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Year 2 Medicine > Morphological Plan of the Upper Limb > Flashcards

Morphological Plan of the Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Tuberosity vs Tubercle - What is the difference?

A
  • Tuberosity - large roughened area half way down shaft
  • Tubercle - sit near head of bone - small and round prominence where connective tissues attach
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2
Q

When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s …

A

When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated.

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3
Q

Muscles of the upper limb - Anterior Attachment of Upper limb to Trunk

  • Pectorialis Major/Minor and Serratus Anterior - all originate from … wall
  • Pectoralis Major:
    • Attachments: sternum, medial portion of clavicle and costal cartilages
    • Insertion of both heads is into the … … of the humerus (sits between greater and lesser tubercle of humerus)
    • Adductor, flexor, medial rotator of the arm at glenohumeral joint
  • Pectorialis Minor:
    • Originates from …
    • Inserts into … process of scapula
    • … shoulder (moves forward)
  • Serratus anterior
    • Originates - …
    • Insert into medial edge of …
    • … shoulder and stablises …
A
  • Pectorialis Major/Minor and Serratus Anterior - all originate from thoracic wall
  • Pectoralis Major:
    • Attachments: sternum, medial portion of clavicle and costal cartilages
    • Insertion of both heads is into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus (Intertubercular sulcus - sits between greater and lesser tubercle of humerus)
    • Adductor, flexor, medial rotator of the arm at glenohumeral joint
  • Pectorialis Minor:
    • Originates from ribs 3,4,5
    • Inserts into coracoid process of scapula
    • protracts shoulder (moves forward)
  • Serratus anterior
    • Originates - upper eight ribs
    • Insert into medial edge of scapula
    • protracts shoulder and stablises scapula
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4
Q

Ligaments of Vertebral Column

  • They reinforce and stabilize …
  • Limit … of …
A
  • They reinforce and stabilize joints
  • Limit range of movement
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5
Q

Skeleton of Upper Limb

  • ​Label the diagram
A
  • Pectoral girdle - scapula and clavicle
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpal bones (8)
  • Metacarpals (5)
  • Phalanges (14)
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6
Q

Elbow joint

  • … joint
  • … forearm, … forearm
  • … and … of palm
A
  • hinged joint
  • Flex forearm, extend forearm
  • Pronation and Supination
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7
Q

Intervertebral joints and discs

  • Sit between bodies of vertebre
  • Intervertebral joints are important for … bearing and …
  • They are secondary … joints - joint surfaces seperated by block of … (intervertebral … - important for shock absorption)
A
  • Sit between bodies of vertebreIntervertebral joints are important for weight bearing and strength
  • Secondary cartilaginous joints - joint surfaces seperated by block of fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc - important for shock absorption)
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8
Q

Multifidus

  • Thickest in the … region - extends along whole length up towards cervical region
  • … in shape
  • Extends from … process to … process
  • Contracts - helps to extend and rotate but most importantly … vertebral column
A
  • Thickest in the lumbar region - extends along whole length up towards cervical region
  • Triangular in shape
  • Extends from transverse process to spinous process
  • Contracts - helps to extend and rotate but most importantly stablising the vertebral column (maintains posture)
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9
Q

Thoracic curve (T2-T12) is … anteriorly and is called thoracic … curve

A

Thoracic curve (T2-T12) is concaves anteriorly and is called thoracic kyphotic curve

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10
Q

The shoulder joint is called the … joint

A

Glenohumeral

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11
Q

Muscle Groups of Upper Limb

  • As you move down the upper limb - … muscle groups -> to … muscle groups
A

As you move down the upper limb - course muscle groups -> to fine muscle groups

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12
Q

Abduction is a movement … from the …

A

Abduction is a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away. For example, abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body.

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13
Q

Superficial back muscles

  • Label the two shown
A
  • Levator scapulae and Rhomboids minor/major
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14
Q

Cervical curve (C2-T2) concaves …; laterally viewed looks like a inward curve which is called cervical … curve

A

Cervical curve (C2-T2) is concaves posteriorly; laterally viewed looks like a inward curve which is called cervical lordotic curve

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15
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

  • Large … muscle
  • Originates mainly from our … fascia
  • Spirals through a region called the axilla - inserts right into your … groove
  • Adducts/extends/medially rotates …
A
  • Large flat muscle
  • Originates mainly from our thorocolumbar fascia
  • Spirals through a region called the axilla(armpit) - inserts right into your bicipital groove (intertubercular sulcus between greater and lesser tubercle of humerus)
  • Adducts/extends/medially rotates arm
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16
Q

Deep Back Muscles (Intrinsic)

  • Important for posture and moving vertebral column
  • 3 layers
    • … - most superficial (in the neck)
    • … Spinae (main group)
    • … (very deep)
A
  • Important Posture and moving vertebral column
  • 3 layers
    • Splenius - most superficial (in the neck)
    • Erector Spinae (main group)
    • Multifidus (very deep)
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17
Q

Opposition and Reposition

  • Define both
A
  • Opposition brings the thumb and little finger together.
  • Reposition is a movement that moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other, effectively reversing opposition.
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18
Q

How many phalanges are there? (upper limb)

A

14

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19
Q

The glenohumeral joint (Shoulder joint) is a type of … joint

A

ball and socket joint

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20
Q

Clinical: Intervertebral disc

  • Disc …
  • You may get a tear in the annulus fibrosus which can cause the nucleus pulposus to … out and impinge on …
  • These are often caused by what?
A
  • Disc protrusion
  • You may get a tear in the annulus fibrosus which can cause the nucleus pulposus to herniate out and impinge on nerves
  • lifting heavy objects​ can cause this to happen
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21
Q

What ligament of the vertebral column resists hyperextension?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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22
Q

Flexion/Extension

  • Define both
A
  • Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts
  • Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts.
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23
Q

Trapezius - Upper muscle fibres enable … of scapula

A

Upper fibres enable elevation of scapula

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24
Q

Sacral curve (sacrovertebral articulation - coccyx) is … forward and is called sacral … curve

A

Sacral curve (sacrovertebral articulation - coccyx) is concave forward and is called sacral kyphotic curve

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25
Q

Muscles of the upper limb - Forearm

  • Anterior, … compartment:
    • … of wrist or digits
    • Most come from … epicondyle
  • Posterior, … compartment:
    • … of wrist or digits
    • Most come from … epicondyle
A
  • Anterior, Flexor compartment:
    • Flexion of wrist or digits
    • Most come from medial epicondyle
  • Posterior - extensor compartment:
    • Extension of wrist or digits
    • Most come from lateral epicondyle
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26
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

8

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27
Q

Ulnar tuberosity forms the muscular attachment of the … muscle

A

ulnar tuberosity forms the muscular attachment of the brachialis muscle

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28
Q

Anatomical evolution of the Upper Limb

  • Changes to the foot, hip, knee, vertebral column, skull
  • Longer …
  • ..nation/..ination
  • … thumb
  • These changes have enabled us to mechanically … with our environment
A
  • Changes to the foot, hip, knee, vertebral column, skull
  • Longer clavicles
  • Pronation/Supination (palm down/palm up)
  • Opposable thumb (for gripping objects)
    • These changes have enabled us to mechanically interact with our environment
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29
Q

Muscles of the back

  • ​Extrinsic muscles (move upper limbs/ribs)
    • These are … and …
  • Intrinsic muscles (postural/move vertebral column)
    • These are …
A
  • ​Extrinsic muscles (move upper limbs/ribs)
    • Superficial and intermediate
  • Intrinsic muscles (postural/move vertebral column)
    • Deep
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30
Q

Ligaments of the Vertebral Column

  • Name each ligament (red, purple, light blue, green, yellow)
  • Which ones resist hyperextension, and which ones resist hyperflexion?
A
  • red - anterior longitudinal ligament - resists hyperextension
  • purple - posterior longitudinal ligament - resists hyperflexion
  • light blue - ligamentum flava/flavum - resists hyperflexion
  • green - intraspinous ligament - resists hyperflexion
  • yellow - supraspinous ligament - resists hyperflexion
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31
Q

Whiplash can cause tearing of what ligament in the vertebral column?

A
  • Clinical: Injury to anterior longitudinal ligament following whiplash
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32
Q

Nerve Supply of Back Muscles

  • Anterior Primary Ramus
    • Supplies all of … muscles - mainly from cervical spinal nerves
      • But … muscle is supplied by 11th cranial nerve - accessory nerve
  • Posterior Primary Ramus
    • Supplies all of the … muscles
A

Nerve Supply of Back Muscles

  • Anterior Primary Ramus
    • Supplies all of extrinsic muscles - mainly from cervical spinal nerves
      • But trapezius muscle is supplied by 11th cranial nerve - accessory nerve
  • Posterior Primary Ramus
    • Supplies all of the intrinsic muscles
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33
Q

Movements of the vertebral column

A
  • Flexion/extension
  • Lateral flexion/lateral extension
  • Rotation
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34
Q

Muscles of the upper limb - Arm

  • Flexors:
    • … - comes from coracoid process - insert into proximal part of shaft of humerus - flex your arm at glenohumeral joint
    • … brachii - two heads (short from coracoid process, long head from just above glenoid fossa) Muscle bellies -> insert into radial tuberocity - important flexor of the arm at glenohumeral joint and flexor of forearm at elbow joint
    • … - coming from anterior part of humerus (distal) inserts into ulna tuberosity - flexor of forearm at elbow joint
  • Extensors:
    • … brachii - three heads - long - just below glenoid fossa - medial head - medial side of humerus lateral head - lateral side of humerus - 3 muscle bellies come together to insert into olecranon
A
  • Flexors:
    • Coracobrachialis - comes from coracoid process - insert into proximal part of shaft of humerus - flex your arm at glenohumeral joint
    • Biceps Brachii - two heads (short from coracoid process, long head from just above glenoid fossa) Muscle bellies -> insert into radial tuberocity - important flexor of the arm at glenohumeral joint and flexor of forearm at elbow joint
    • Brachialis - coming from anterior part of humerus (distal) inserts into ulna tuberosity - flexor of forearm at elbow joint
  • Extensor:
    • Triceps brachii - three heads - long - just below glenoid fossa - medial head - medial side of humerus lateral head - lateral side of humerus - 3 muscle bellies come together to insert into olecranon
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35
Q

Limb movements

A
  • Flexion/Extension
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Lateral/Medial rotation
  • Pronation/Spination
  • Circumduction
  • Opposition
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36
Q

… brings the thumb and little finger together.

A

Opposition brings the thumb and little finger together.

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37
Q

The glenoid fossa articulates at the head of the …

A

humerus

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38
Q

Pronation/Supination

  • Define both
A
  • Supination and pronation are terms used to describe the up or down orientation of your hand, arm, or foot.
  • When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated.
  • When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s pronated
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39
Q

Trapezius muscle - Fibres

  • The trapezius is responsible for moving and rotating our …
    • Upper fibres enable elevation
    • Lower fibres enable depression
    • Middle fibres enable retraction
A
  • The trapezius is responsible for moving and rotating our scapula
    • Upper fibres enable elevation
    • Lower fibres enable depression
    • Middle fibres enable retraction
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40
Q

When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s …

A

When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s pronated

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41
Q

Ligaments - Anterior to body of Vertebral Column

  • Anterior … ligament
  • Limits amount of … (resists hyper…)
A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Limits amount of extension (resists hyperextension)
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42
Q

Lumbar facet joints are wrapped and allow for what movements? (and prevent what?)

A

Flexion/Extension, no rotation

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43
Q

Ligaments of the Vertebral Column

  • Name each ligament (red, purple, light blue, green, yellow)
  • Which ones resist hyperextension, and which ones resist hyperflexion?
A
  • red - anterior longitudinal ligament - resists hyperextension
  • purple - posterior longitudinal ligament - resists hyperflexion
  • light blue - ligamentum flava/flavum - resists hyperflexion
  • green - intraspinous ligament - resists hyperflexion
  • yellow - supraspinous ligament - resists hyperflexion
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44
Q

Parts of the Intervertebral Disc

  • The intervertebral disc is made up of two components: the Annulus Fibrosus and the Nucleus Pulposus.
    • Which one is the Semi-fluid core of the disc? (Absorbs compression)
    • Which one is the outer region made up of fibrocartilage? (strong)
A
  • The intervertebral disc is made up of two components: the Annulus Fibrosus and the Nucleus Pulposus.
    • Which one is the Semi-fluid core of the disc? (Absorbs compression) - Nucleus Pulposus.
    • Which one is the outer region made up of fibrocartilage? (strong) - Annulus Fibrosus
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45
Q

What are the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Secondary curvatures are the cervical and lumbar curvatures - they concave posteriorly and convex anteriorly, being referred to as lordoses (singular: lordosis).

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46
Q

Ligamentum …: Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebra

A

Ligamentum flavum: Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebra

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47
Q

Erector Spinae

  • Can be divided into three muscle blocks - all which originate from erector spinae …
A
  • Can be divided into three muscle blocks - all which originate from erector spinae aponeurosis
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48
Q

Extensor muscles of the forearm - anterior or posterior? medial or lateral epicondyle?

A

Extensor muscles of the forearm - anterior or posterior? medial or lateral epicondyle?

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49
Q

What is a Tuberosity?

A

Tuberosity - large roughened area half way down shaft

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50
Q

Lateral rotation is a rotating movement … from the midline

A

Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline

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51
Q

Intervertebral disc thickness … down the vertebral column

A

Intervertebral disc thickness increases down the vertebral column

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52
Q

Lumbar curve (T12 - sacrovertebral angle) concaves … and is called lumbar … curve

A

Lumbar curve (T12 - sacrovertebral angle) is concaves posteriorly and is called lumbar lordotic curve

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53
Q

Erector Spinae

  • Can be divided into three muscle blocks - all which originate from erector spinae aponeurosis
    • Most lateral - … - inserts into ribs
    • Intermediate - … - inserts into transverse processes
    • Medial - … - inserts into spinous processes
A
  • Can be divided into three muscle blocks - all which originate from erector spinae aponeurosis
    • Most lateral - Iliocostalis - inserts into ribs
    • Intermediate - Longissimus - inserts into transverse processes
    • Medial - Spinales - inserts into spinous processes
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54
Q

Curves of the vertebral column

  • How many curvatures?
    • Which ones form first (primary) during fetal development? (what are they called?)
    • Which ones form after (secondary) and help during childhood? (what are they called?)
  • What are the curvatures important for? (3)
A
  • 4 curvatures:
    • ​Primary (Fetal) - Kyphoses - Thoracic and Sacral (The thoracic spine and sacrum both curve outward referring to the term kyphosis) fetal adopts flexed posture
    • Secondary (Childhood) - Lordoses - Cervical and Lumbar - enable a child to move from crawling to walking
  • Important for:
    • Bipedalism
    • Shock absorption
    • Flexibility
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55
Q

Intervertebral discs are … absorbers

A

Intervertebral discs are shock absorbers

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56
Q

Scapular and Humerus

  • Scapular:
    • Has … angle and an … angle. Also has a ….
  • 2 bony prominences - … (continuous with …) & …
  • … fossa articulates at humerus (head of humerus)
  • Humerus:
    • 2 dotted lines represent the … neck (top line) of humerus and … neck (bottom line - more prone to injury than other neck)
      • Between the two necks we have the … tubercle and the … tubercle (muscles attach onto these)
    • Halfway down the shaft we have a deltoid … - deltoid muscle attaches here
    • Distal end of bone - …
      • 2 - called the … … and … …
A
  • Scapular:
    • Has superior angle and an inferior angle. Also has a spine.
  • 2 bony prominences - Acromion (continuous with spine) & Coracoid
  • Glenoid fossa articulates at humerus (head of humerus)
  • Humerus:
    • 2 dotted lines represent the anatomical neck (top line) of humerus and surgical neck (bottom line - more prone to injury than anatomical neck)
      • Between the two necks we have the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle (muscles attach onto these)
    • Halfway down the shaft we have a deltoid tuberosity - deltoid muscle attaches here
    • Distal end of bone - epicondyles
      • 2 - Lateral epicondyle and Medial epicondyle
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57
Q

Flexion refers to a movement that … the angle between two body parts.

A

Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

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58
Q

Nucleus … is the core - semi-fluid portion of intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus pulposus is the core - semi-fluid portion of intervertebral disc

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59
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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60
Q

Facet joints are what type of joint?

A

Synovial

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61
Q

Muscles of the upper limb - Posterior Attachment of Upper limb to Trunk

  • Posteriorly, we have … back muscles - originate from … column
A
  • Posteriorly, we have superficial back muscles - originate from vertebral column
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62
Q

The olecranon is a large bony prominence at the … end of the …

A

The olecranon is a large bony prominence at the proximal end of the ulna

63
Q

Shoulder Joint - (… joint)

  • The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the … with the … cavity (or fossa) of the …
  • … and … joint
  • Highly mobile: we can:
    • F..
    • E..
    • A..
    • A..
      • all together = C…
    • … rotate
    • … rotate
A
  • The shoulder joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity (or fossa) of the scapula
  • Ball and Socket joint
  • Highly mobile: we can:
    • Flex
    • Extend
    • Abduct
    • Adduct
      • all together = circumduct
    • Laterally rotate
    • Medially rotate
64
Q

Thoracic facet joints are near vertical and allow for what movements? (and prevent what?)

A

allow for rotation, permits flexion and extension

65
Q

Degeneration of what joints can cause back pain?

A

facet joints

66
Q

Muscles of the back

  • ​… muscles (move … …/…)
    • These are Superficial and intermediate
  • … muscles (postural/move … …)
    • These are Deep
A
  • ​Extrinsic muscles (move upper limbs/ribs)
    • Superficial and intermediate
  • Intrinsic muscles (postural/move vertebral column)
    • Deep
67
Q

Intervertebral discs are at their thickest where along the vertebral column?

A

the bottom - lumbar spine - more weight bearing here

68
Q

Wrist and Hand Joints

  • Wrist - … joint
    • Extend hand, flex hand, abduct, adduct (all - circumduct)
  • … joint (is present between the proximal and distal carpal bones of the wrist.)
  • … joint (form the articulation between the distal row of carpal bones and the bases of the five metacarpal bones)
    • Thumb … - … Joint - (very mobile articulation between the trapezium and the base of the first metacarpal) - flex, extend, adduct, abduct, opposition, reposition
  • … joints - The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are situated between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges of the fingers (knuckles) - condyloid joint - flex, extend, adduct (bringing fingers together), abduct (spreading finger)
  • … joints - simple hinge joints - flex and extend - There are two sets in each finger (except in the thumb, which has only one joint)
A
  • Wrist - Radiocarpal joint
    • Extend hand, flex hand, abduct, adduct (all - circumduct)
  • Midcarpal joint (is present between the proximal and distal carpal bones of the wrist.)
  • Carpometacarpal joint (form the articulation between the distal row of carpal bones and the bases of the five metacarpal bones)
  • Thumb carpometacarpal - Saddle Joint - (very mobile articulation between the trapezium and the base of the first metacarpal) - flex, extend, adduct, abduct, opposition, reposition
  • Metacarpophalangeal joints - The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are situated between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges of the fingers (knuckles) - condyloid joint - flex, extend, adduct (bringing fingers together), abduct (spreading finger)
  • Interphalangeal joints - simple hinge joints - flex and extend - There are two sets in each finger (except in the thumb, which has only one joint)
69
Q

Ligaments of the Vertebral Column

  • Name each ligament (red, purple, light blue, green, yellow)
  • Which ones resist hyperextension, and which ones resist hyperflexion?
A
  • red - anterior longitudinal ligament - resists hyperextension
  • purple - posterior longitudinal ligament - resists hyperflexion
  • light blue - ligamentum flava/flavum - resists hyperflexion
  • green - intraspinous ligament - resists hyperflexion
  • yellow - supraspinous ligament - resists hyperflexion
70
Q

Trapezius

  • Largest superficial back muscle - … shaped
  • Origin - from … and … spinous processes
  • Inserts into spine of scapula, acromion and lateral portion of …
  • Divided into upper fibres, middle fibres, lower fibres
  • Moves and rotates scapula (upper fibres enable …, lower fibres enable … of scapula, middle fibres enable … of scapula)
A
  • Largest superficial back muscle - diamond shaped
  • Origin - from cervical and thoracic spinous processes
  • Inserts into spine of scapula, acromion and lateral portion of clavicle
  • Divided into upper fibres, middle fibres, lower fibres
  • Moves and rotates scapula (upper fibres enable elevation, lower fibres enable depression of scapula, middle fibres enable retraction of scapula)
71
Q

Facet joints

  • Joints … vertebral arches
  • … joints
  • Movement of these depends upon joint angle:
    • … - slight slope (permits flexion/extension/rotation)
    • … - near vertical (permits rotation but prevents flexion/extension)
    • … - Wrapped (permits flexion/extension but prevents rotation)
  • Clinically: Degeneration of facet joints can cause … …
A
  • Joints between vertebral arches
  • Synovial joints
  • Movement of these depends upon joint angle:
    • Cervical - slight slope (permits flexion/extension/rotation)
    • Thoracic - near vertical (permits rotation but prevents flexion/extension)
    • Lumbar - Wrapped (permits flexion/extension but prevents rotation)
  • Clinically: Degeneration of facet joints can cause back pain
72
Q

Label the Facet Joints (Thoracic/Cervical/Lumbar?)

A
  • 1 = Cervical
  • 2 = Thoracic
  • 3 = Lumbar
73
Q

Trapezius - Middle fibres enable … of scapula

A

Middle fibres enable retraction of scapula

74
Q

Ligaments - Posterior to body of Vertebral Column

  • Posterior … ligament
  • Ligamentum …
  • Limits amount of … - resists hyper…
A
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Ligamentum flava
  • Limits amount of flexion - resists hyperflexion
75
Q

Abduction/Adduction

  • Define both
A
  • Abduction is a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away. For example, abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body.
  • Adduction is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.
76
Q

What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Primary curvatures are the thoracic and sacral (pelvic) curvatures - they concave anteriorly and are referred to as kyphoses (singular: kyphosis).

77
Q

Most mammals are quadrapedal, but humans are …

A

bipedal - free upper limb

78
Q

Metacarpal D1 refers to the … and D5 refers to the …

A

Metacarpal D1 refers to the thumb and D5 refers to the little finger

79
Q

The elbow joint is a … joint

A

hinged joint

80
Q

Scapular and Humerus

  • Label the diagram
81
Q

Flexor muscles of the forearm - anterior or posterior? medial or lateral epicondyle?

A

Flexor muscles of the forearm - anterior or posterior? medial or lateral epicondyle?

82
Q

Extension refers to a movement that … the angle between two body parts

A

Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts

83
Q

Lateral/Medial Rotation

  • Define both
A
  • Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline. It is sometimes referred to as internal rotation. To understand this, we have two scenarios to imagine. Firstly, with a straight leg, rotate it to point the toes inward. This is medial rotation of the hip. Secondly, imagine you are carrying a tea tray in front of you, with elbow at 90 degrees. Now rotate the arm, bringing your hand towards your opposite hip (elbow still at 90 degrees). This is internal rotation of the shoulder.
  • Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline. This is in the opposite direction to the movements described above.
84
Q

Cervical facet joints have a slight slope and allow for what movements?

A

flexion/extension/rotation of neck region

85
Q

What 2 superficial back muscles sit behind the trapezius?

A

Levator scapulae and Rhomboids (minor and major)

86
Q
  • The hypothenar muscles produce the hypothenar … – a muscular protrusion on the medial side of the palm, at the base of the … finger.
  • These muscles are similar to the … muscles in both name and organisation.
A
  • The hypothenar muscles produce the hypothenar eminence – a muscular protrusion on the medial side of the palm, at the base of the little finger.
  • These muscles are similar to the thenar muscles in both name and organisation.
87
Q

What is the name for the membrane holding the radius and ulna together? (Forearm)

A

interosseous membrane

88
Q

An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a … joint (a symphysis), to allow slight … of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, and to function as a … absorber for the spine

A

An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, and to function as a shock absorber for the spine

89
Q

Latissimus dorsi muscle …/…/… rotates the arm

A

Latissimus dorsi muscle adducts/extends/medially rotates the arm

90
Q

Brachioradialis

  • Origin - lateral side of …
  • Inserts into … … process
  • … your forearm at elbow joint when half … (allows you to pick up a glass and move towards your mouth)
A
  • Origin - lateral side of humerus
  • Inserts into Radial styloid process
  • Flex your forearm at elbow joint when half pronated (allows you to pick up a glass and move towards your mouth)
91
Q

Muscles of the upper limb - Hand

  • … muscles - > enable you to move your thumb (D…)
  • … muscles - > enables you to move your little finger (D…)
A
  • Thenar muscles - > enable you to move your thumb (D1)
  • Hypothernar muscles - > enables you to move your little finger (D5)
92
Q

How many metacarpals are there? (upper limb)

93
Q

Curvatures of vertebral column are important for Bi…, … absorption and f….

A

Curvatures of vertebral column are important for Bipedalism, shock absorption and flexibility

94
Q

At the Distal end of forearm, there are two processes (one of the radius, one of the ulna) what are they called?

A

Styloid Process of radius, Styloid Process of ulna

95
Q

Superficial back muscles

  • How many are there?
  • What do the attach together?
A
  • There are 4 superficial back muscles
  • Attach upper limb to trunk
96
Q

What ligaments of the vertebral column resists hyperflexion?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flava, also have Interspinous ligaments (Connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae) and Supraspinous ligaments (Connects the tips of adjacent spinous processes)

97
Q

Circumduction

  • Define
A

Circumduction can be defined as a conical movement of a limb extending from the joint at which the movement is controlled.

98
Q

The Intrinsic back muscles are deep - they do what?

A

postural/move vertebral column

99
Q

thoracolumbar fascia separates what muscles?

A

Extrinsic and Intrinsic muscles of the back

100
Q

Arrangement of upper limb

  • Surface anatomy of the Upper limb - List in order (starting with shoulder - most proximal to most distal)
  • As you move down the upper limb - … muscle groups -> to … muscle groups
A
  • Shoulder
  • Arm
  • Elbow
  • Forearm
  • Wrist
  • Hand
  • As you move down the upper limb - course muscle groups -> to fine muscle groups
101
Q

The Extrinsic muscles and Intrinsic muscles of the back are separated by what?

A

thoracolumbar fascia

102
Q

Functional Compartments - Muscles of Upper Limb

  • The (upper) arm muscles are a group of five muscles located in the region between the shoulder and elbow joints.
  • They are divided into two distinct compartments of the arm. The anterior (…) compartment and the posterior (…) compartment.
A
  • The (upper) arm muscles are a group of five muscles located in the region between the shoulder and elbow joints.
  • They are divided into two distinct compartments of the arm. The anterior (flexor) compartment and the posterior (extensor) compartment.
103
Q

What is a Tubercle?

A

Tubercle - sit near head of bone - small and round prominence where connective tissues attach

104
Q

Thenar Muscles

  • How many thenar muscles are there?
  • They produce a bulge known as …
  • What are they responsible for?
A
  • The thenar muscles are three short muscles located at the base of the thumb.
  • The muscle bellies produce a bulge, known as the thenar eminence
  • They are responsible for the fine movements of the thumb.
105
Q

Main function of latissimus dorsi is …

A

adduction of arm

106
Q

Muscles of the upper limb - Shoulder Joint

  • … muscle - large, delta shaped muscle
    • Origin - … of scapula, a… and lateral part of …
    • Insertion - … … (halfway down humerus)
    • It is a powerful …
    • Divided into anterior, middle, posterior - allow flexion of arm and extension of arm, medial and lateral rotation
      • anterior part - allows flexion of arm and medial rotation
      • posterior part - extension and lateral roation
  • … cuff muscles
  • … major - cylindrical - shape of muscle
A
  • Deltoid muscle - large, delta shaped muscle
    • Origin - spine of scapula, acromion and lateral part of clavicle
    • Insertion - Deltoid tuberosity (halfway down humerus)
    • Powerful Abductor
    • Divided into anterior, middle, posterior - allow flexion of arm and extension of arm, medial and lateral rotation
      • anterior part - allows flexion of arm and medial rotation
      • posterior part - extension and lateral roation
  • Rotator cuff muscles
  • Teres major - cylindrical - shape of muscle
107
Q

Radius and Ulna (forearm)

  • In the anatomical position - Laterally is the radius, medially is the ulna
  • Proximal part of forearm:
    • At the proximal end of the ulna - bony point called the …
    • At the proximal end of the radius - … radial … articulates against the ulner
    • 2 proximal … on forearm - the radial … (bicep muscle inserts here) and ulna … (brachialis muscle inserts here)
  • Between the radius and ulna - … membrane - holds bones together
  • Distal end of forearm:
    • … process of radius (brachioradialis muscle attaches here)
    • … process of the ulna.
A
  • In the anatomical position - Laterally is the radius, medially is the ulna
  • Proximal part of forearm:
    • At the proximal end of the ulna - bony point called the olecranon
    • At the proximal end of the radius - rounded radial head articulates against the ulner
    • 2 proximal tuberosity on forearm - the radial tuberosity (bicep mulscle inserts here) and ulna tuberosity (brachialis muscle inserts here)
  • Between the radius and ulna - interosseous membrane - holds bones together
  • Distal end of forearm:
    • Styloid process of radius (brachioradialis muscle attaches here)
    • Styloid process of the ulna.
108
Q

Upper limb

  • How many bones?
  • How many muscles?
  • … plexus
  • Major vessels
A
  • 32 bones
  • 57 muscles
  • Brachial plexus
  • Major vessels
109
Q

Erector Spinae

  • Label the 3 muscle blocks
A
  • Blue - most lateral - iliocostalis - inserts into ribs
  • Green- intermediate - longissimus - inserts into transverse processes
  • Red - most medial - spinales - inserts into spinous processes
110
Q

The Extrinsic back muscles are superficial and intermediate - they move what?

A

upper limbs/ribs

111
Q

The upper limb has … bones and … muscles

A

The upper limb has 32 bones and 57 muscles

112
Q

… is a movement that moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other, effectively reversing opposition.

A

Reposition is a movement that moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other, effectively reversing opposition.

113
Q

Levator Scapulae

  • Sits behind …
  • … scapula (like the upper fibre’s of trapezius)
  • Originates from the upper … vertebrae
  • Inserts into … angle of the scapula
A
  • Sits behind trapezius
  • Elevates scapula (like the upper fibre’s of trapezius)
  • Originates from the upper cervical vertebrae
  • Inserts into superior angle of the scapula
114
Q

Medial rotation is a rotational movement … the midline. It is sometimes referred to as … rotation.

A

Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline. It is sometimes referred to as internal rotation.

115
Q

Just below the head and neck of the radius is the radial …, which is an oval-shaped convexity upon which the … … inserts.

A

Just below the head and neck of the radius is the radial tuberosity, which is an oval-shaped convexity upon which the biceps brachii inserts.

116
Q

Facet joints are joints between …

A

vertebral arches

117
Q

Trapezius - Lower fibres enable … of scapula

A

Lower fibres enable depression of scapula

118
Q

Evolution of the upper limb

  • Most mammals are … - This is important for: L… and C…
  • Man has evolved - we are … (which frees our upper limb)
A
  • Most mammals are Quadrapedal - This is important for: Locomotion and climbing
  • Man has evolved - we are Bipedal (which frees our upper limb)
119
Q

How many muscles in the upper limb?

A

57 muscles

120
Q

Rhomboids (Minor and major)

  • Originate from lower cervical (C7) to … thoracic spinous process
  • Insert into … border of our scapula
  • … the scapula (like the middle fibres of trapezius)
A
  • Originate from lower cervical to 5th thoracic spinous process
  • Insert into medial border of our scapula
  • Retract the scapula (like middle fibres of trapezius) unlike pec minor and serratus anterior which protract the scapula
121
Q

Prominent ridge on the scapula is known as the … of scapula

A

spine of scapula

122
Q

Ligaments of Vertebral Column

  • Label the ligaments
A
  • Arrow on left = anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Arrow on top right = posterior longitudinal ligament
    • (Both Long ligaments that run the length of the vertebral column, covering the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs)
  • Arrow on bottom right = ligamentum flava (Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae)
123
Q

Superficial back muscles

  • Label the two shown
A
  • Top is trapezius, bottom is latissimus dorsi
124
Q

Wrist and hand

  • There are … carpal bones in two rows of … (proximal and distal)
  • Each bone has a different name
  • … metacarpals - D… is the Thumb, D… is the little finger
A
  • There are 8 carpal bones in two rows of 4 (proximal and distal)
  • Each bone has a different name
  • 5 metacarpals - D1 is the Thumb, D5 is the little finger
125
Q

How many bones in the upper limb?

126
Q

Adduction is a movement … the midline

A

Adduction is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.

127
Q

Define proximal

A

proximal means closer to its origin

128
Q

Define distal

A

distal means further away from it’s origin

129
Q

… Fibrosis is the outer, strong part of the intervertebral disc

A

Annulus Fibrosis is the outer, strong part of the intervertebral disc

130
Q

Three flexor muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the arm. One of these muscles is a flexor at the shoulder joint (…), one a flexor at the elbow joint (…), and the third is a flexor at both the shoulder and elbow joint (… Brachii).

A

Three flexor muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the arm. One of these muscles is a flexor at the shoulder joint (Coracobrachialis), one a flexor at the elbow joint (Brachialis), and the third is a flexor at both the shoulder and elbow joint (Biceps Brachii).

131
Q

Biceps Brachii

  • This muscle, as its name suggests, has two heads.
  • The long head has an origin from the … tubercle of the scapula, and the short head from the … process of the scapula.
  • The two heads of biceps unite to form a large muscle that inserts by a flattened tendon into the tuberosity of the radius
  • . An expansion of the tendon of biceps, the bicipital …, crosses medially over the superficial flexors of the forearm and attaches to the posterior border of the ulna via the deep fascia.
A
  • This muscle, as its name suggests, has two heads.
  • The long head has an origin from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and the short head from the coracoid process of the scapula.
  • The two heads of biceps unite to form a large muscle that inserts by a flattened tendon into the tuberosity of the radius
  • An expansion of the tendon of biceps, the bicipital aponeurosis, crosses medially over the superficial flexors of the forearm and attaches to the posterior border of the ulna via the deep fascia.
132
Q

Biceps Brachii

  • This muscle, as its name suggests, has two heads.
  • The long head has an origin from the supraglenoid … of the scapula, and the short head from the coracoid process of the scapula.
  • The two heads of biceps unite to form a large muscle that inserts by a flattened tendon into the tuberosity of the …
  • An expansion of the tendon of biceps, the bicipital aponeurosis, crosses medially over the superficial flexors of the forearm and attaches to the posterior border of the … via the deep fascia.
A
  • This muscle, as its name suggests, has two heads.
  • The long head has an origin from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and the short head from the coracoid process of the scapula.
  • The two heads of biceps unite to form a large muscle that inserts by a flattened tendon into the tuberosity of the radius
  • An expansion of the tendon of biceps, the bicipital aponeurosis, crosses medially over the superficial flexors of the forearm and attaches to the posterior border of the ulna via the deep fascia.
133
Q

Coracobrachialis

  • Coracobrachialis is much … than biceps.
  • It has the same origin as the … head of biceps; the … process of the scapula. Thus the short head of biceps and the tendon of coracobrachialis have a common origin, which forms a conjoint tendon.
  • The muscle inserts into the … aspect of the humerus half way down the shaft.
A
  • Coracobrachialis is much smaller than biceps.
  • It has the same origin as the short head of biceps; the coracoid process of the scapula. Thus the short head of biceps and the tendon of coracobrachialis have a common origin, which forms a conjoint tendon.
  • The muscle inserts into the medial aspect of the humerus half way down the shaft. Locate coracobrachialis which lies medial to biceps and follow it to its origin and insertion. Identify the coracoid process of the scapula.
134
Q

Coracobrachialis

  • Coracobrachialis is much smaller than biceps.
  • It has the same origin as the short head of biceps; the coracoid process of the scapula. Thus the short head of biceps and the tendon of coracobrachialis have a common origin, which forms a conjoint tendon.
  • The muscle inserts into the medial aspect of the humerus half way down the shaft.
A
  • Coracobrachialis is much smaller than biceps.
  • It has the same origin as the short head of biceps; the coracoid process of the scapula. Thus the short head of biceps and the tendon of coracobrachialis have a common origin, which forms a conjoint tendon.
  • The muscle inserts into the medial aspect of the humerus half way down the shaft.
135
Q

What is the function of the coracobrachialis muscle?

A

Flexion of the arm.

136
Q

What are the functions of the biceps brachii muscle?

A

Flexion of the arm and forearm. It is also a powerful supinator of the forearm.

137
Q

Brachialis

  • Brachialis has an origin from the distal half of anterior surface of the … and inserts into the .. process of the ulna.
A
  • Brachialis has an origin from the distal half of anterior surface of the humerus and inserts into the coronoid process of the ulna. Locate brachialis which lies deep to biceps and follow it to its origin and insertion. Identify the coronoid process of the ulna.
138
Q

Brachialis

  • Brachialis has an origin from the distal half of anterior surface of humerus and inserts into the coronoid process of the …
A
  • Brachialis has an origin from the distal half of the anterior of the humerus and inserts into the coronoid process of the ulna.
139
Q

What is the function of the brachialis muscle?

A

Flexion of the forearm.

140
Q

Triceps brachii

  • There is only one muscle in the … compartment of the arm. This is the triceps brachii muscle which, as its name suggests, arises from three heads – the long head has an origin from the … tubercle of the scapula, the lateral head from the posterior aspect of the … above the spiral (or radial) groove of the humerus, and the medial head again from the posterior surface of the humerus but … the spiral groove. The three heads unite to insert into the … process of the ulna.
A
  • There is only one muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm. This is the triceps brachii muscle which, as its name suggests, arises from three heads – the long head has an origin from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, the lateral head from the posterior aspect of the humerus above the spiral (or radial) groove of the humerus, and the medial head again from the posterior surface of the humerus but below the spiral groove. The three heads unite to insert into the olecranon process of the ulna.
141
Q

Triceps brachii

  • There is only one muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm. This is the triceps brachii muscle which, as its name suggests, arises from three heads – the long head has an origin from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, the lateral head from the posterior aspect of the humerus above the … (or …) groove of the humerus, and the medial head again from the posterior surface of the humerus but below the … groove. The three heads unite to insert into the olecranon process of the …
A
  • There is only one muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm. This is the triceps brachii muscle which, as its name suggests, arises from three heads – the long head has an origin from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, the lateral head from the posterior aspect of the humerus above the spiral (or radial) groove of the humerus, and the medial head again from the posterior surface of the humerus but below the spiral groove. The three heads unite to insert into the olecranon process of the ulna.
142
Q

Quadrangular space

  • Located in the …
  • Superior border: subscapularis muscle
  • Inferior border: teres major muscle
  • Lateral border: surgical neck of the humerus
  • Medial border: long head of the triceps brachii muscle
  • Content: … nerve, … circumflex artery
A
  • Located in the axilla
  • Superior border: subscapularis muscle
  • Inferior border: teres major muscle
  • Lateral border: surgical neck of the humerus
  • Medial border: long head of the triceps brachii muscle
  • Content: axillary nerve, posterior circumflex artery
143
Q

Quadrangular space

  • Located in the axilla
  • Superior border: … muscle
  • Inferior border: teres … muscle
  • Lateral border: … neck of the humerus
  • Medial border: … head of the triceps brachii muscle
  • Content: axillary nerve, posterior … artery
A
  • Located in the axilla
  • Superior border: subscapularis muscle
  • Inferior border: teres major muscle
  • Lateral border: surgical neck of the humerus
  • Medial border: long head of the triceps brachii muscle
  • Content: axillary nerve, posterior circumflex artery
144
Q

What are the borders of the Quadrangular Space and what structures pass through it?

A
  • Located in the axilla, the quadrangular space is bordered superiorly by subscapularis muscle (by teres minor muscle when viewed posteriorly), inferiorly by teres major muscle, laterally by the surgical neck of the humerus and medially by the long head of triceps brachii muscle.
  • The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humoral artery (PCHA) travel posteriorly through the quadrangular space to gain access to the posterior division of the pectoral girdle where they both supply the deltoid.
145
Q
  • The muscles of the arm, forearm and hand are supplied by a network, or plexus, of nerves – the … plexus – that normally arise from the anterior primary rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. The roots from these cervical and thoracic levels come together to form the superior (or upper), middle and inferior (or lower) trunks of the … plexus, as shown in the figure below:
  • After the trunks have formed, the nerves of the brachial plexus divide to give rise to the cords. These cords are named lateral, medial and posterior due to their relationship to the axillary artery (i.e. the cords lie lateral, medial or posterior to the artery).
A
  • The muscles of the arm, forearm and hand are supplied by a network, or plexus, of nerves – the brachial plexus – that normally arise from the anterior primary rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. The roots from these cervical and thoracic levels come together to form the superior (or upper), middle and inferior (or lower) trunks of the brachial plexus, as shown in the figure below:
  • After the trunks have formed, the nerves of the brachial plexus divide to give rise to the cords. These cords are named lateral, medial and posterior due to their relationship to the axillary artery (i.e. the cords lie lateral, medial or posterior to the artery).
146
Q
  • The muscles of the arm, forearm and hand are supplied by a network, or plexus, of nerves – the brachial plexus – that normally arise from the … … rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. The … from these cervical and thoracic levels come together to form the superior (or upper), middle and inferior (or lower) trunks of the brachial plexus, as shown in the figure below:
  • After the trunks have formed, the nerves of the brachial plexus divide to give rise to the cords. These cords are named lateral, medial and posterior due to their relationship to the axillary artery (i.e. the cords lie lateral, medial or posterior to the artery).
A
  • The muscles of the arm, forearm and hand are supplied by a network, or plexus, of nerves – the brachial plexus – that normally arise from the anterior primary rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. The roots from these cervical and thoracic levels come together to form the superior (or upper), middle and inferior (or lower) trunks of the brachial plexus, as shown in the figure below:
  • After the trunks have formed, the nerves of the brachial plexus divide to give rise to the cords. These cords are named lateral, medial and posterior due to their relationship to the axillary artery (i.e. the cords lie lateral, medial or posterior to the artery).
147
Q
  • The muscles of the arm, forearm and hand are supplied by a network, or plexus, of nerves – the brachial plexus – that normally arise from the anterior primary rami of …(5) The roots from these cervical and thoracic levels come together to form the superior (or upper), middle and inferior (or lower) … of the brachial plexus, as shown in the figure below:
  • After the … have formed, the nerves of the brachial plexus divide to give rise to the …. These co…ds are named lateral, medial and posterior due to their relationship to the axillary artery
A
  • The muscles of the arm, forearm and hand are supplied by a network, or plexus, of nerves – the brachial plexus – that normally arise from the anterior primary rami of C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1. The roots from these cervical and thoracic levels come together to form the superior (or upper), middle and inferior (or lower) trunks of the brachial plexus, as shown in the figure below:
  • After the trunks have formed, the nerves of the brachial plexus divide to give rise to the cords. These cords are named lateral, medial and posterior due to their relationship to the axillary artery (i.e. the cords lie lateral, medial or posterior to the artery).
148
Q

What are the functions of the deltoid muscle?

A

It abducts, flexes, extends, medially and laterally rotates arm

149
Q

What are the functions of the triceps brachii muscle?

A

The long head extends the arm and forearm. The lateral and medial heads extend the forearm only

150
Q

What are the function of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

Protract the scapula.

151
Q

Which area of skin in the hand does the median nerve supply?

A

It supplies the skin over digits 1, 2, 3 and half of digit 4.

152
Q

Which area of skin in the hand does the ulnar nerve supply?

A

It supplies the skin over half of digit 4 and all of digit 5

153
Q

Which area of skin in the hand does the radial nerve supply?

A

It supplies the dorsolateral aspect of the hand

154
Q

Which area of skin does the axillary nerve supply?

A

It supplies a small area over the insertion of the deltoid, known as the ‘badge area’.

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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