

full processing (not fully conscious thought)

99
Q

Insular cortex is located between what lobes?

A

frontal lobe and temporal lobe

100
Q

the insular cortex is seen as being a … cortex

A

viscerosensory

101
Q

anterior insula cortex supports integration of

A

internal and external information

102
Q

feeling states that accompany emotions are thus mapped in the

A

insular cortex

103
Q

anterior insula cortex allow physiological sensations to reach

A

conscious awareness

104
Q

feeling states such as disgust or anxiety are associated with activation of

A

anterior insular cortex

105
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex processes emotions such as … by weighing up … … values

A

regret relative reward

106
Q

anterior cingulate is the region that spans round the

A

corpus callosum

107
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex is particularly implicated in

A

depression

108
Q

anterior cingulate involved in

A

stress, emotional arousal, cognitive control

109
Q

Paul Ekman came up with the FACS system which is widely used for emotion recognition, what does this stand for?

A

facial action coding system

110
Q

facial musculature is complex but set up for facial

A

expression

111
Q

facial feedback theory - if you rate a cartoon with a pen in your teeth rather than your lips, tend to find it

A

funnier

112
Q

in imaging experiments - when you put on a particular facial expression, you get associated

A

activation of emotional brain regions

113
Q

pupil size is an influence from how we process the expression of

A

sadness

114
Q

perceive small pupils on sad face as more

A

negative/intense

115
Q

bodily expression - what is observed

A

posture and movement

116
Q

patterning of emotional feelings across the body, CVS region? what emotions

A

anger, fear, happiness

117
Q

high heart rate = one of three emotions

A

anger, sadness or fear

118
Q

skin temperature (high) = what emotion

A

anger

119
Q

skin temperature (low) = what emotions

A

sadness and fear

120
Q

low heart rate = one of three emotions

A

happy, disgust, surprise

121
Q

depression is the …, with the loss of …, typically associated with …

A

persistence of sadness or low mood interest and pleasure fatigue and low energy

122
Q

depression symptoms occur …

A

most days, most of the time, at least 2 weeks

123
Q

other symptoms associated with depression

A

disturbed sleep poor concentration or indecisiveness low self-confidence poor or increased appetite suicidal thoughts or acts agitation or slowing of movements guilt or self-blame

124
Q

in depression functional imaging studies there tends to be increased abnormal activity in the region of … extending into

A

subgenual cingulate cortex ventromedial prefrontal cortex

125
Q

anxiety states are often associated with the enhanced … versus … arousal

A

sympathetic versus parasympathetic

126
Q

anxiety conditions include:

A

PTSD Panic Specific phobia Generalised anxiety Social anxiety disorder OCD

127
Q

Bipolar disorder describes a

A

cyclical mood disorder where episodes of depression and elation or hypomania occur

128
Q

hypomania is associated with

A

impulsivity sleep disturbance, increased energy, grandiosity, hyper sexuality, irritability, pressure of speech

129
Q

if delusions and hallucinations occur in the context of hypomania, it is called

A

mania

130
Q

brain systems involved in bipolar disorder

A

orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum and to some extent the cingulate cortex

131
Q

autism refers to a …

A

euro-developmental set of conditions which form a spectrum from normality

132
Q

typically autism involves triad of impairments which affect

A

social and emotional communication

133
Q

autism is associated with

A

narrow or restricted interests and behaviours, including behaviours that systematise

134
Q

sensory hypersensitivity (more or less sensitive to particular stimuli) is also a key part of

A

autism

135
Q

there is also an increased prevalence of what in autism?

A

physical symptoms

136
Q

negative emotions, particularly … are important triggers preceding vascular event that occurs

A

anger

137
Q

World Cup football - myocardial infarction presentations to casualty

A

increasing presentations

138
Q

emotional events, directly or indirectly, can be triggers of

A

cardiovascular events

139
Q

immuno-psychiatry is a discipline that studies the connection between the

A

brain and the immune system

140
Q

sickness behaviours (stereotyped behavioural changes) include

A

anorexia, nausea, apathy, anhedonia, low mood, fatigue, social withdrawal, anxiety, irritability, poor concentration, memory impairment, psychomotor slowing

141
Q

adaptive behaviour to sickness means the

A

whole-organism responds to infection

142
Q

inflammation experiments - healthy individuals to injections of typhoid injection - induce an inflammatory state what happens to mood? and what changes in the brain?

A

worsening mood accompanied with changes in subgenual cingulate implicated in depression

143
Q

summary:

A

evolutionary imperative to emotions definitions and controversies Brain systems - brainstem to cortex relevance to psychological health and psychiatry relevance to physical health and illness

144
Q

link between specific collagen conditions, for example double jointed and vulnerability to conditions such as

A

anxiety and ADHD and inflammation and chronic fatigue syndrome

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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