Pathology of the Testis Flashcards
‘Normal Testis’ with associated epididymal cyst
*
Acute Epididymo-orchitis - Benign
- Most cases of acute epididymo-orchitis occur in men aged … - … years
- Associated with sexually transmitted diseases such as … trachomatis and Neisseria …
- In older men over 40 years the most common cause is … infection
- The inflammation is initially confined to the … and later spreads to the testis
- Most cases of acute epididymo-orchitis occur in men aged 20 – 39 years
- Associated with sexually transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea
- In older men over 40 years the most common cause is E.coli infection
- The inflammation is initially confined to the epididymis and later spreads to the testis
What is Acute Epididymo-orchitis?
Acute epididymo -orchitis is a clinical syndrome consisting of pain, swelling and inflammation of the epididymis +/- testes usually caused by local extension of infection from the urethra (sexually transmitted) or the bladder (urinary)
Presentation, Management of Acute Epididymo-orchitis
- Pain and swollen epididymis due to inflammation with a predominance of n…
- Culture and sensitivity of … secretions to identify causative bacteria
- Raised … (CRP)
- Ultrasound scan to differentiate epididymo-orchitis from …
- Treat with …, pain relief and supportive care (scrotal elevation)
- If not resolved may require … care
- May heal with scarring leading to …
- Pain and swollen epididymis due to inflammation with a predominance of neutrophils
- Culture and sensitivity of urethral secretions to identify causative bacteria
- Raised C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
- Ultrasound scan to differentiate epididymo-orchitis from torsion
- Treat with antibiotics, pain relief and supportive care (scrotal elevation)
- If not resolved may require inpatient care
- May heal with scarring leading to sterility
In older men over 40 years with Acute Epididymo-orchitis the most common cause is … infection
E.coli infection
Most cases of acute epididymo-orchitis occur in men aged … - … years
Most cases of acute epididymo-orchitis occur in men aged 20 – 39 years
Acute Epididymo-orchitis is associated with …
sexually transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea
Presentation of Acute Epididymo-orchitis
- Pain and swollen … due to … with a predominance of n…
Pain and swollen epididymis due to inflammation with a predominance of neutrophils
Acute Epididymo-orchitis may heal with … leading to s…
Acute Epididymo-orchitis may heal with scarring leading to sterility
Management of Acute Epididymo-orchitis
- Treat with …, … relief and supportive care (scrotal elevation)
- If not resolved may require … care
- Treat with antibiotics, pain relief and supportive care (scrotal elevation)
- If not resolved may require inpatient care
Illustrative Case of Epididymo-orchitis
- Pathology showed:
- Excision included adherent scrotal skin
- Testis was covered in fibrous adhesions
- The cut surface was necrotic
- Histology showed abscess formation
- Died years later due to complications of diabetes mellitus
Torsion - Testis
- Manage as a urological …
- Torsion occurs due to twisting of the … cord which cuts off the … drainage of the testis
- If untreated leads to … of the testis
- Presents with … onset of testicular pain which may or may not be related to …
- If ‘untwisted’ within … hours there is a chance that the testis will remain viable
- The … testis should be fixed to the … (orchidopexy) to risk reduce risk of torsion
- Manage as a urological emergency
- Torsion occurs due to twisting of the spermatic cord which cuts off the venous drainage of the testis
- If untreated leads to infarction of the testis
- Presents with sudden onset of testicular pain which may or may not be related to trauma
- If ‘untwisted’ within 6 hours there is a chance that the testis will remain viable
- The contralateral testis should be fixed to the scrotum (orchidopexy) to risk reduce risk of torsion
Testicular torsion should be treated as a …
urological emergency
Testicular torsion occurs due to twisting of the …. … which cuts of the … … of the testis
Torsion occurs due to twisting of the spermatic cord which cuts off the venous drainage of the testis
In testicular torsion - if ‘untwisted’ within … hours - testis may remain viable
within 6 hours
Illustrative Case of Torsion
Hydrocoele is the … of … around the testis surrounded by the … …
Hydrocoele is the collection of fluid around the testis surrounded by the tunica vaginalis
Epidemiology of Testicular Cancer
- Most common solid malignant tumour in men …-… years of age
- Incidence of testicular cancer … in caucasian men than black men
- Testicular cancer accounts for less …% of all new cancers in the UK with …% increase since the early 1990s
- (Cancer Research UK)
- Most common solid malignant tumour in men 30-34 years of age
- Incidence of testicular cancer higher in caucasian men than black men
- Testicular cancer accounts for less 1% of all new cancers in the UK with 28% increase since the early 1990s
- (Cancer Research UK)
Incidence of testicular cancer is … in caucasian men than black men
Incidence of testicular cancer higher in caucasian men than black men
Testicular cancer accounts for less …% of all new cancers in the UK with …% increase since the early 1990s (Cancer Research UK)
Testicular cancer accounts for less 1% of all new cancers in the UK with 28% increase since the early 1990s (Cancer Research UK)
Torsion in a younger man (18years old)
Testicular Cancer is the … common solid malignant tumour in men ages 30-34 years of age
Testicular Cancer is the most common solid malignant tumour in men ages 30-34 years of age
Causes of Testicular Cancer
- Cryptorchidism/… testis increases the risk of cancer 4-8 times
- History of previous …
- Genetic abnormality: … syndrome (47XXY) & … syndrome (trisomy 21)
- FH of testicular cancer – … degree relatives have a higher risk than the general population
- Men with … problems are more likely to develop testicular cancer
- Exposure to … (diethylstilbestrol) in utero → cryptorchidism→ increases the risk of testicular cancer
- Cryptorchidism/undescended testis increases the risk of cancer 4 – 8 times
- History of previous testicular cancer
- Genetic abnormality: Klinefelter’s syndrome (47XXY) & Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21)
- FH of testicular cancer – First degree relatives have a higher risk than the general population
- Men with infertility problems are more likely to develop testicular cancer
- Exposure to oestrogens (diethylstilbestrol) in utero → cryptorchidism→ increases the risk of testicular cancer
Men with infertility problems are … likely to develop testicular cancer
Men with infertility problems are more likely to develop testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism/undescended testis increases the risk of cancer ..-… times
Cryptorchidism/undescended testis increases the risk of cancer 4 – 8 times
Can Genitic abnormalities cause testicular cancer?
Yes - Klinefelter’s syndrome (47XXY) & Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21)
Do First degree relatives of those with testicular cancer have a higher risk than the general population?
Yes
Exposure to oestrogens (diethylstilbestrol) in utero → cryptorchidism→ … the risk of testicular cancer
Exposure to oestrogens (diethylstilbestrol) in utero → cryptorchidism→ increases the risk of testicular cancer
Atrophic Undescended Testis: -> … risk of testicular cancer
Atrophic Undescended Testis: -> Increased risk of testicular cancer
Classification of Testicular Tumours
- Either classified as … cell tumours or … …/ … tumours
Either classified as germ cell tumours or sex cord/stromal tumours
Classification of Testicular Tumours
- Germ Cell tumour can be further divided into … tumours (… types) or non-… tumours (… types)
- Sex cord/stromal tumours can be further classified into … cell tumour or … cell tumour
- Germ Cell tumour can be further divided into seminonmatous tumours (2 types) or non-seminomatous tumours (4 types)
- Sex cord/stromal tumours can be further classified into leydig cell tumour or sertoli cell tumour (both - less than 5% of testicular tumours)
Seminomatous tumours (Germ Cell tumours)
- 2 types:
- … seminoma
- … seminoma
- Classical seminoma
- Spermatocytic seminoma
Non-seminomatous tumours - (Germ Cell Tumours)
-
4 types:
- E.. carcinoma
- … … tumour
- C…
- T…
- Embryonal carcinoma
- Yolk sac tumour
- Choriocarcinoma
- Teratoma
Sex cord/ stromal tumours account for less than …% of testicular tumours
less than 5% (leydig cell tumours, sertoli cell tumours)
Germ Cell Tumours
- More than …% of cancers of the testis arise in germ cells
- Germ cells produce the …
- Germ cell tumours are divided into … and non-…
- Mixed germ cell tumours consists of … and non-… components
- Germ cell carcinoma in … or intra-tubular germ cell n… is the precursor lesion
- More than 90% of cancers of the testis arise in germ cells
- Germ cells produce the sperm
- Germ cell tumours are divided into seminomas and non-seminomatous
- Mixed germ cell tumours consists of seminoma and non-seminomatous components
- Germ cell carcinoma in situ or intra-tubular germ cell neoplasia is the precursor lesion
More than …% of cancers of the testis arise in germ cells
More than 90% of cancers of the testis arise in germ cells
Germ cells produce the …
Germ cells produce the sperm
Germ cell tumours are divided into … and non-…
Germ cell tumours are divided into seminomas and non-seminomatous
Mixed germ cell tumours consists of … and non-… components
Mixed germ cell tumours consists of seminoma and non-seminomatous components
Germ cell carcinoma in … or intra-tubular germ cell … is the precursor lesion
Germ cell carcinoma in situ or intra-tubular germ cell neoplasia is the precursor lesion
Seminomas tend to grow and spread more … than non-seminomatous tumours
Seminomas tend to grow and spread more slowly than non-seminomatous tumours
Seminomas
- There are two main sub-types: classical seminoma and spermatocytic seminoma/tumour
- Classical Seminoma:
- Constitutes more than …% of seminomas
- Affect men between 25 and 45 years of age
- Tumours markers can be normal or raised
- Spermatocytic Seminoma/Tumour:
- … tumour; affects older men; average age of 65yrs
- Grow more … than classical seminomas and are … likely to spread to other parts of the body
- Classical Seminoma:
- There are two main sub-types: classical seminoma and spermatocytic seminoma/tumour
- Classical Seminoma:
- Constitutes more than 95% of seminomas
- Affect men between 25 and 45 years of age
- Tumours markers can be normal or raised
- Spermatocytic Seminoma/Tumour:
- Rare tumour; affects older men; average age of 65yrs
- Grow more slowly than classical seminomas and are less likely to spread to other parts of the body
- Classical Seminoma:
Classical Seminoma:
- Constitutes more than ….% of seminomas
- Affect men between … and … years of age
- Tumours markers can be … or …
- Constitutes more than 95% of seminomas
- Affect men between 25 and 45 years of age
- Tumours markers can be normal or raised
What sub-type of seminomas affect men between 25 and 45?
Classical seminoma