Allergy Flashcards
1
Q
The early phase allergic reaction
- In allergic individuals, exposure to allergens (substance to which IgE antibodies may be produced) leads to the rapid development of symptoms
- This reaction develops within … or … of exposure and results from the binding of allergens to pre-formed IgE antibodies on the surface of … cells and …
A
- In allergic individuals, exposure to allergens (substance to which IgE antibodies may be produced) leads to the rapid development of symptoms
- This reaction develops within seconds or minutes of exposure and results from the binding of allergens to pre-formed IgE antibodies on the surface of mast cells and basophils
2
Q
Allergen=substance to which … antibodies may be produced
A
Allergen=substance to which IgE antibodies may be produced
3
Q
In allergic individuals, exposure to … leads to the rapid development of symptoms
A
In allergic individuals, exposure to allergens leads to the rapid development of symptoms
4
Q
Basic mechanism of the early phase allergic reaction
A
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5
Q
Events the follow mast cell IgE ligation
- IgE binds its specific allergen
- …-… of IgE antibodies by allergen leads to clustering of FcεR1 receptors
- The intracellular portion of the receptor becomes …
- The resulting intracellular cascade leads to cellular …
- Mast cell ‘…’ releasing histamine, tryptase and other pre-formed mediators
A
- IgE binds its specific allergen
- Cross-linking of IgE antibodies by allergen leads to clustering of FcεR1 receptors
- The intracellular portion of the receptor becomes phosphorylated
- The resulting intracellular cascade leads to cellular activation
- Mast cell ‘degranulates’ releasing histamine, tryptase and other pre-formed mediators
6
Q
Events the follow mast cell IgE ligation
- IgE binds its specific allergen
- Cross-linking of IgE antibodies by allergen leads to … of FcεR1 receptors
- The … portion of the receptor becomes phosphorylated
- The resulting … cascade leads to cellular activation
- … cell ‘degranulates’ releasing …, tryptase and other pre-formed mediators
A
- IgE binds its specific allergen
- Cross-linking of IgE antibodies by allergen leads to clustering of FcεR1 receptors
- The intracellular portion of the receptor becomes phosphorylated
- The resulting intracellular cascade leads to cellular activation
- Mast cell ‘degranulates’ releasing histamine, tryptase and other pre-formed mediators
7
Q
Delayed mediators – leukotrienes (allergy)
A
8
Q
Pharmacological effects of mast cell mediators and leukotrienes
- Histamine effects (mast cell activation and granule release):
- GI - Increased … secretion, increased … - … of GI tract contents (diarrhea, vomiting)
- Airway - Decreased diameter, increased mucus … - congestion and blockage of airways (wheezing, …, …) - swelling and mucus secretion in nasal passages
- Blood Vessels - Increased blood flow, increased … - increased fluid in tissues causing increased flow of … to … nodes, increased cells and proteins in tissues, increased … response in tissues
A
- Histamine effects:
- GI - Increased fluid secretion, increased peristalsis - expulsion of GI tract contents (diarrhea, vomiting)
- Airway - Decreased diameter, increased mucus secretion - congestion and blockage of airways (wheezing, coughing, phlegm) - swelling and mucus secretion in nasal passages
- Blood Vessels - Increased blood flow, increased permeability - increased fluid in tissues causing increased flow of lymph to lymph nodes, increased cells and proteins in tissues, increased effector response in tissues
9
Q
Pharmacological effects of mast cell mediators and leukotrienes
- Histamine effects (… cell … and … release):
- GI - Increased fluid secretion, increased peristalsis - expulsion of GI tract contents (…,…)
- Airway - Decreased diameter, increased mucus secretion - congestion and blockage of airways (…, …, …) - swelling and mucus secretion in nasal passages
- Blood Vessels - Increased blood flow, increased permeability - increased fluid in tissues causing increased flow of lymph to lymph nodes, increased cells and proteins in tissues, increased effector response in tissues
A
- Histamine effects (mast cell activation and granule release):
- GI - Increased fluid secretion, increased peristalsis - expulsion of GI tract contents (diarrhea, vomiting)
- Airway - Decreased diameter, increased mucus secretion - congestion and blockage of airways (wheezing, coughing, phlegm) - swelling and mucus secretion in nasal passages
- Blood Vessels - Increased blood flow, increased permeability - increased fluid in tissues causing increased flow of lymph to lymph nodes, increased cells and proteins in tissues, increased effector response in tissues
10
Q
Examples of allergen sources
- Allergens are almost always otherwise … environmental …
- Of the thousands of environmental proteins that we meet, only a few hundred are recognised as allergens
A
- Allergens are almost always otherwise innocuous environmental proteins
- Of the thousands of environmental proteins that we meet, only a few hundred are recognised as allergens
11
Q
Give some examples of allergen sources
A
12
Q
General characteristics of allergens
A
13
Q
General characteristics of allergens
- … (there are a few minor exceptions)
- Physical properties that favour transition across … membranes
- Biologically active, often …
- Have moderate … with self-proteins
A
- Proteins (there are a few minor exceptions)
- Physical properties that favour transition across mucus membranes
- Biologically active, often enzymes
- Have moderate homology with self-proteins
14
Q
Clinical allergy syndromes: anaphylaxis
- ‘… …’ reaction
- Systemic release of … causes generalised vasodilatation & fluid loss from circulation to tissues
- Cutaneous: hives, angioedema
- Gut … release: vomiting, diarrhoea
- Mucosal … release: laryngeal oedema, bronchoconstriction
- Circulation: vasodilatation, hypotension
- Food, drugs and insect … commonest triggers in UK
- Cardinal features: typical symptoms, multi-system and dramatic, … follows exposure to allergen and tends to improve fairly … thereafter
A
- ‘Generalised allergic’ reaction
- Systemic release of histamine causes generalised vasodilatation & fluid loss from circulation to tissues
- Cutaneous: hives, angioedema
- Gut histamine release: vomiting, diarrhoea
- Mucosal histamine release: laryngeal oedema, bronchoconstriction
- Circulation: vasodilatation, hypotension
- Food, drugs and insect venom commonest triggers in UK
- Cardinal features: typical symptoms, multi-system and dramatic, rapidly follows exposure to allergen and tends to improve fairly quickly thereafter
15
Q
Clinical allergy syndromes: anaphylaxis
- ‘Generalised allergic’ reaction
- Systemic release of histamine causes generalised … & fluid … from circulation to tissues
- Cutaneous: h.., angioedema
- Gut histamine release: V, …
- Mucosal histamine release: … oedema, broncho…
- Circulation: vaso…, …tension
- …, drugs and insect venom commonest triggers in UK
- Cardinal features: typical symptoms, multi-system and dramatic, rapidly follows exposure to allergen and tends to improve fairly quickly thereafter
A
- ‘Generalised allergic’ reaction
- Systemic release of histamine causes generalised vasodilatation & fluid loss from circulation to tissues
- Cutaneous: hives, angioedema
- Gut histamine release: vomiting, diarrhoea
- Mucosal histamine release: laryngeal oedema, bronchoconstriction
- Circulation: vasodilatation, hypotension
- Food, drugs and insect venom commonest triggers in UK
- Cardinal features: typical symptoms, multi-system and dramatic, rapidly follows exposure to allergen and tends to improve fairly quickly thereafter
16
Q
Clinical allergy syndromes: oral allergy syndrome
- Most … type of food allergy amongst UK adults
- Ig… directed against pollen proteins …-reacts with homologous proteins in plant-derived foods
- Oral itching upon exposure to raw fruit, nuts and vegetables
- In UK:
- Pollen = mainly …
- Food = mainly … fruits
A
- Most common type of food allergy amongst UK adults
- IgE directed against pollen proteins cross-reacts with homologous proteins in plant-derived foods
- Oral itching upon exposure to raw fruit, nuts and vegetables
- In UK:
- Pollen = mainly birch
- Food = mainly Rosaceae fruits (such as apples, pears, quinces, apricots)
17
Q
Clinical allergy syndromes: oral allergy syndrome
- Most common type of food allergy amongst UK adults
- IgE directed against pollen proteins cross-reacts with homologous proteins in plant-derived foods
- Oral … upon exposure to .. fruit, nuts and vegetables
- In UK:
- … = mainly birch
- … = mainly Rosaceae fruits
A
- Most common type of food allergy amongst UK adults
- IgE directed against pollen proteins cross-reacts with homologous proteins in plant-derived foods
- Oral itching upon exposure to raw fruit, nuts and vegetables
- In UK:
- Pollen = mainly birch
- Food = mainly Rosaceae fruits
18
Q
Clinical allergy syndromes: airway disease
- R…
- Sneezing, rhinorhoea, blockage due to a type … allergy
- … airway obstruction
- Wheeze due to type … allergy
- Allergens/ symptoms may be:
- Seasonal: pollens, m…
- Episodic: o.., animal dander
- When symptoms are chronic, the inflammation becomes established and cannot be explained simply in terms of mast cell …
A
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Rhinitis
- Sneezing, rhinorhoea, blockage due to a type 1 allergy
-
Lower airway obstruction
- Wheeze due to type 1 allergy
- Allergens/ symptoms may be:
- Seasonal: pollens, moulds
- Episodic: occupational, animal dander
- When symptoms are chronic, the inflammation becomes established and cannot be explained simply in terms of mast cell degranulation
19
Q
Clinical allergy syndromes: airway disease
- Rhinitis
- S.., rhinorhoea, blockage due to a type 1 allergy
- Lower airway obstruction
- … due to type … allergy
- Allergens/ symptoms may be:
- Seasonal: P.., moulds
- Episodic: occupational, A.. dander
- When symptoms are chronic, the inflammation becomes established and cannot be explained simply in terms of … cell degranulation
A
- Rhinitis
- Sneezing, rhinorhoea, blockage due to a type 1 allergy
- Lower airway obstruction
- Wheeze due to type 1 allergy
- Allergens/ symptoms may be:
- Seasonal: pollens, moulds
- Episodic: occupational, animal dander
- When symptoms are chronic, the inflammation becomes established and cannot be explained simply in terms of mast cell degranulation
20
Q
The immunological tightrope
- The immune system is constantly challenged with antigens&must somehow decide how to respond
- … antigens vs non-…
- Dangerous infections vs … organisms
- … allergens such as foods and pollens
A
- The immune system is constantly challenged with antigens&must somehow decide how to respond
- Self antigens vs non-self
- Dangerous infections vs commensal organisms
- Environmental allergens such as foods and pollens
21
Q
The immunological tightrope
- The immune system is constantly challenged with antigens&must somehow decide how to respond
- Self antigens vs non-self
- … infections vs commensal organisms
- Environmental allergens such as … and …
A
- The immune system is constantly challenged with antigens&must somehow decide how to respond
- Self antigens vs non-self
- Dangerous infections vs commensal organisms
- Environmental allergens such as foods and pollens
22
Q
Allergy - over the years:
A
23
Q
Chronic allergic inflammation: asthma
- Patients with chronic asthma have on-going symptoms
- Most patients are … to a variety of …. allergens
- Biopsy shows inflammatory … and airway changes known as ‘re-modelling’ – thickened basement membrane and smooth muscle hyper..
- The ‘early allergic reaction’ model does not provide a good explanation by itself
A
- Patients with chronic asthma have on-going symptoms
- Most patients are sensitised to a variety of airborne allergens
- Biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate and airway changes known as ‘re-modelling’ – thickened basement membrane and smooth muscle hyperplasia
- The ‘early allergic reaction’ model does not provide a good explanation by itself
24
Q
Chronic allergic inflammation: asthma
- Patients with chronic asthma have on-going symptoms
- Most patients are sensitised to a variety of airborne allergens
- Biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate and airway changes known as ‘re-…’ – thickened … membrane and smooth muscle …
- The ‘… allergic reaction’ model does not provide a good explanation by itself
A
- Patients with chronic asthma have on-going symptoms
- Most patients are sensitised to a variety of airborne allergens
- Biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate and airway changes known as ‘re-modelling’ – thickened basement membrane and smooth muscle hyperplasia
- The ‘early allergic reaction’ model does not provide a good explanation by itself
25
Q
The late phase allergic reaction
- The … … reaction to allergen is followed some hours later by a second ‘late phase reaction’
- Biopsy of the late phase shows infiltration with inflammatory cells – particularly … T cells, eosinophils and … cells; provides some insight into chronic allergic inflammation, and often used as an experimental model
A
- The early phase reaction to allergen is followed some hours later by a second ‘late phase reaction’
- Biopsy of the late phase shows infiltration with inflammatory cells – particularly CD4 T cells, eosinophils and mast cells; provides some insight into chronic allergic inflammation, and often used as an experimental model
26
Q
T cell subsets
A
27
Q
T cell subsets
A
28
Q
Th2-biased infiltrate in asthmatic lung
A
29
Q
Alder allergy associated with Th2-biased responses to alder
A
30
Q
T cell subsets and the Th2 hypothesis
- Th2 responses to allergens have been … associated with allergic disease
- … of allergic inflammation are rich in T cells expressing Th2 cytokines
- T cells from allergic patients stimulated with … in the laboratory produce Th2 cytokines
- Plenty of reasons to believe that Th2 responses may be important in allergy:
- IL-… is required for B cell class switching to IgE
- IL-.. and IL-… promote mucus hypersecretion
- IL-5 is required for … survival
- IL-9 recruits … cells
A
- Th2 responses to allergens have been consistently associated with allergic disease
- Biopsies of allergic inflammation are rich in T cells expressing Th2 cytokines
- T cells from allergic patients stimulated with allergen in the laboratory produce Th2 cytokines
- Plenty of reasons to believe that Th2 responses may be important in allergy:
- IL-4 is required for B cell class switching to IgE
- IL-4 and IL-13 promote mucus hypersecretion
- IL-5 is required for eosinophil survival
- IL-9 recruits mast cells
31
Q
T cell subsets and the Th2 hypothesis
- Th2 responses to allergens have been consistently associated with allergic disease
- Biopsies of allergic inflammation are rich in T cells expressing Th2 cytokines
- T cells from allergic patients stimulated with allergen in the laboratory produce Th2 cytokines
- Plenty of reasons to believe that Th2 responses may be important in allergy:
- IL-4 is required for B cell class switching to …
- IL-4 and IL-13 promote mucus …
- IL-… is required for eosinophil survival
- IL-.. recruits mast cells
A
- Th2 responses to allergens have been consistently associated with allergic disease
- Biopsies of allergic inflammation are rich in T cells expressing Th2 cytokines
- T cells from allergic patients stimulated with allergen in the laboratory produce Th2 cytokines
- Plenty of reasons to believe that Th2 responses may be important in allergy:
- IL-4 is required for B cell class switching to IgE
- IL-4 and IL-13 promote mucus hypersecretion
- IL-5 is required for eosinophil survival
- IL-9 recruits mast cells
32
Q
- Biopsies of allergic inflammation are rich in T cells expressing Th… cytokines
- T cells from allergic patients stimulated with allergen in the laboratory produce Th… cytokines
A
- Biopsies of allergic inflammation are rich in T cells expressing Th2 cytokines
- T cells from allergic patients stimulated with allergen in the laboratory produce Th2 cytokines
33
Q
Chronic allergic disease: asthma (ACUTE responses)
- Inflammatory mediators cause increased mucus … and … muscle contraction leading to airway …
- … of cells from the circulation
A
- Inflammatory mediators cause increased mucus secretion and smooth muscle contraction leading to airway obstruction
- Recruitment of cells from the circulation
34
Q
Chronic allergic disease: asthma (CHRONIC responses)
- Chronic response caused by … and … products
- Activated Th… cells and other inflammatory cells accumulate
- Th… products lead to chronic disease
- IL4: mucus hypersecretion
- IL-13: bronchial hyper-responsiveness
- IL-5: eosinophil recruitment
- IL-9: mast cell recruitment
- This model suggests a true role for T cells in chronic inflammation rather than just in causing IgE production
A
- Chronic response caused by cytokines and eosinophil products
- Activated Th2 cells and other inflammatory cells accumulate
-
Th2 products lead to chronic disease
- IL4: mucus hypersecretion
- IL-13: bronchial hyper-responsiveness
- IL-5: eosinophil recruitment
- IL-9: mast cell recruitment
- This model suggests a true role for T cells in chronic inflammation rather than just in causing IgE production
35
Q
Chronic allergic disease: asthma (CHRONIC responses)
- Chronic response caused by cytokine and eosinophil products
- Activated Th2 cells and other inflammatory cells accumulate
- Th2 products lead to chronic disease
- IL4: mucus …
- IL-13: bronchial …-r…
- IL-5: … recruitment
- IL-9: … cell recruitment
- This model suggests a true role for T cells in chronic inflammation rather than just in causing … production
A
- Chronic response caused by cytokines and eosinophil products
- Activated Th2 cells and other inflammatory cells accumulate
- Th2 products lead to chronic disease
- IL4: mucus hypersecretion
- IL-13: bronchial hyper-responsiveness
- IL-5: eosinophil recruitment
- IL-9: mast cell recruitment
- This model suggests a true role for T cells in chronic inflammation rather than just in causing IgE production
36
Q
Potential factors in the aetiology of allergy: genetics
- Childhood allergy is … predicted by presence of allergy in parents, but difficult to unpick relative contribution of …
- Numerous genetic risk factors identified, but none particularly compelling
- Notable that the allergy epidemic has occurred too … to be explained entirely by genetics
A
- Childhood allergy is strongly predicted by presence of allergy in parents, but difficult to unpick relative contribution of environment
- Numerous genetic risk factors identified, but none particularly compelling
- Notable that the allergy epidemic has occurred too quickly to be explained entirely by genetics
37
Q
Hygiene hypothesis: Strachan 1989
- … hygiene levels, … pathogen load, helminth infection proposed to:
- Skew immunity from Th… to Th…
- Induce regulatory T cells
- … hygiene levels, … pathogen load, absence of helminth infection proposed to:
- Skew immunity towards Th…
- Reduce production of regulatory T cells
- Has proved resilient as a theory, but remains somewhat theoretical
A
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Low hygiene levels, high pathogen load, helminth infection proposed to:
- Skew immunity from Th2 to Th1
- Induce regulatory T cells
-
High hygiene levels, low pathogen load, absence of helminth infection proposed to:
- Skew immunity towards Th2
- Reduce production of regulatory T cells
- Has proved resilient as a theory, but remains somewhat theoretical
38
Q
Hygiene hypothesis: Strachan 1989
- Low hygiene levels, high pathogen load, … infection proposed to:
- Skew immunity from Th2 to Th1
- … regulatory T cells
- High hygiene levels, low pathogen load, absence of … infection proposed to:
- Skew immunity towards Th2
- … production of regulatory T cells
- Has proved resilient as a theory, but remains somewhat theoretical
A
- Low hygiene levels, high pathogen load, helminth infection proposed to:
- Skew immunity from Th2 to Th1
- Induce regulatory T cells
- High hygiene levels, low pathogen load, absence of helminth infection proposed to:
- Skew immunity towards Th2
- Reduce production of regulatory T cells
- Has proved resilient as a theory, but remains somewhat theoretical
39
Q
Detection of allergen-specific IgE in vivo: skin testing
- Skin … testing
- Allergen extract applied as …
- … layers of epidermis punctured with lancet
- A wheal with … response after 15 minutes is positive
- Result needs interpretation in clinical context
A
- Skin prick testing
- Allergen extract applied as drops
- Top layers of epidermis punctured with lancet
- A wheal with flare response after 15 minutes is positive
- Result needs interpretation in clinical context
40
Q
In skin prick testing (allergy) a … with flare response after … minutes is positive
A
In skin prick testing (allergy) a wheal with flare response after 15 minutes is positive
41
Q
Detection of allergen-specific IgE in vitro
- Performed by radioallergosorbant (RAST) assay a very long time ago
- Now usually by …, but term ‘RAST’ still widely used clinically
A
- Performed by radioallergosorbant (RAST) assay a very long time ago
- Now usually by ELISA, but term ‘RAST’ still widely used clinically
42
Q
Treatment of allergy: Pure symptom relievers (don’t act on mediators, but act on other pathways that oppose actions of mediators)
A
43
Q
Treatment of allergy: Pure symptom relievers (don’t act on mediators, but act on other pathways that oppose actions of mediators)
- Nasal decongestants
- eg oxymetazoline
- Act on … adrenoreceptors to cause vasoconstriction
- Only for short-term use
- … and systemic
- B2 …
- Eg salbutamol
- Act on lung B2 adrenoreceptors, cause smooth muscle …
- Epinephrine/Adrenaline
- Systemic adrenergic effects oppose vasodilatation and bronchoconstriction
A
- Nasal decongestants
- eg oxymetazoline
- Act on α1 adrenoreceptors to cause vasoconstriction
- Only for short-term use
- Topical and systemic
- B2 agonists
- Eg salbutamol
- Act on lung B2 adrenoreceptors, cause smooth muscle relaxation
- Epinephrine/Adrenaline
- Systemic adrenergic effects oppose vasodilatation and bronchoconstriction
44
Q
Treatment of allergy: Pure symptom relievers (don’t act on mediators, but act on other pathways that oppose actions of mediators)
- Nasal decongestants
- eg oxymetazoline
- Act on α1 adrenoreceptors to cause …
- Only for short-term use
- Topical and systemic
- B2 agonists
- Eg …
- Act on lung B2 adrenoreceptors, cause smooth muscle relaxation
- Epinephrine/Adrenaline
- Systemic adrenergic effects oppose … and …
A
- Nasal decongestants
- eg oxymetazoline
- Act on α1 adrenoreceptors to cause vasoconstriction
- Only for short-term use
- Topical and systemic
- B2 agonists
- Eg salbutamol
- Act on lung B2 adrenoreceptors, cause smooth muscle relaxation
- Epinephrine/Adrenaline
- Systemic adrenergic effects oppose vasodilatation and bronchoconstriction
45
Q
Treatment of allergy: drugs acting on early-phase mediators
A
46
Q
Mast cell stabilisers
- Eg sodium cromoglycate
- Reduce mast cell … by unknown mechanism
- Not … absorbed – … use only
- Short …-… requires frequent dosing
- Main benefit is …-free, but efficacy …
A
- Eg sodium cromoglycate
- Reduce mast cell degranulation by unknown mechanism
- Not orally absorbed – topical use only
- Short half-life requires frequent dosing
- Main benefit is steroid-free, but efficacy very poor
47
Q
H1 Antihistamines
- Inverse … at H1 histamine receptor
- Best used before … to allergen
- 1st generation eg chlorpheniramine
- Considerable …, drug interactions
- 2nd generation eg cerizine, loratidine, desloratidine, fexofenadine
- No/ minimal …, once-daily
A
- Inverse agonists at H1 histamine receptor
- Best used before exposure to allergen
- 1st generation eg chlorpheniramine
- Considerable sedation, drug interactions
- 2nd generation eg cerizine, loratidine, desloratidine, fexofenadine
- No/ minimal sedation, once-daily
48
Q
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
- Only UK drug is …
- Effective in reducing … allergic responses, but … to H1 antihistamines
- Unlike anti-histamines, beneficial in … asthma, which is the main indication for their use
A
- Only UK drug is montelukast
- Effective in reducing early allergic responses, but inferior to H1 antihistamines
- Unlike anti-histamines, beneficial in chronic asthma, which is the main indication for their use
49
Q
Treatment of allergic disease: corticosteroids
- Steroids reduce immune activation by altering gene … in numerous cell types, including T cells, B cells and cells of the … immune system. Their onset of action is … and they must be taken …
A
- Steroids reduce immune activation by altering gene expression in numerous cell types, including T cells, B cells and cells of the innate immune system. Their onset of action is delayed and they must be taken regularly
50
Q
Corticosteroids - Types
- Inhaled - eg b…, fluticasone
- Nasal - eg b…, mometasone, fluticasone
- Skin - h… and opthalmic drops
- Topical prep may cause local and even .. side effects
- Oral, … and depot prep available
A
- Inhaled - eg beclamathosome, fluticasone
- Nasal - eg beclamathasone, mometasone, fluticasone
- Skin - hydrocortisone and opthalmic drops
- Topical prep may cause local and even systemic side effects
- Oral, IV and depot prep available
51
Q
Treatment of allergic disease: Omalizumab
- Omalizumab is a … … directed against …, used for atopic asthma (amongst other things)
A
- Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE, used for atopic asthma (amongst other things)
52
Q
…lizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE, used for atopic … (amongst other things)
A
Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE, used for atopic asthma (amongst other things)
53
Q
Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against …., used for … asthma (amongst other things)
A
Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE, used for atopic asthma (amongst other things)
54
Q
Treatment of allergic disease: allergen-specific immunotherapy
- Allergen doses administered by … injection or sub…
- Provide …-term protection
- Mainly … allergy and rhinitis
- Multiple immunological effects:
- Induce regulatory T cell responses to allergens
- Reduce Th… responses
- Induce allergen-specific … antibodies
- Reduction in mast cell responsiveness
- Reduce allergen-specific IgE levels
A
- Allergen doses administered by subcutaneous injection or sublingually
- Provide long-term protection
- Mainly venom allergy and rhinitis
- Multiple immunological effects:
- Induce regulatory T cell responses to allergens
- Reduce Th2 responses
- Induce allergen-specific IgG antibodies
- Reduction in mast cell responsiveness
- Reduce allergen-specific IgE levels
55
Q
Treatment of allergic disease: allergen-specific immunotherapy
- Allergen doses administered by subcutaneous injection or sublingually
- Provide long-term protection
- Mainly venom allergy and …
- Multiple immunological effects:
- Induce … T cell responses to allergens
- Reduce Th2 responses
- Induce allergen-specific IgG antibodies
- Reduction in … cell responsiveness
- Reduce allergen-specific … levels
A
- Allergen doses administered by subcutaneous injection or sublingually
- Provide long-term protection
- Mainly venom allergy and rhinitis
- Multiple immunological effects:
- Induce regulatory T cell responses to allergens
- Reduce Th2 responses
- Induce allergen-specific IgG antibodies
- Reduction in mast cell responsiveness
- Reduce allergen-specific IgE levels
56
Q
Contact dermatitis vs type 1 allergy
A
57
Q
Contact dermatitis vs type 1 allergy
A
58
Q
Skin prick testing vs patch testing
A
