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Year 2 Medicine > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

… - development of the brain

A

Neurulation - development of the brain

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2
Q

Neurulation - development of the brain

  • Embryonic day …
  • Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from …
  • Cells thicken to form neural … - early NS
  • Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural …
A
  • Embryonic day 20
  • Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from notochord
  • Cells thicken to form neural plate - early NS
  • Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural tube
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3
Q

Neurulation - development of the brain

  • Embryonic day 20
  • Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from notochord
  • Cells thicken to form neural … - early NS
  • Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural tube
A
  • Embryonic day 20
  • Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from notochord
  • Cells thicken to form neural plate - early NS
  • Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural tube
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4
Q

… forms primitive nervous system

A

Ectoderm forms primitive nervous system

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5
Q

Running along the whole length of mesoderm is a rod like structure known as the noto…

A

Running along the whole length of mesoderm is a rod like structure known as the notochord

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6
Q

The Neural tube forms around day …

A

Neural tube - day 20

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7
Q

Neural tube - has neural crest cells

  • These differentiate into 4 different types:
    • Autonomic and sensory neurons and glia
    • Cells of the … gland
    • Epidermis
    • …/connective tissue of the head
A

Neural tube - has neural crest cells

  • These differentiate into 4 different types:
    • Autonomic and sensory neurons and glia
    • Cells of the adrenal gland
    • Epidermis
    • Skeletal/connective tissue of the head
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8
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate into 4 types and neural tube thickens - All around embryonic day …

A

Neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate into 4 types and neural tube thickens - All around embryonic day 24

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9
Q

Neurulation

  • The nervous system develops when the notochord induces its overlying ectoderm to become neuroectoderm and to develop into the neural …. The neural … folds along its central axis to form a neural groove lined on each side by a neural fold. The two neural folds fuse together and pinch off to become the neural …
A
  • The nervous system develops when the notochord induces its overlying ectoderm to become neuroectoderm and to develop into the neural plate. The neural plate folds along its central axis to form a neural groove lined on each side by a neural fold. The two neural folds fuse together and pinch off to become the neural tube.
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10
Q

The bulk of our neural tube is called the …layer

A

The bulk of our neural tube is called the mantle layer - this becomes the brain parenchyma

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11
Q

The mantle layer of the neural tube becomes the brain …

A

parenchyma

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12
Q

Ependymal layer of the neural tube lines the …

A

ventricles of adult nervous system

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13
Q

The lumen of the neural tube becomes the … and … canal of our spinal cord

A

The lumen of the neural tube becomes the ventricles and central canal of our spinal cord

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14
Q

What day of neuralation does the neural tube thicken?

A

neural tube thickens - All around embryonic day 24

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15
Q

Neural tube defects occur in about 1 in every … established pregnancies

A

Neural tube defects occur in about 1 in every 1000 established pregnancies

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16
Q

Failure of the anterior neuropore to close means … will develop

A

anencephaly (Fatal) - less common

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17
Q

Failure of the posterior neuropore to close means … will develop

A

Failure of the posterior neuropore to close means Spina bifida will develop (divided by a cleft)

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18
Q

Anencephaly - … herniates out of foetus - degeneration of … - fatal

A

Anencephaly - Forebrain herniates out of foetus - degeneration of forebrain - fatal

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19
Q

Spina Bifida - … aspect fails to close - divided by a cleft - open vertebral canal

A

Spina Bifida - posterior aspect fails to close - divided by a cleft - open vertebral canal

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20
Q

2 types of SB : … (hidden, vertebral arch defect only) or … (e.g. meningocele = meninges projects out)

A

2 types of SB : occulta (hidden, vertebral arch defect only) or cystica (e.g. meningocele = meninges projects out)

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21
Q

Risk of neural tube defects is decreased by taking what during pregnancy?

A

folic acid

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22
Q

Primary Brain Vesicles

  • P…
  • M…
  • R…
A
  • Prosencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
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23
Q
  • Prosencephalon form the …
  • Mesencephalon form the …
  • Rhombencephalon form the …
A
  • Prosencephalon form the forebrain
  • Mesencephalon form the midbrain
  • Rhombencephalon form the hindbrain
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24
Q

Development of the flexures (brain)

  • 2 flexures:
    • … flexure (near mesencephalon)
    • … flexure (between rhombencephalon and spinal cord)
A
  • 2 flexures:
    • Cephalic flexure (near mesencephalon)
    • Cervical flexure (between rhombencephalon and spinal cord)
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25
_Secondary brain vesicles_ * Day ... - primary vesicles have divided to form secondary brain vesicles * Prosencephalon - divides into ... and diencephalon * Mesencephalon - forms midbrain (no divisions) * Rhomencephalon - divides into ... and myelencephalon
* Day **36** - primary vesicles have divided to form secondary brain vesicles * Prosencephalon - divides into **telencephalon** and diencephalon * Mesencephalon - forms midbrain (no divisions) * Rhomencephalon - divides into **metencephalon** and myelencephalon
26
_Secondary brain vesicles_ * Day 36 - primary vesicles have divided to form secondary brain vesicles * Prosencephalon - divides into telencephalon and ... * Mesencephalon - forms ... (no divisions) * Rhomencephalon - divides into metencephalon and myelencephalon
* Day 36 - primary vesicles have divided to form secondary brain vesicles * Prosencephalon - divides into telencephalon and **diencephalon** * Mesencephalon - forms **midbrain** (no divisions) * Rhomencephalon - divides into metencephalon and myelencephalon
27
_Prosencephalon_ * Diivides into telencephalon (forms ... ...) and diencephalon (forms ... and ...)
* Diivides into telencephalon (forms **cerebral** **hemispheres**) and diencephalon (forms **thalamus** and **hypothalamus**)
28
_Prosencephalon_ * Diivides into ... (forms cerebral hemispheres) and ... (forms thalamus and hypothalamus)
* Diivides into **telencephalon** (forms cerebral hemispheres) **and diencephalon** (forms thalamus and hypothalamus)
29
_Mesencephalon_ * Does it divide?
no - forms midbrain
30
_Rhombencephalon_ * Divides into ... (forms pons, cerebellum) and ... (forms medulla)
* Divides into **metencephalon** (forms pons, cerebellum) and **myelencephalon** (forms medulla)
31
_Rhombencephalon_ * Divides into metencephalon (forms ..., ...) and myelencephalon (forms ...)
* Divides into metencephalon (forms **pons, cerebellum**) and myelencephalon (forms **medulla**)
32
... flexure forces the cerebellum posterior to the brain stem
**Pontine** flexure forces the cerebellum posterior to the brain stem
33
_Adult Brain_ * Forebrain (... - formed of telencephalon which forms ... hemispheres and diencephalon which forms the ... and ... ) * Midbrain (Mesencephalon) * Hindbrain (rhombencephalon - formed of metencephalon which forms the pons and cerebellum and myelencephalon which forms the medulla)
* Forebrain (**prosencephalon** - formed of telencephalon which forms **cerebral** hemispheres and diencephalon which forms the **thalamus** and **hypothalamus** ) * Midbrain (Mesencephalon) * Hindbrain (rhombencephalon - formed of metencephalon which forms the pons and cerebellum and myelencephalon which forms the medulla)
34
_Adult Brain_ * Forebrain (... - formed of telencephalon which forms cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon which forms the thalamus and hypothalamus ) * Midbrain (Mesencephalon) * Hindbrain (... - formed of metencephalon which forms the pons and cerebellum and myelencephalon which forms the ...)
* Forebrain (**prosencephalon** - formed of telencephalon which forms cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon which forms the thalamus and hypothalamus ) * Midbrain (Mesencephalon) * Hindbrain (**rhombencephalon** - formed of metencephalon which forms the pons and cerebellum and myelencephalon which forms the **medulla**)
35
_Adult Brain_ * Forebrain (prosencephalon - formed of ... which forms cerebral hemispheres and ... which forms the thalamus and hypothalamus ) * Midbrain (Mesencephalon) * Hindbrain (rhombencephalon - formed of ... which forms the pons and cerebellum and myelencephalon which forms the medulla)
* Forebrain (prosencephalon - formed of **telencephalon** which forms cerebral hemispheres and **diencephalon** which forms the thalamus and hypothalamus ) * Midbrain (Mesencephalon) * Hindbrain (rhombencephalon - formed of **metencephalon** which forms the pons and cerebellum and myelencephalon which forms the medulla)
36
_Grey and White Matter_ * CNS is made up of grey and white matter * Grey matter - mainly ... ... bodies - ... on MRI * White matter - mainly myelinated axons - ... on MRI
* CNS is made up of grey and white matter * Grey matter - mainly **neuronal cell** bodies - **darker** on MRI * White matter - mainly myelinated axons - **lighter** on MRI
37
_Grey and White Matter_ * CNS is made up of grey and white matter * Grey matter - mainly neuronal cell bodies - ... on MRI * White matter - mainly ... axons - ... on MRI
* CNS is made up of grey and white matter * Grey matter - mainly neuronal cell bodies - **darker** on MRI * White matter - mainly **myelinated** axons - **lighter** on MRI
38
Grey matter appears light or dark on MRI?
Grey matter appears **darker (white appears lighter)**
39
_Main components of the telencephalon_ * Comprises the ... hemispheres/cerebral cortex, components of the ... system and the ... ganglia
* Comprises the **cerebral** hemispheres/cerebral cortex, components of the **limbic** system and the **basal** ganglia
40
_Cerebral hemispheres:_ * Label the 4 lobes
41
_Cerebral Cortex - Grey matter_ * ... layer of cerebral hemispheres * Folded to form ... and ...
* Outer layer of cerebral hemispheres * Folded to form gyri and sulci
42
* ... - hills * ... - valleys
* **Gyri** - hills * **Sulcus** - valleys
43
... sulcus - Divides frontal from parietal lobe
**Central** sulcus - Divides frontal from parietal lobe
44
Precentral gyrus - ... function
Precentral gyrus - **motor** function
45
Postcentral gyrus - ... function
Postcentral gyrus - **sensory** function
46
... sulcus - Divides temporal from parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus - Divides temporal from parietal lobe
47
_Functional areas of cortex_ * Lobes have a motor or sensory function * ... lobe - primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus * Also motor speech area of Broco * ... lobe - somatosensory complex in the postcentral gyrus * (pain, touch, proprioception) * ... lobe - visual cortex * ... lobe - auditory centres and Olfactory centres * Separate out lateral sulcus - gustatory cortex (taste) + Insula
* Lobes have a motor or sensory function * **Frontal** lobe - primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus * Also motor speech area of Broco * **Parietal** lobe - somatosensory complex in the postcentral gyrus * (pain, touch, proprioception) * **Occipital** lobe - visual cortex * **Temporal** lobe - auditory centres and Olfactory centres * Separate out lateral sulcus - gustatory cortex (taste) + Insula
48
_Functional areas of cortex_ * Lobes have a motor or sensory function * Frontal lobe - primary ... cortex in the precentral gyrus * Also motor speech area of Broco * Parietal lobe - ... complex in the postcentral gyrus * (pain, touch, proprioception) * Occipital lobe - ... cortex * Temporal lobe - ... centres and ... centres * Separate out lateral sulcus - gustatory cortex (taste) + Insula
* Lobes have a motor or sensory function * Frontal lobe - primary **motor** cortex in the precentral gyrus * Also motor speech area of Broco * Parietal lobe - **somatosensory** complex in the postcentral gyrus * (pain, touch, proprioception) * Occipital lobe - **visual** cortex * Temporal lobe - **auditory** centres and **Olfactory** centres * Separate out lateral sulcus - gustatory cortex (taste) + Insula
49
_Functional areas of cortex_ * Lobes have a motor or sensory function * Frontal lobe - primary motor cortex in the ... gyrus * Also motor speech area of Broco * Parietal lobe - somatosensory complex in the ... gyrus * (pain, touch, proprioception) * Occipital lobe - visual cortex * Temporal lobe - auditory centres and Olfactory centres * Separate out lateral sulcus - ... cortex (taste) + ...
* Lobes have a motor or sensory function * Frontal lobe - primary motor cortex in the **precentral** gyrus * Also motor speech area of Broco * Parietal lobe - somatosensory complex in the **postcentral** gyrus * (pain, touch, proprioception) * Occipital lobe - visual cortex * Temporal lobe - auditory centres and Olfactory centres * Separate out lateral sulcus - **gustatory** cortex (taste) + **Insula**
50
...% of cortex is involved in association (perception of world) and cognition
**80**% of cortex is involved in association (perception of world) and cognition
51
* Frontal lobe - primary ... cortex in the precentral gyrus * Also ... speech area of Broco
* Frontal lobe - primary **motor** cortex in the precentral gyrus * Also **motor** speech area of Broco
52
... lobe - visual cortex
**Occipital** lobe - visual cortex
53
The ... ... is a White matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres
The **Corpus callosum** is a White matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres
54
What is the corpus callosum?
White matter tract linking cerebral hemispheres
55
_Deep brain structures:_ * Lots of brain nuclei and white matter tracts deep to cerebral hemispheres * Interconnected to form important neural pathways, which include: * ... system: * Involved with emotion and memory * ... ...: * Involved in the control of posture and voluntary movement
* Lots of brain nuclei and white matter tracts deep to cerebral hemispheres * Interconnected to form important neural pathways, which include: * **Limbic** system: * Involved with emotion and memory * **Basal ganglia:** * Involved in the control of posture and voluntary movement
56
The corpus callosum has a ..., a body and a ...
The corpus callosum has a **genu**, a body and a **splenium**
57
_Deep brain structures:_ * Lots of brain nuclei and white matter tracts deep to cerebral hemispheres * Interconnected to form important neural pathways, which include: * Limbic system: * Involved with ... and ... * Basal ganglia: * Involved in the control of ... and ... movement
* Lots of brain nuclei and white matter tracts deep to cerebral hemispheres * Interconnected to form important neural pathways, which include: * Limbic system: * Involved with **emotion** and **memory** * Basal ganglia: * Involved in the control of **posture** and **voluntary** movement
58
_Limbic System_ * Limbic system spans the ... and diencephalon * Main components: Cingulate cortex, ..., hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus * ... - semi-circular white matter tract connecting hippocampus with mammillary bodies * Hippocampus - Memory and emotions - ... sits in front of it
* Limbic system spans the **telencephalon** and diencephalon * Main components: Cingulate cortex, **fornix**, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus * **Fornix** - semi-circular white matter tract connecting hippocampus with mammillary bodies * Hippocampus - Memory and emotions - **Amygdala** sits in front of it
59
_Limbic System_ * Limbic system spans the telencephalon and diencephalon * Main components: Cingulate cortex, fornix, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus * Fornix - semi-circular white matter tract connecting hippocampus with ... bodies * Hippocampus - Memory and emotions - Amygdala sits in front of it
* Limbic system spans the telencephalon and diencephalon * Main components: Cingulate cortex, fornix, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus * Fornix - semi-circular white matter tract connecting hippocampus with **mammillary** bodies * Hippocampus - Memory and emotions - Amygdala sits in front of it
60
What are the main components of the limbic system?
Main components: Cingulate cortex, fornix, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala
61
_Fornix_ * semi-circular ... matter tract connecting ... with ... bodies (hypothalamus)
* semi-circular **white** matter tract connecting **hippocampus** with **mammillary** bodies (hypothalamus)
62
What is the arrow pointing to?
Fornix
63
Label the diagram (fornix)
64
The ... is responsible for processing of long-term memory and emotional responses.
The **hippocampus** is responsible for processing of long-term memory and emotional responses.
65
_Hippocampus_ * Connected to ... bodies via the ...
* Connected to **mammillary** bodies via the **fornix**
66
_Basal Ganglia_ * Series of interconnected nuclei at base of forebrain * The ... striatum is a collective name given to the ... nucleus and ... nucleus within the basal ganglia. * ... nucleus is sub-divided into the putamen and globus pallidus
* Series of interconnected nuclei at base of forebrain * The **corpus** striatum is a collective name given to the **caudate** nucleus and **lentiform** nucleus within the basal ganglia. * **Lentiform** nucleus is sub-divided into the putamen and globus pallidus
67
_Basal Ganglia_ * Series of interconnected nuclei at ... of forebrain * The corpus striatum is a collective name given to the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus within the basal ganglia. * Lentiform nucleus is sub-divided into the ... and globus ...
* Series of interconnected nuclei at **base** of forebrain * The corpus striatum is a collective name given to the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus within the basal ganglia. * Lentiform nucleus is sub-divided into the **putamen** and **globus** pallidus
68
Lentiform nucleus - subdivided into ... and Globus ...
Lentiform nucleus - subdivided into **putamen** and Globus **pallidus**
69
Lentiform nucleus is ... shaped
Lentiform nucleus is **lens** shaped
70
Caudate nucleus is ... shaped and sits in wall of ... ventricle
Caudate nucleus is **C**-shaped and sits in wall of **lateral** ventricle
71
The ... nucleus consists of the head, body and tail.
The **caudate** nucleus consists of the head, body and tail.
72
The lentiform nucleus sits ... to caudate nucleus
The lentiform nucleus sits **lateral** to caudate nucleus
73
Label (basal ganglia)
74
Label (basal ganglia)
75
_The Capsules_ * ... - major white matter tract - connects cortex to brainstem * ...- ... to lentiform nucleus
* **Internal** - major white matter tract - connects cortex to brainstem * **External**- **external** to lentiform nucleus
76
Label the capsules
77
_Main components of the diencephalon_ * Comprises the ... and ...
* Comprises the **thalamus** and **hypothalamus**
78
The ... location of the diencephalon is important functionally
The **central** location of the diencephalon is important functionally
79
_Thalamus_ * ... structure * Relays ... information to the cortex - to primary ... regions of cortex * Involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness
* **Paired** structure * Relays **sensory** information to the cortex - to primary **sensory** regions of cortex * Involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness
80
_Thalamus_ * Paired structure * Relays sensory information to the cortex - to primary sensory regions of cortex * Involved with ... movement, personality and ...
* Paired structure * Relays sensory information to the cortex - to primary sensory regions of cortex * Involved with **voluntary** movement, personality and **consciousness**
81
What structure is shown?
Thalamus
82
The hypothalamus is ... to the thalamus
Hypothalamus - Inferior to thalamus
83
_Hypothalamus_ * Homeostasis * Coordinates ... and endocrine responses * Involved in ...regulation, feeding, drinking, ... rhythms (physical, mental, and behavioural changes that follow a daily cycle) * Receives inputs from ... system
* Homeostasis * Coordinates **ANS** and endocrine responses * Involved in **thermoregulation**, feeding, drinking, **circadian** rhythms (physical, mental, and behavioural changes that follow a daily cycle) * Receives inputs from **limbic** system
84
_Hypothalamus_ * ... * Coordinates ANS and ... responses * Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms (physical, mental, and behavioural changes that follow a daily cycle) * Receives inputs from limbic system
* **Homeostasis** * Coordinates ANS and **endocrine** responses * Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms (physical, mental, and behavioural changes that follow a daily cycle) * Receives inputs from limbic system
85
The ... sits between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
The **hypothalamus** sits between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
86
The hypothalamus sits between the ... chiasm and ... bodies
The hypothalamus sits between the **optic** chiasm and **mammillary** bodies
87
What does the pineal gland produce?
melatonin
88
The pituitary gland is an ... gland
endocrine gland
89
Label the brain (inferior surface view)
90
_Main components of the Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)_ * Form the ... and ... * Brainstem is formed of Midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, medulla (both rhombencephalon)
* Form the **brainstem** and **cerebellum** * Brainstem is formed of Midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, medulla (both rhombencephalon)
91
_Main components of the Mesencephalon and Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)_ * Form the brainstem and cerebellum * Brainstem is formed of ... (mesencephalon), ..., medulla (both rhombencephalon)
* Form the brainstem and cerebellum * Brainstem is formed of **Midbrain** (mesencephalon), **pons**, medulla (both rhombencephalon)
92
Brainstem is made up of ..., pons, ...
Brainstem is made up of **midbrain**, pons, **medulla**
93
Medulla is continuous with our ... ...
Medulla is continuous with **spinal cord**
94
Label the diagram
95
Label the diagram
96
_Brainstem_ * Contains: * Cranial nerve nuclei within all 3 regions * Vital ... and cardiovascular centres * ... centre * Nuclei involved with ... control, sleep * White matter tracts
* Contains: * Cranial nerve nuclei within all 3 regions * Vital **respiratory** and cardiovascular centres * **Vomiting** centre * Nuclei involved with **motor** control, sleep * White matter tracts
97
_Brainstem_ * Contains: * ... nerve nuclei within all 3 regions * Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres * Vomiting centre * Nuclei involved with motor control, sleep * ... matter tracts
* Contains: * **Cranial** nerve nuclei within all 3 regions * Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres * Vomiting centre * Nuclei involved with motor control, sleep * **White** matter tracts
98
_Midbrain_ * Anterior - Cerebral ... - feet of the brain (white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon) * Posteriolateral: * Superior Colliculus - ... (... movements) * Inferior Colliculus - Auditory (relay nuclei)
* Anterior - Cerebral **peduncles** - feet of the brain (white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon) * Posteriolateral: * Superior Colliculus - **vision** (**eye** movements) * Inferior Colliculus - Auditory (relay nuclei)
99
_Midbrain_ * Anterior - ... peduncles - feet of the brain (white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon) * Posteriolateral: * Superior Colliculus - vision (eye movements) * Inferior Colliculus - ... (relay ...)
* Anterior - **Cerebral** peduncles - feet of the brain (white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon) * Posteriolateral: * Superior Colliculus - vision (eye movements) * Inferior Colliculus - **Auditory** (relay **nuclei**)
100
Horizontal slice of midbrain - Label
101
Substantial nigra - contains ... neurons - forms part of our ... ganglia
Substantial nigra - contains **dopaminergic** neurons - forms part of our **basal** ganglia
102
Red nucleus - ... coordination - relay between ... and cerebellum
Red nucleus - **Motor** coordination - relay between **cortex** and cerebellum
103
_Pons_ * Relays information to the cerebellum (from brainstem) * ... fibres forming cerebellar peduncles * ... cerebellar peduncle - white matter tracts linking brainstem with cerebellum * Reticular formation - nuclei concerned with ..., motor control
* Relays information to the cerebellum (from brainstem) * **Transverse** fibres forming cerebellar peduncles * **Middle** cerebellar peduncle - white matter tracts linking brainstem with cerebellum * Reticular formation - nuclei concerned with **sleep**, motor control
104
_Pons_ * Relays information to the ... (from brainstem) * Transverse fibres forming ... peduncles * Middle ... peduncle - white matter tracts linking brainstem with ... * ... formation - nuclei concerned with sleep, motor control
* Relays information to the **cerebellum** (from brainstem) * Transverse fibres forming **cerebellar** peduncles * Middle **cerebellar** peduncle - white matter tracts linking brainstem with cerebellum * **Reticular** formation - nuclei concerned with sleep, motor control
105
The basilar artery is a large vessel that ascends along the ventral surface of the ...
The basilar artery is a large vessel that ascends along the ventral surface of the **pons**.
106
_Medulla oblongata_ * ANTERIOR * Pyramids - white matter - Corticospinal axons - the tract is the main ... motor pathway (Primary motor complex to spinal cord) * Within pyramid - Many axons ... - cross midline * Beside pyramid - Olives - formed by olivary nuclei - motor relay to cerebellum * POSTEROLATERAL * Cuneate tubercle & ... tubercle * Cuneate nuclei and ... nuclei - form part of ascending tract * Medulla of brainstem - Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and CVS
* ANTERIOR * Pyramids - white matter - Corticospinal axons - the tract is the main **voluntary** motor pathway (Primary motor complex to spinal cord) * Within pyramid - Many axons **decussate** - cross midline * Beside pyramid - Olives - formed by olivary nuclei - motor relay to cerebellum * POSTEROLATERAL * Cuneate tubercle & **gracile** tubercle * Cuneate nuclei and **gracile** nuclei - form part of ascending tract * Medulla of brainstem - Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and CVS
107
_Medulla oblongata_ * ANTERIOR * ... - white matter - Corticospinal axons - the tract is the main voluntary motor pathway (Primary motor complex to spinal cord) * Within it - Many axons decussate - cross midline * Beside it - Olives - formed by olivary nuclei - motor relay to cerebellum * POSTEROLATERAL * ... tubercle & gracile tubercle * ... nuclei and gracile nuclei - form part of ... tract * Medulla of brainstem - Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and CVS
* ANTERIOR * **Pyramids** - white matter - Corticospinal axons - the tract is the main voluntary motor pathway (Primary motor complex to spinal cord) * Within pyramid - Many axons decussate - cross midline * Beside pyramid - Olives - formed by olivary nuclei - motor relay to cerebellum * POSTEROLATERAL * **Cuneate** tubercle & gracile tubercle * **Cuneate** nuclei and gracile nuclei - form part of **ascending** tract * Medulla of brainstem - Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and CVS
108
Medulla of brainstem - Contains nuclei that are important in controlling ... and CVS
Medulla of brainstem - Contains nuclei that are important in controlling **respiration** and CVS
109
The cerebellum sits ... to brainstem
The cerebellum sits **posterior** to brainstem
110
_Cerebellum_ * ... to brainstem * Outer ... matter (cerebellar cortex) * Underlying ... matter * Two cerebellar hemispheres * Three lobes * Contains nuclei * Similar structure to telencephalon
* **Posterior** to brainstem * Outer **grey** matter (cerebellar cortex) * Underlying **white** matter * Two cerebellar hemispheres * Three lobes * Contains nuclei * Similar structure to telencephalon
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_Cerebellum_ * Posterior to brainstem * Outer grey matter (cerebellar cortex) * Underlying white matter * Two ... hemispheres * ... lobes * Contains nuclei * Similar structure to ...
* Posterior to brainstem * Outer grey matter (cerebellar cortex) * Underlying white matter * Two **cerebellar** hemispheres * **Three** lobes * Contains nuclei * Similar structure to **telencephalon**
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_Main functions of the Cerebellum_ * Motor control: * Control of ... - anterior lobe * Coordinating and planning ... movements - posterior * Control of ... movements - flocculonodular lobe
* Motor control: * Control of **posture** - anterior lobe * Coordinating and planning **limb** movements - posterior * Control of **eye** movements - flocculonodular lobe
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_Main functions of the Cerebellum_ * Motor control: * Control of posture - ... lobe * Coordinating and planning limb movements - posterior * Control of eye movements - ... lobe
* Motor control: * Control of posture - **anterior** lobe * Coordinating and planning limb movements - posterior * Control of eye movements - **flocculonodular** lobe
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The ... ... (Latin for "tree of life") is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance
The **arbor vitae** (Latin for "tree of life") is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance
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The arbor vitae (Latin for "tree of life") is the ... white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance
The arbor vitae (Latin for "tree of life") is the **cerebellar** white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance
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Label the cerebellum
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The ... is the unpaired, median portion of the cerebellum that connects the two hemispheres
The **vermis** is the unpaired, median portion of the cerebellum that connects the two hemispheres
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Cerebellar ... - join cerebellum to brainstem
Cerebellar **peduncles** - join cerebellum to brainstem

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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