Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Plasticity of skeletal muscle: exercise

muscle is extremely …
adapts to changes in functional demand: fill in blanks

Answer

A

muscle is extremely plastic
adapts to changes in functional demand:

Question 2

Q

Endurance exercise responds to total … activity

Answer

A

Endurance exercise responds to total contractile activity

Question 3

Q

Resistance training responds to … and …

Answer

A

Resistance training responds to loading and stretch

Question 4

Q

Muscle plasticity: adaptations

adaptations:
- s…
  - e.g. size, capillarisation
- … properties
  - e.g. fibre type transitions
adaptability occurs from … into maturity

Answer

A

adaptations:
- structural
  - e.g. size, capillarisation
- contractile properties
  - e.g. fibre type transitions
adaptability occurs from embryogenesis into maturity

Question 5

Q

… = The formation and development of a network of capillaries to a part of the body

Answer

A

Capillarisation = The formation and development of a network of capillaries to a part of the body

Question 6

Q

Structural adaptation

Total … of muscle fibres … at birth:
- e.g. 200,000 – biceps brachii
But - muscles can grow: H…
- synthesis of myofilaments
- addition of sarcomeres
- satellite cell activation
- angiogenesis & vascularisation
some muscles enlarge by between 15-50%

Answer

A

Total number of muscle fibres fixed at birth:
- e.g. 200,000 – biceps brachii
But - muscles can grow: hypertrophy
- synthesis of myofilaments
- addition of sarcomeres
- satellite cell activation
- angiogenesis & vascularisation
some muscles enlarge by between 15-50%

Question 7

Q

Structural adaptation

Total number of muscle fibres fixed at birth:
- e.g. 200,000 – biceps brachii
But - muscles can grow: hypertrophy
- synthesis of myofilaments
- addition of sarcomeres
- satellite cell activation
- angio… & vascularisation
some muscles enlarge by between ..-..%

Answer

A

Total number of muscle fibres fixed at birth:
- e.g. 200,000 – biceps brachii
But - muscles can grow: hypertrophy
- synthesis of myofilaments
- addition of sarcomeres
- satellite cell activation
- angiogenesis & vascularisation
some muscles enlarge by between 15-50%

Question 8

Q

Structural adaptation

Total number of muscle fibres fixed at birth:
- e.g. 200,000 – biceps brachii
But - muscles can …: hypertrophy
- … of myofilaments
- addition of ….
- satellite cell activation
- angiogenesis & vascularisation
some muscles enlarge by between 15-50%

Answer

A

Total number of muscle fibres fixed at birth:
- e.g. 200,000 – biceps brachii
But - muscles can grow: hypertrophy
- synthesis of myofilaments
- addition of sarcomeres
- satellite cell activation
- angiogenesis & vascularisation
some muscles enlarge by between 15-50%

Question 9

Q

Effect of endurance exercise

e.g. distance running, cycling or swimming (… force, … contractile frequencies)
… fibre diameter (slight), blood supply ( oxidative capacity), mitochondrial content
will express increased in oxidative enzymes
fibres become slower
gradual transformation of type IIX to type IIA (or to type I?)

Answer

A

e.g. distance running, cycling or swimming (low force, high contractile frequencies)
Increased fibre diameter (slight), blood supply ( oxidative capacity), mitochondrial content
will express increased in oxidative enzymes
fibres become slower
gradual transformation of type IIX to type IIA (or to type I?)

Question 10

Q

Effect of endurance exercise

e.g. distance running, cycling or swimming (low force, high contractile frequencies)
Increased fibre … (slight), blood supply ( oxidative capacity), … content
will express increased in oxidative enzymes
fibres become …
gradual transformation of type IIX to type IIA (or to type I?)

Answer

A

e.g. distance running, cycling or swimming (low force, high contractile frequencies)
Increased fibre diameter (slight), blood supply ( oxidative capacity), mitochondrial content
will express increased in oxidative enzymes
fibres become slower
gradual transformation of type IIX to type IIA (or to type I?)

Question 11

Q

Effect of endurance exercise

e.g. distance running, cycling or swimming (low force, high contractile frequencies)
Increased fibre diameter (slight), … supply ( oxidative capacity), mitochondrial content
will express increased in … enzymes
fibres become slower
gradual transformation of type … to type … (or to type I?)

Answer

A

e.g. distance running, cycling or swimming (low force, high contractile frequencies)
Increased fibre diameter (slight), blood supply ( oxidative capacity), mitochondrial content
will express increased in oxidative enzymes
fibres become slower
gradual transformation of type IIX to type IIA (or to type I?)

Question 12

Q

Effect of endurance exercise

e.g. distance running, cycling or swimming (low force, high contractile frequencies)
… fibre diameter (slight), blood supply ( oxidative capacity), mitochondrial content
will express increased in oxidative enzymes
fibres become …
gradual transformation of type IIX to type IIA (or to type I?)

Answer

A

e.g. distance running, cycling or swimming (low force, high contractile frequencies)
Increased fibre diameter (slight), blood supply ( oxidative capacity), mitochondrial content
will express increased in oxidative enzymes
fibres become slower
gradual transformation of type IIX to type IIA (or to type I?)

Question 13

Q

Non-endurance exercise

conversion to type II…
- from type II…
- greater muscle force & strength
Increase in type II… fibre size due to increase in numbers of sarcomeres & myofilaments
results in much larger muscles (bulk)

Answer

A

conversion to type IIX
- from type IIA
- greater muscle force & strength
Increase in type IIX fibre size due to in numbers of sarcomeres & myofilaments
results in much larger muscles (bulk)

Question 14

Q

Non-endurance exercise

conversion to type IIX
- from type IIA
- … muscle force & strength
Increase in type IIX fibre size due to increase in numbers of sarcomeres & myofilaments
results in much larger muscles (…)

Answer

A

conversion to type IIX
- from type IIA
- greater muscle force & strength
Increase in type IIX fibre size due to in numbers of sarcomeres & myofilaments
results in much larger muscles (bulk)

Question 15

Q

Ice and Heat - Exercise

Ice - To reduce swelling by reducing …
- After an acute injury (s..)
- After exercise in overuse injury
Heat - To relax and loosen tissues
- Use before activities that irritate chronic injuries (s…)
Increases blood flow

Answer

A

Ice - To reduce swelling by reducing perfusion
- After an acute injury (Sprain)
- After exercise in overuse injury
Heat - To relax and loosen tissues
- Use before activities that irritate chronic injuries (Strain)
Increases blood flow

Question 16

Q

Ice and Heat - Exercise

Ice - To reduce swelling by reducing perfusion
- After an … injury (Sprain)
- After exercise in overuse injury
Heat - To relax and loosen tissues
- Use before activities that irritate … injuries (Strain)
Increases blood flow

Answer

A

Ice - To reduce swelling by reducing perfusion
- After an acute injury (Sprain)
- After exercise in overuse injury
Heat - To relax and loosen tissues
- Use before activities that irritate chronic injuries (Strain)
Increases blood flow

Question 17

Q

Ice and Heat - Exercise

Ice - To reduce swelling by reducing perfusion
- After an acute injury (Sprain)
- After exercise in overuse injury
Heat - To … and … tissues
- Use before activities that irritate chronic injuries (Strain)
… blood flow

Answer

A

Ice - To reduce swelling by reducing perfusion
- After an acute injury (Sprain)
- After exercise in overuse injury
Heat - To relax and loosen tissues
- Use before activities that irritate chronic injuries (Strain)
Increases blood flow

Question 18

Q

A … is an injury to a ligament, whereas a … is an injury to a muscle or tendon

Answer

A

A sprain is an injury to a ligament, whereas a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon

Question 19

Q

A sprain is an injury to a …, whereas a strain is an injury to a … or …

Answer

A

A sprain is an injury to a ligament, whereas a strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon

Question 20

Q

Aspirin and Musculoskeletal Pain

Aspirin is an … - So is ibuprofen
- Reduces … and …
Used for musc-skel pain
- Chronic diseases
  - Osteoarthritis
- Sports injuries
  - Combined with ice
  - Often after exercise

Answer

A

Aspirin is an NSAID - So is ibuprofen
- Reduces pain and inflammation
Used for musc-skel pain
- Chronic diseases
  - Osteoarthritis
- Sports injuries
  - Combined with ice
  - Often after exercise

Question 21

Q

Aspirin and Musculoskeletal Pain

Aspirin is an NSAID - So is ibuprofen
- Reduces pain and inflammation
Used for musc-skel pain
- … diseases
  - Osteoarthritis
- … injuries
  - Combined with ice
  - Often after exercise

Answer

A

Aspirin is an NSAID - So is ibuprofen
- Reduces pain and inflammation
Used for musc-skel pain
- Chronic diseases
  - Osteoarthritis
- Sports injuries
  - Combined with ice
  - Often after exercise

Question 22

Q

Aspirin and Musculoskeletal Pain

Aspirin is an NSAID - So is ibuprofen
- Reduces pain and inflammation
Used for musc-skel pain
- Chronic diseases
  - Os…
- Sports injuries
  - Combined with …
  - Often … exercise

Answer

A

Aspirin is an NSAID - So is ibuprofen
- Reduces pain and inflammation
Used for musc-skel pain
- Chronic diseases
  - Osteoarthritis
- Sports injuries
  - Combined with ice
  - Often after exercise

Question 23

Q

Aspirin and Musculoskeletal Pain - Mechanism

Inhibits …
- Reduces synthesis of prostaglandins
- Part of … acid pathway
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins have many effects
- Gastro-intestinal adverse effects of chronic aspirin
  - Stomach bleeding
  - Ulcers

Answer

A

Inhibits COX
- Reduces synthesis of prostaglandins
- Part of arachidonic acid pathway
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins have many effects
- Gastro-intestinal adverse effects of chronic aspirin
  - Stomach bleeding
  - Ulcers

Question 24

Q

Aspirin and Musculoskeletal Pain - Mechanism

Inhibits COX
- Reduces synthesis of …
- Part of arachidonic acid pathway
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins have many effects
- …-… adverse effects of chronic aspirin

Answer

A

Inhibits COX
- Reduces synthesis of prostaglandins
- Part of arachidonic acid pathway
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins have many effects
- Gastro-intestinal adverse effects of chronic aspirin
  - Stomach bleeding
  - Ulcers

Question 25

Q

Aspirin and Musculoskeletal Pain - Mechanism

Inhibits COX
- Reduces synthesis of prostaglandins
- Part of arachidonic acid pathway
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins have many effects
- Gastro-intestinal adverse effects of chronic aspirin
  - … bleeding
  - U..

Answer

A

Inhibits COX
- Reduces synthesis of prostaglandins
- Part of arachidonic acid pathway
Arachidonic acid and prostaglandins have many effects
- Gastro-intestinal adverse effects of chronic aspirin
  - Stomach bleeding
  - Ulcers

Question 26

Q

Testosterone has anabolic & androgenic effects

Anabolic effects of testosterone:
- … protein synthesis
- … catabolism (by opposing cortisol & glucocorticoids)
- … fat: increase BMR, increase differentiation to muscle (rather than fat cells)
Anabolic steroid abuse
- Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Answer

A

Anabolic effects of testosterone:
- Increases protein synthesis
- Decreases catabolism (by opposing cortisol & glucocorticoids)
- Reduces fat: increase BMR, increase differentiation to muscle (rather than fat cells)
Anabolic steroid abuse
- Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Question 27

Q

Testosterone has anabolic & androgenic effects

Anabolic effects of testosterone:
- Increases protein synthesis
- Decreases … (by opposing cortisol & glucocorticoids)
- Reduces …: increase …, increase differentiation to muscle (rather than … cells)
Anabolic steroid …
- Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Answer

A

Anabolic effects of testosterone:
- Increases protein synthesis
- Decreases catabolism (by opposing cortisol & glucocorticoids)
- Reduces fat: increase BMR, increase differentiation to muscle (rather than fat cells)
Anabolic steroid abuse
- Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Question 28

Q

Anabolic steroid abuse

Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (…, liver, heart, … changes)
Male – testes …, sterility, baldness
Female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Answer

A

Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
Male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
Female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Question 29

Q

Anabolic steroid abuse

Used to increase … size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
Male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
Female – breast/uterus atrophy, … changes, … hair, … of voice

Answer

A

Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
Male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
Female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Question 30

Q

Anabolic steroid abuse

Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
Male – … atrophy, sterility, baldness
Female – …/… atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Answer

A

Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
Male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
Female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Question 31

Q

Anabolic steroid abuse

Used to increase muscle size and strength
… … required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
Male – testes atrophy, s…, b…
Female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Answer

A

Used to increase muscle size and strength
Large doses required – leads to damaging side effects (kidney, liver, heart, mood changes)
Male – testes atrophy, sterility, baldness
Female – breast/uterus atrophy, menstrual changes, facial hair, deepening of voice

Question 32

Q

Effect of spaceflight

Exposed to … … (long-term exposure)
… in weight bearing in bones and muscles, over time, transition of Type 1 (slow) fibres to Type IIA/IIX fibres (Faster fibres)
Lose slow fibres, gain fast fibres
Decrease in relative muscle mass - all muscles undergo some atrophy, but predominantly weight bearing muscles

Answer

A

Exposed to zero gravity (long-term exposure)
Decrease in weight bearing in bones and muscles, over time, transition of Type 1 (slow) fibres to Type IIA/IIX fibres (Faster fibres)
Lose slow fibres, gain fast fibres
Decrease in relative muscle mass - all muscles undergo some atrophy, but predominantly weight bearing muscles

Question 33

Q

Effect of spaceflight

Exposed to zero gravity (long-term exposure)
Decrease in weight bearing in bones and muscles, over time, transition of Type … (slow) fibres to Type …fibres (Faster fibres)
Lose slow fibres, gain fast fibres
Decrease in relative muscle mass - all muscles undergo some atrophy, but predominantly weight bearing muscles

Answer

A

Exposed to zero gravity (long-term exposure)
Decrease in weight bearing in bones and muscles, over time, transition of Type 1 (slow) fibres to Type IIA/IIX fibres (Faster fibres)
Lose slow fibres, gain fast fibres
Decrease in relative muscle mass - all muscles undergo some atrophy, but predominantly weight bearing muscles

Question 34

Q

Effect of spaceflight

Exposed to zero gravity (long-term exposure)
Decrease in weight bearing in bones and muscles, over time, transition of Type 1 (…) fibres to Type IIA/IIX fibres (… fibres)
Lose … fibres, gain … fibres
Decrease in relative muscle mass - all muscles undergo some atrophy, but predominantly weight bearing muscles

Answer

A

Exposed to zero gravity (long-term exposure)
Decrease in weight bearing in bones and muscles, over time, transition of Type 1 (slow) fibres to Type IIA/IIX fibres (Faster fibres)
Lose slow fibres, gain fast fibres
Decrease in relative muscle mass - all muscles undergo some atrophy, but predominantly weight bearing muscles

Question 35

Q

Effect of spaceflight

Exposed to zero gravity (long-term exposure)
Decrease in weight bearing in bones and muscles, over time, transition of Type 1 (slow) fibres to Type IIA/IIX fibres (Faster fibres)
Lose slow fibres, gain fast fibres
Decrease in … … mass - all muscles undergo some …, but predominantly … bearing muscles

Answer

A

Exposed to zero gravity (long-term exposure)
Decrease in weight bearing in bones and muscles, over time, transition of Type 1 (slow) fibres to Type IIA/IIX fibres (Faster fibres)
Lose slow fibres, gain fast fibres
Decrease in relative muscle mass - all muscles undergo some atrophy, but predominantly weight bearing muscles

Question 36

Q

Effect of bed-rest

Muscles of posture are not being consistently used
Transition of type … fibres to type …
Weight-bearing muscle …
- Decrease muscle protein synthesis
- Myofibrillar breakdown
- Decreased strength (due to ¯ size)
- Loss of type … fibres
Treat by resuming minor activity early, Add physiotherapy to prevent contractures.

Answer

A

Muscles of posture are not being consistently used
Transition of type I fibres to type IIA
Weight-bearing muscle atrophy
- Decrease muscle protein synthesis
- Myofibrillar breakdown
- Decreased strength (due to ¯ size)
- Loss of type I fibres
Treat by resuming minor activity early, Add physiotherapy to prevent contractures.

Question 37

Q

Effect of bed-rest

Muscles of posture are not being consistently used
Transition of type I fibres to type IIA
Weight-bearing muscle atrophy
- Decrease muscle protein …
- … breakdown
- Decreased … (due to ¯ size)
- Loss of type … fibres
Treat by resuming minor activity early, Add physiotherapy to prevent contractures.

Answer

A

Muscles of posture are not being consistently used
Transition of type I fibres to type IIA
Weight-bearing muscle atrophy
- Decrease muscle protein synthesis
- Myofibrillar breakdown
- Decreased strength (due to ¯ size)
- Loss of type I fibres
Treat by resuming minor activity early, Add physiotherapy to prevent contractures.

Question 38

Q

Effect of bed-rest

Muscles of posture are not being consistently used
Transition of type I fibres to type IIA
Weight-bearing muscle atrophy
- Decrease muscle protein synthesis
- Myofibrillar breakdown
- Decreased strength (due to ¯ size)
- Loss of type I fibres
Treat by resuming minor activity early, Add … to prevent ….

Answer

A

Muscles of posture are not being consistently used
Transition of type I fibres to type IIA
Weight-bearing muscle atrophy
- Decrease muscle protein synthesis
- Myofibrillar breakdown
- Decreased strength (due to ¯ size)
- Loss of type I fibres
Treat by resuming minor activity early, Add physiotherapy to prevent contractures.

Question 39

Q

Summary Fibre Types

Answer

A

Dont need to memorise

Question 40

Q

Contracture

If limb immobilised for long periods:
- Process of growth is …
- … are removed in series from myofibrils
  - Resulting in … of muscle called a contracture
Patients with paralysed limbs must have physical therapy to prevent contractures occurring

Answer

A

If limb immobilised for long periods:
- Process of growth is reversed
- Sarcomeres are removed in series from myofibrils
  - Resulting in shortening of muscle called a contracture
Patients with paralysed limbs must have physical therapy to prevent contractures occurring

Question 41

Q

Contracture

If limb immobilised for long periods:
- Process of growth is reversed
- Sarcomeres are removed in series from myofibrils
  - Resulting in shortening of muscle called a contracture
Patients with … limbs must have … … to prevent contractures occurring

Answer

A

If limb immobilised for long periods:
- Process of growth is reversed
- Sarcomeres are removed in series from myofibrils
  - Resulting in shortening of muscle called a contracture
Patients with paralysed limbs must have physical therapy to prevent contractures occurring

Question 42

Q

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate

They develop as …
- Which are mononucleate
- Then the … fuse
The … are peripheral
The multinucleate cells do not divide
- Mitosis with multiple nuclei usually impossible
Skeletal muscles are enlarged by:
- Fibre enlargement
- Increased vascularisation

Answer

A

They develop as myoblasts
- Which are mononucleate
- Then the myoblasts fuse
The nuclei are peripheral
The multinucleate cells do not divide
- Mitosis with multiple nuclei usually impossible
Skeletal muscles are enlarged by:
- Fibre enlargement
- Increased vascularisation

Question 43

Q

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate

They develop as myoblasts
- Which are mononucleate
- Then the myoblasts fuse
The nuclei are peripheral
The … cells do not divide
- … with multiple nuclei usually impossible
Skeletal muscles are enlarged by:
- Fibre enlargement
- Increased vascularisation

Answer

A

They develop as myoblasts
- Which are mononucleate
- Then the myoblasts fuse
The nuclei are peripheral
The multinucleate cells do not divide
- Mitosis with multiple nuclei usually impossible
Skeletal muscles are enlarged by:
- Fibre enlargement
- Increased vascularisation

Question 44

Q

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate

They develop as myoblasts
- Which are mononucleate
- Then the myoblasts fuse
The nuclei are peripheral
The multinucleate cells do not divide
- Mitosis with multiple nuclei usually impossible
Skeletal muscles are enlarged by:
- … enlargement
- Increased …

Answer

A

They develop as myoblasts
- Which are mononucleate
- Then the myoblasts fuse
The nuclei are peripheral
The multinucleate cells do not divide
- Mitosis with multiple nuclei usually impossible
Skeletal muscles are enlarged by:
- Fibre enlargement
- Increased vascularisation

Question 45

Q

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate

They develop as myoblasts
- Which are mononucleate
- Then the myoblasts fuse
The nuclei are …
The multinucleate cells do not divide
- Mitosis with … nuclei usually impossible
Skeletal muscles are enlarged by:
- Fibre enlargement
- … vascularisation

Answer

A

They develop as myoblasts
- Which are mononucleate
- Then the myoblasts fuse
The nuclei are peripheral
The multinucleate cells do not divide
- Mitosis with multiple nuclei usually impossible
Skeletal muscles are enlarged by:
- Fibre enlargement
- Increased vascularisation

Question 46

Q

Muscle Regeneration

During … and … of damaged muscle tissue
previous quiescent myogenic cells, called satellite cells, are activated
- These proliferate, differentiate and fuse onto extant fibres
- They contribute to forming multinucleate myofibers

Answer

A

During inflammation and degeneration of damaged muscle tissue
previous quiescent myogenic cells, called satellite cells, are activated
- These proliferate, differentiate and fuse onto extant fibres
- They contribute to forming multinucleate myofibers

Question 47

Q

Muscle Regeneration

During inflammation and degeneration of damaged muscle tissue
previous … myogenic cells, called … cells, are activated
- These proliferate, differentiate and fuse onto extant fibres
- They contribute to forming multinucleate myofibers

Answer

A

During inflammation and degeneration of damaged muscle tissue
previous quiescent myogenic cells, called satellite cells, are activated
- These proliferate, differentiate and fuse onto extant fibres
- They contribute to forming multinucleate myofibers

Question 48

Q

Muscle Regeneration

During inflammation and degeneration of damaged muscle tissue
previous quiescent myogenic cells, called … cells, are activated
- These proliferate, differentiate and fuse onto … fibres
- They contribute to forming … myofibers

Answer

A

During inflammation and degeneration of damaged muscle tissue
previous quiescent myogenic cells, called satellite cells, are activated
- These proliferate, differentiate and fuse onto extant fibres
- They contribute to forming multinucleate myofibers

Question 49

Q

Myosatellite cells

… cells in muscle
- Also called “satellite cells”
- NOT related glial satellite cells
Essential for … & …
Most are quiescent
- Activated by mechanical strain
Activation —> proliferation & differentiation

Answer

A

Progenitor cells in muscle
- Also called “satellite cells”
- NOT related glial satellite cells
Essential for regeneration & growth
Most are quiescent
- Activated by mechanical strain
Activation —> proliferation & differentiation

Question 50

Q

Myosatellite cells

Progenitor cells in muscle
- Also called “satellite cells”
- NOT related glial satellite cells
Essential for regeneration & growth
Most are q…
- Activated by mechanical …
Activation —> p… & d…

Answer

A

Progenitor cells in muscle
- Also called “satellite cells”
- NOT related glial satellite cells
Essential for regeneration & growth
Most are quiescent
- Activated by mechanical strain
Activation —> proliferation & differentiation

Question 51

Q

… = opposite of active. Not dividing, low metabolism, little or no observable activity.

Answer

A

Quiescent = opposite of active. Not dividing, low metabolism, little or no observable activity.

Question 52

Q

Myalgia

… pain
Causes of myalgia:
- Injury, overuse, infections, auto-immune
Can by associated with …

Answer

A

Muscle pain
Causes of myalgia:
- Injury, overuse, infections, auto-immune
Can by associated with Rhabdomyolysis

Question 53

Q

Myalgia

Muscle pain
Causes of myalgia: (4)
Can by associated with Rhabdomyolysis

Answer

A

Muscle pain
Causes of myalgia:
- Injury, overuse, infections, auto-immune
Can by associated with Rhabdomyolysis

Question 54

Q

myalgia = …

Answer

A

pain in a muscle or group of muscles.

Question 55

Q

Myopathy =

Answer

A

Muscular weakness due to muscular muscle fibre dysfunction

Question 56

Q

Myopathy

Muscular … due to muscular muscle fibre …
- Cf. neuropathy & neurogenic disorders
  - Failure to contract cause possibly muscle or nerve
Systemic vs. familial
Dystrophies: familial, progressive
- Stuck in degeneration-regeneration cycle
- Eventually regenerative ability is lost

Answer

A

Muscular weakness due to muscular muscle fibre dysfunction
- Cf. neuropathy & neurogenic disorders
  - Failure to contract cause possibly muscle or nerve
Systemic vs. familial
Dystrophies: familial, progressive
- Stuck in degeneration-regeneration cycle
- Eventually regenerative ability is lost

Question 57

Q

Myopathy

Muscular weakness due to muscular muscle fibre dysfunction
- Cf. neuropathy & neurogenic disorders
  - Failure to contract cause possibly muscle or nerve
s.. vs. f…
Dystrophies: familial, progressive
- Stuck in degeneration-regeneration cycle
- Eventually regenerative ability is lost

Answer

A

Muscular weakness due to muscular muscle fibre dysfunction
- Cf. neuropathy & neurogenic disorders
  - Failure to contract cause possibly muscle or nerve
Systemic vs. familial
Dystrophies: familial, progressive
- Stuck in degeneration-regeneration cycle
- Eventually regenerative ability is lost

Question 58

Q

Myopathy

Muscular weakness due to muscular muscle fibre dysfunction
- Cf. neuropathy & neurogenic disorders
  - Failure to contract cause possibly muscle or nerve
Systemic vs. familial
D…: familial, progressive
- Stuck in degeneration-regeneration cycle
- Eventually … ability is lost

Answer

A

Muscular weakness due to muscular muscle fibre dysfunction
- Cf. neuropathy & neurogenic disorders
  - Failure to contract cause possibly muscle or nerve
Systemic vs. familial
Dystrophies: familial, progressive
- Stuck in degeneration-regeneration cycle
- Eventually regenerative ability is lost

Question 59

Q

Myopathy

Muscular … due to muscular muscle fibre dysfunction
- Cf. neuropathy & neurogenic disorders
  - Failure to … cause possibly muscle or nerve
Systemic vs. familial
Dystrophies: familial, progressive
- Stuck in degeneration-regeneration cycle
- Eventually regenerative ability is lost

Answer

A

Muscular weakness due to muscular muscle fibre dysfunction
- Cf. neuropathy & neurogenic disorders
  - Failure to contract cause possibly muscle or nerve
Systemic vs. familial
Dystrophies: familial, progressive
- Stuck in degeneration-regeneration cycle
- Eventually regenerative ability is lost

Question 60

Q

Paresis =

Answer

A

weakness of voluntary movement, or
partial loss of voluntary movement or
impaired movement

Question 61

Q

Paresis

weakness of … movement, or partial loss of … movement or … movement
Usually referring to a limb - From Greek “to let fall”

Answer

A

weakness of voluntary movement, or partial loss of voluntary movement or impaired movement
Usually referring to a limb - From Greek “to let fall”

Question 62

Q

Involuntary Twitches

… : involuntary visible twitches in single motor units (neurogenic), which commonly occur in lower motor neuron diseases such as damage to anterior horn cell bodies characteristic of ALS or polio
- clinically appear as brief ripples under the skin
… : involuntary spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibres (myogenic) invisible to the eye but identified by electromyography

Answer

A

fasciculations : involuntary visible twitches in single motor units (neurogenic), which commonly occur in lower motor neuron diseases such as damage to anterior horn cell bodies characteristic of ALS or polio
- clinically appear as brief ripples under the skin
fibrillations : involuntary spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibres (myogenic) invisible to the eye but identified by electromyography

Question 63

Q

Involuntary Twitches

fasciculations : involuntary … twitches in single motor units (neurogenic), which commonly occur in … motor neuron diseases such as damage to anterior horn cell bodies characteristic of ALS or polio
- clinically appear as brief ripples under the skin
fibrillations : involuntary spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibres (myogenic) … , identified by …

Answer

A

fasciculations : involuntary visible twitches in single motor units (neurogenic), which commonly occur in lower motor neuron diseases such as damage to anterior horn cell bodies characteristic of ALS or polio
- clinically appear as brief ripples under the skin
fibrillations : involuntary spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibres (myogenic) invisible to the eye but identified by electromyography

Question 64

Q

Involuntary Twitches

fasciculations : involuntary visible twitches in single motor units (neurogenic), which commonly occur in lower motor neuron diseases such as damage to anterior horn cell bodies characteristic of ALS or polio
- clinically appear as brief ripples under the skin
fibrillations : involuntary spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibres (myogenic) invisible to the eye but identified by electromyography

Answer

A

fasciculations : involuntary visible twitches in single motor units (neurogenic), which commonly occur in lower motor neuron diseases such as damage to anterior horn cell bodies characteristic of ALS or polio
- clinically appear as brief ripples under the skin
fibrillations : involuntary spontaneous contractions of individual muscle fibres (myogenic) invisible to the eye but identified by electromyography

Answer 65

A

no - require electromyography

Answer 66

A

Rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle
- Not cardiac muscle, not myocardial infarct
Risk of kidney failure
- Cellular proteins (esp myoglobin) released into blood can “clog” renal glomeruli
- Urine is “tea coloured”, no urine produced 12 hours after injury
- Leads to electrolyte changes: hyperkalaemia
Treatment:
- Intravenous fluids (to treat shock)
possibly haemodialysis, etc

Answer 67

A

Rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle
- Not cardiac muscle, not myocardial infarct
Risk of kidney failure
- Cellular proteins (esp myoglobin) released into blood can “clog” renal glomeruli
- Urine is “tea coloured”, no urine produced 12 hours after injury
- Leads to electrolyte changes: hyperkalaemia
Treatment:
- Intravenous fluids (to treat shock)
possibly haemodialysis, etc

Answer 68

A

Rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle
- Not cardiac muscle, not myocardial infarct
Risk of kidney failure
- Cellular proteins (esp myoglobin) released into blood can “clog” renal glomeruli
- Urine is “tea coloured”, no urine produced 12 hours after injury
- Leads to electrolyte changes: hyperkalaemia
Treatment:
- Intravenous fluids (to treat shock)
possibly haemodialysis, etc

Answer 69

A

Rhabdomyolysis = Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle (Ancient Greek: rhabdomyo-) tissue breaks down rapidly (Greek -lysis).

Answer 70

A

Creatine Phosphokinase
- CK or CPK abbreviations used interchangeably
- The enzyme, not creatine phosphate
distinct forms of CPK found in different tissues
skeletal muscle CPK isoform is CK-MM
cardiac muscle CPK isoform is CK-MB
when tissue damaged and cells lyse there is a release of tissue specific CK from cells into blood
Elevations in CK-MM occur after skeletal muscle trauma or necrosis
- muscular dystrophies, polymyositis and rhabdomyolysis
- Test = “Total CK” (CK-MM is not a clinical test)

Answer 71

A

Creatine Phosphokinase
- CK or CPK abbreviations used interchangeably
- The enzyme, not creatine phosphate
distinct forms of CPK found in different tissues
skeletal muscle CPK isoform is CK-MM
cardiac muscle CPK isoform is CK-MB
when tissue damaged and cells lyse there is a release of tissue specific CK from cells into blood
Elevations in CK-MM occur after skeletal muscle trauma or necrosis
- muscular dystrophies, polymyositis and rhabdomyolysis
- Test = “Total CK” (CK-MM is not a clinical test)

Answer 72

A

Creatine Phosphokinase
- CK or CPK abbreviations used interchangeably
- The enzyme, not creatine phosphate
distinct forms of CPK found in different tissues
skeletal muscle CPK isoform is CK-MM
cardiac muscle CPK isoform is CK-MB
when tissue damaged and cells lyse there is a release of tissue specific CK from cells into blood
Elevations in CK-MM occur after skeletal muscle trauma or necrosis
- muscular dystrophies, polymyositis and rhabdomyolysis
- Test = “Total CK” (CK-MM is not a clinical test)

Answer 73

A

Creatine Phosphokinase
- CK or CPK abbreviations used interchangeably
- The enzyme, not creatine phosphate
distinct forms of CPK found in different tissues
skeletal muscle CPK isoform is CK-MM
cardiac muscle CPK isoform is CK-MB
when tissue damaged and cells lyse there is a release of tissue specific CK from cells into blood
Elevations in CK-MM occur after skeletal muscle trauma or necrosis
- muscular dystrophies, polymyositis and rhabdomyolysis
- Test = “Total CK” (CK-MM is not a clinical test)

Answer 74

A

distinct forms of CPK found in different tissues
- skeletal muscle CPK isoform is CK-MM
- cardiac muscle CPK isoform is CK-MB

Answer 75

A

Myoglobin “ Buffers O2”
- Protein + Haem group
- “tea coloured”
In plasma indicates rhabdomyolysis or MI
- Can lead to renal failure
- Urine tested for myoglobin
Diagnostic: Hyperkalaemia
- When muscle cells lyse
- They release K+
- This increases serum K+
Nb: ò serum K = cause of rhabdo,
Increased K = result of rhabdo

Answer 76

A

Myoglobin “ Buffers O2”
- Protein + Haem group
- “tea coloured”
In plasma indicates rhabdomyolysis or MI
- Can lead to renal failure
- Urine tested for myoglobin
Diagnostic: Hyperkalaemia
- When muscle cells lyse
- They release K+
- This increases serum K+
Nb: ò serum K = cause of rhabdo,
Increased K = result of rhabdo

Answer 77

A

Myoglobin “ Buffers O2”
- Protein + Haem group
- “tea coloured”
In plasma indicates rhabdomyolysis or MI
- Can lead to renal failure
- Urine tested for myoglobin
Diagnostic: Hyperkalaemia
- When muscle cells lyse
- They release K+
- This increases serum K+
Nb: ò serum K = cause of rhabdo,
Increased K = result of rhabdo

Answer 78

A

Myoglobin “ Buffers O2”
- Protein + Haem group
- “tea coloured”
In plasma indicates rhabdomyolysis or MI
- Can lead to renal failure
- Urine tested for myoglobin
Diagnostic: Hyperkalaemia
- When muscle cells lyse
- They release K+
- This increases serum K+
Nb: decreasd serum K = cause of rhabdo,
Increased K = result of rhabdo

Answer 79

A

Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 80

A

ATP depleted after death
Muscle cell does not resequester Ca2+ into SR
- Increases Cytosolic Ca2+
Ca2+ allows crossbridge cycle contraction
- Until ATP & creatine-P run out
W/o ATP à myosin stops just after power stroke
- With myosin still bound to actin
- Rigor mortis ends when muscle tissue degrades after 3 days

Answer 81

A

Progressive muscle weakness and fatigability
- Often starts with eye muscles
Caused by depletion of nAChR
Arises as the immune system inappropriately produces auto-antibodies against nAChR

Answer 82

A

Progressive muscle weakness and fatigability
- Often starts with eye muscles
Caused by depletion of nAChR
Arises as the immune system inappropriately produces auto-antibodies against nAChR

Answer 83

A

Progressive muscle weakness and fatigability
Often starts with eye muscles
Caused by depletion of nAChR
Arises as the immune system inappropriately produces auto-antibodies against nAChR

Answer 84

A

auto-antibodies against nAChR

Answer 85

A

less depolarisation of muscle fibres
- many fibres do not reach threshold
repeated stimulation -> neuromuscular fatigue
symptoms include ptosis, diplopia,
- with weakness in eyelid and extraocular muscles
proximal muscle weakness

Answer 86

A

less depolarisation of muscle fibres
- many fibres do not reach threshold
repeated stimulation -> neuromuscular fatigue
symptoms include ptosis, diplopia,
- with weakness in eyelid and extraocular muscles
proximal muscle weakness

Answer 87

A

AChE inhibitors
- Pyridostigmine
  - Increase ACh activity at NMJ. ACh released from nerve terminals into synapse not rapidly catabolised but can bind to the remaining AChRs for longer time
- Edrophonium (a/k/a tensilon): short-lived AChE inhibitor for diagnosis, temporarily improves symptoms eg ptosis
Other category of treatment is directed at immune system
- Thymectomy – reduces symptoms in 70% of patients. Exact mechanism unknown. Rebalance immune system?
- Use of immunosuppressive drugs e.g. corticosteroids
- Plasmapheresis = removal of anti AChR antibodies from blood stream

Answer 88

A

AChE inhibitors
- Pyridostigmine
  - Increase ACh activity at NMJ. ACh released from nerve terminals into synapse not rapidly catabolised but can bind to the remaining AChRs for longer time
- Edrophonium (a/k/a tensilon): short-lived AChE inhibitor for diagnosis, temporarily improves symptoms eg ptosis
Other category of treatment is directed at immune system
- Thymectomy – reduces symptoms in 70% of patients. Exact mechanism unknown. Rebalance immune system?
- Use of immunosuppressive drugs e.g. corticosteroids
- Plasmapheresis = removal of anti AChR antibodies from blood stream

Answer 89

A

AChE inhibitors
- Pyridostigmine
  - Increase ACh activity at NMJ. ACh released from nerve terminals into synapse not rapidly catabolised but can bind to the remaining AChRs for longer time
- Edrophonium (a/k/a tensilon): short-lived AChE inhibitor for diagnosis, temporarily improves symptoms eg ptosis
Other category of treatment is directed at immune system
- Thymectomy – reduces symptoms in 70% of patients. Exact mechanism unknown. Rebalance immune system?
- Use of immunosuppressive drugs e.g. corticosteroids
- Plasmapheresis = removal of anti AChR antibodies from blood stream

Answer 90

A

AChE inhibitors
- Pyridostigmine
  - Increase ACh activity at NMJ. ACh released from nerve terminals into synapse not rapidly catabolised but can bind to the remaining AChRs for longer time
- Edrophonium (a/k/a tensilon): short-lived AChE inhibitor for diagnosis, temporarily improves symptoms eg ptosis
Other category of treatment is directed at immune system
- Thymectomy – reduces symptoms in 70% of patients. Exact mechanism unknown. Rebalance immune system?
- Use of immunosuppressive drugs e.g. corticosteroids
- Plasmapheresis = removal of anti AChR antibodies from blood stream

Answer 91

A

a/k/a Floppy Baby Syndrome
- One of most common genetic causes of infant death
- Severity and time of onset can vary greatly
Death of lower motor neurons in anterior horn of spine
- Muscle atrophy —> hypotonia & muscle weakness
  - Via apoptosis
- Fibre type grouping
- Sensory system is spared (b/c not in anterior horn)
Caused by genetic defect
- SMN1 gene
  - Required for survival of anterior horn neurons
- Autosomal recessive
- Other genes cause similar syndromes

Answer 92

A

a/k/a Floppy Baby Syndrome
- One of most common genetic causes of infant death
- Severity and time of onset can vary greatly
Death of lower motor neurons in anterior horn of spine
- Muscle atrophy —> hypotonia & muscle weakness
  - Via apoptosis
- Fibre type grouping
- Sensory system is spared (b/c not in anterior horn)
Caused by genetic defect
- SMN1 gene
  - Required for survival of anterior horn neurons
- Autosomal recessive
- Other genes cause similar syndromes

Answer 93

A

a/k/a Floppy Baby Syndrome
- One of most common genetic causes of infant death
- Severity and time of onset can vary greatly
Death of lower motor neurons in anterior horn of spine
- Muscle atrophy —> hypotonia & muscle weakness
  - Via apoptosis
- Fibre type grouping
- Sensory system is spared (b/c not in anterior horn)
Caused by genetic defect
- SMN1 gene
  - Required for survival of anterior horn neurons
- Autosomal recessive
- Other genes cause similar syndromes

Answer 94

A

a/k/a Floppy Baby Syndrome
- One of most common genetic causes of infant death
- Severity and time of onset can vary greatly
Death of lower motor neurons in anterior horn of spine
- Muscle atrophy —> hypotonia & muscle weakness
  - Via apoptosis
- Fibre type grouping
- Sensory system is spared (b/c not in anterior horn)
Caused by genetic defect
- SMN1 gene
  - Required for survival of anterior horn neurons
- Autosomal recessive
- Other genes cause similar syndromes

Answer 95

A

Death of lower motor neurons in anterior horn of spine
- Muscle atrophy —> hypotonia & muscle weakness
  - Via apoptosis
- Fibre type grouping
- Sensory system is spared (b/c not in anterior horn)
Caused by genetic defect
Autosomal recessive

Answer 96

A

During spinal muscular atrophy
Cycles of denervation are followed by collateral reinnervation
Surviving axons innervate surrounding fibres
Resulting in fibre type grouping
In healthy muscles (Figure A), motor units are intermingled. During reinnervation, nearby surviving neurons re-innervate the denervated fibres, resulting in clusters (Figure B)

Answer 97

A

During spinal muscular atrophy
Cycles of denervation are followed by collateral reinnervation
Surviving axons innervate surrounding fibres
Resulting in fibre type grouping
In healthy muscles (Figure A), motor units are intermingled. During reinnervation, nearby surviving neurons re-innervate the denervated fibres, resulting in clusters (Figure B)

Answer 98

A

During spinal muscular atrophy
Cycles of denervation are followed by collateral reinnervation
Surviving axons innervate surrounding fibres
Resulting in fibre type grouping
In healthy muscles (Figure A), motor units are intermingled. During reinnervation, nearby surviving neurons re-innervate the denervated fibres, resulting in clusters (Figure B)

Answer 99

A

During spinal muscular atrophy
Cycles of denervation are followed by collateral reinnervation
Surviving axons innervate surrounding fibres
Resulting in fibre type grouping
In healthy muscles (Figure A), motor units are intermingled. During reinnervation, nearby surviving neurons re-innervate the denervated fibres, resulting in clusters (Figure B)

Answer 100

A

Genetic (rare) susceptibility to gas anaesthetics
- Eg sevoflurane
Mutation in RyR means gas anaesthetic -> Ca2+ release
- Autosomal Dominant
- Channel is susceptible if any of subunits are
Result: SERCA works too hard (to pump Ca back into SR)
Increased O2 consumption, Increased CO2, acidosis, tachypnea, muscles overheat, the body overheats, muscles are damaged (rhabdomyolysis), hyperkalaemia, muscles become rigid

Answer 101

A

Genetic (rare) susceptibility to gas anaesthetics
- Eg sevoflurane
Mutation in RyR means gas anaesthetic à Ca2+ release
- Autosomal Dominant
- Channel is susceptible if any of subunits are
Result: SERCA works too hard (to pump Ca back into SR)
Increased O2 consumption, Increased CO2, acidosis, tachypnea, muscles overheat, the body overheats, muscles are damaged (rhabdomyolysis), hyperkalaemia, muscles become rigid

Answer 102

A

Genetic (rare) susceptibility to gas anaesthetics
- Eg sevoflurane
Mutation in RyR means gas anaesthetic à Ca2+ release
- Autosomal Dominant
- Channel is susceptible if any of subunits are
Result: SERCA works too hard (to pump Ca back into SR)
Increased O2 consumption, Increased CO2, acidosis, tachypnea, muscles overheat, the body overheats, muscles are damaged (rhabdomyolysis), hyperkalaemia, muscles become rigid

Answer 103

A

Genetic (rare) susceptibility to gas anaesthetics
- Eg sevoflurane
Mutation in RyR means gas anaesthetic à Ca2+ release
- Autosomal Dominant
- Channel is susceptible if any of subunits are
Result: SERCA works too hard (to pump Ca back into SR)
Increased O2 consumption, Increased CO2, acidosis, tachypnea, muscles overheat, the body overheats, muscles are damaged (rhabdomyolysis), hyperkalaemia, muscles become rigid

Answer 104

A

Genetic (rare) susceptibility to gas anaesthetics
- Eg sevoflurane
Mutation in RyR means gas anaesthetic -> Ca2+ release
- Autosomal Dominant
- Channel is susceptible if any of subunits are
Result: SERCA works too hard (to pump Ca back into SR)
Increased O2 consumption, Increased CO2, acidosis, tachypnea, muscles overheat, the body overheats, muscles are damaged (rhabdomyolysis), hyperkalaemia, muscles become rigid

Answer 105

A

If anaesthetic received - and nothing is done…
- Muscle cells open and leak their contents
- Plasma CK-MM increases
- Kidney failure possible: urine red from myoglobin
Dantrolene sodium can stop the abnormal calcium release
- Inhibits ryanodine receptor

Answer 106

A

If anaesthetic received - and nothing is done…
- Muscle cells open and leak their contents
- Plasma CK-MM increases
- Kidney failure possible: urine red from myoglobin
Dantrolene sodium can stop the abnormal calcium release
- Inhibits ryanodine receptor

Answer 107

A

In malignant hyperthermia - dantrolene sodium can stop the abnormal calcium release (Inhibits ryanodine receptor)

Answer 108

A

In malignant hyperthermia - dantrolene sodium can stop the abnormal calcium release (Inhibits ryanodine receptor)

Answer 109

A

In malignant hyperthermia - dantrolene sodium can stop the abnormal calcium release (Inhibits ryanodine receptor)

Answer 110

A

In malignant hyperthermia - dantrolene sodium can stop the abnormal calcium release (Inhibits ryanodine receptor)

Answer 111

A

Group of inherited disorders
Severe and progressive wasting of muscle
- Muscle weakness
- Due to myopathy, not neuropathy
Waddling gate
Contractures
Cardiorespiratory muscle involvement

Answer 112

A

Group of inherited disorders
Severe and progressive wasting of muscle
- Muscle weakness
- Due to myopathy, not neuropathy
Waddling gate
Contractures
Cardiorespiratory muscle involvement

Answer 113

A

Group of inherited disorders
Severe and progressive wasting of muscle
- Muscle weakness
- Due to myopathy, not neuropathy
Waddling gate
Contractures
Cardiorespiratory muscle involvement

Answer 114

A

Group of inherited disorders
Severe and progressive wasting of muscle
- Muscle weakness
- Due to myopathy, not neuropathy
Waddling gate
Contractures
Cardiorespiratory muscle involvement

Answer 115

A

x-linked disease
affects 1:3500 live male births
- one third of cases arise spontaneously
progressive loss of muscle tissue
replaced by fibrofatty connective tissue
Mutation: gene for dystrophin protein

Answer 116

A

x-linked disease
affects 1:3500 live male births
- one third of cases arise spontaneously
progressive loss of muscle tissue
replaced by fibrofatty connective tissue
Mutation: gene for dystrophin protein

Answer 117

A

x-linked disease
affects 1:3500 live male births
- one third of cases arise spontaneously
progressive loss of muscle tissue
replaced by fibrofatty connective tissue
Mutation: gene for dystrophin protein

Answer 118

A

x-linked disease
affects 1:3500 live male births
•one third of cases arise spontaneously
progressive loss of muscle tissue
replaced by fibrofatty connective tissue
Mutation: gene for dystrophin protein

Answer 119

A

Gowers’ sign is a medical sign that indicates weakness of hip and thigh muscles associated with muscular dystrophy. The patient that has to use his hands and arms to “walk” up his own body from a squatting position.

Answer 120

A

Gowers’ sign is a medical sign that indicates weakness of hip and thigh muscles associated with muscular dystrophy. The patient that has to use his hands and arms to “walk” up his own body from a squatting position.

Answer 121

A

Lack of muscle use can lead to contractures or atrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy – dystrophin (X-linked)
Exercise training —> hypertrophy
Rhabdomyolysis
- Crush injury
Diagnostic Tests
- Oxygen carrier in urine: myoglobin
- Energy for contraction: creatine phosphokinase
- Biopsy to show regeneration: fibre type grouping
EC coupling: rigor mortis & malignant hyperthermia
Pharmacology: AChE Inhibitors (MG - myasthenia gravis), Dantrolene (MH - malignant hyperthermia)
Insufficient neural signalling: myasthenia gravis & SMA (spinal muscular atrophy)

Answer 122

A

Lack of muscle use can lead to contractures or atrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy – dystrophin (X-linked)
Exercise training —> hypertrophy
Rhabdomyolysis
- Crush injury
Diagnostic Tests
- Oxygen carrier in urine: myoglobin
- Energy for contraction: creatine phosphokinase
- Biopsy to show regeneration: fibre type grouping
EC coupling: rigor mortis & malignant hyperthermia
Pharmacology: AChE Inhibitors (MG - myasthenia gravis), Dantrolene (MH - malignant hyperthermia)
Insufficient neural signalling: myasthenia gravis & SMA (spinal muscular atrophy)

Answer 123

A

Lack of muscle use can lead to contractures or atrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy – dystrophin (X-linked)
Exercise training —> hypertrophy
Rhabdomyolysis
- Crush injury
Diagnostic Tests
- Oxygen carrier in urine: myoglobin
- Energy for contraction: creatine phosphokinase
- Biopsy to show regeneration: fibre type grouping
EC coupling: rigor mortis & malignant hyperthermia
Pharmacology: AChE Inhibitors (MG - myasthenia gravis), Dantrolene (MH - malignant hyperthermia)
Insufficient neural signalling: myasthenia gravis & SMA (spinal muscular atrophy)

Answer 124

A

Lack of muscle use can lead to contractures or atrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy – dystrophin (X-linked)
Exercise training —> hypertrophy
Rhabdomyolysis
- Crush injury
Diagnostic Tests
- Oxygen carrier in urine: myoglobin
- Energy for contraction: creatine phosphokinase
- Biopsy to show regeneration: fibre type grouping
EC coupling: rigor mortis & malignant hyperthermia
Pharmacology: AChE Inhibitors (MG - myasthenia gravis), Dantrolene (MH - malignant hyperthermia)
Insufficient neural signalling: myasthenia gravis & SMA (spinal muscular atrophy)

Answer 125

A

Lack of muscle use can lead to contractures or atrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy – dystrophin (X-linked)
Exercise training —> hypertrophy
Rhabdomyolysis
- Crush injury
Diagnostic Tests
- Oxygen carrier in urine: myoglobin
- Energy for contraction: creatine phosphokinase
- Biopsy to show regeneration: fibre type grouping
EC coupling: rigor mortis & malignant hyperthermia
Pharmacology: AChE Inhibitors (MG - myasthenia gravis), Dantrolene (MH - malignant hyperthermia)
Insufficient neural signalling: myasthenia gravis & SMA (spinal muscular atrophy)

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Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

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