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Year 2 Medicine > Orbit and Nasal Cavity > Flashcards

Orbit and Nasal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Nose

  • Projection from the face
  • Function is to filter dust entering the respiratory system
  • Bones, comprised of paired nasal bones, m…, … bone and s…
  • Cartilages, comprised of 3 main lateral, major … and septal
  • Septum divides the chamber into two cavities
  • Internal surface, lateral wall has three projections; superior, middle and inferior conchae
  • Nasal cavity opens into …
  • Supplied arterial branches from ophthalmic and maxillary
  • Nerve supply from … nerve, ophthalmic (V1 and maxillary V2)
A
  • Projection from the face
  • Function is to filter dust entering the respiratory system
  • Bones, comprised of paired nasal bones, maxillae, frontal bone and septum
  • Cartilages, comprised of 3 main lateral, major alar and septal
  • Septum divides the chamber into two cavities
  • Internal surface, lateral wall has three projections; superior, middle and inferior conchae
  • Nasal cavity opens into nasopharynx
  • Supplied arterial branches from ophthalmic and maxillary
  • Nerve supply from olfactory nerve, ophthalmic (V1 and maxillary V2)
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2
Q

Nose

  • Projection from the face
  • Function is to filter dust entering the respiratory system
  • Bones, comprised of paired nasal bones, maxillae, frontal bone and septum
  • Cartilages, comprised of 3 main …, major alar and …
  • Septum divides the chamber into two cavities
  • Internal surface, lateral wall has three projections; superior, middle and inferior …
  • Nasal cavity opens into nasopharynx
  • Supplied arterial branches from ophthalmic and maxillary
  • Nerve supply from olfactory nerve, … (V1 and maxillary V2)
A
  • Projection from the face
  • Function is to filter dust entering the respiratory system
  • Bones, comprised of paired nasal bones, maxillae, frontal bone and septum
  • Cartilages, comprised of 3 main lateral, major alar and septal
  • Septum divides the chamber into two cavities
  • Internal surface, lateral wall has three projections; superior, middle and inferior conchae
  • Nasal cavity opens into nasopharynx
  • Supplied arterial branches from ophthalmic and maxillary
  • Nerve supply from olfactory nerve, ophthalmic (V1 and maxillary V2)
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3
Q

Cranial Nerve 1 - Olfactory

  • Type - special afferent - … - … extension
  • Exit - …. plate
A
  • Type - special afferent - sensory - Forebrain extension
  • Exit - cribriform plate
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4
Q

Olfaction

  • Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is the process of creating the perception of smell.
    • Olfaction is aided by the air flow through the nasal cavity
    • … help warm and moisten the air
    • Olfaction receptors are in the epithelium lining the roof and walls, the epithelium secretes a … fluid, … gases are dissolved into the fluid and then detected by the olfactory nerves
A
  • Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is the process of creating the perception of smell.
    • Olfaction is aided by the air flow through the nasal cavity
    • Conchae help warm and moisten the air
    • Olfaction receptors are in the epithelium lining the roof and walls, the epithelium secretes a mucus fluid, odoriferous gases are dissolved into the fluid and then detected by the olfactory nerves
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5
Q

Paranasal sinuses

  • Paranasal sinuses are … filled extensions of the nasal cavity
  • Paired frontal sinuses in frontal bone that drain through … duct
  • Ethmoidal cells are invaginations in the ethmoid bone and drain into … meatus (if anterior, or middle) or … meatus (if posterior)
  • Sphenoidal sinuses in sphenoid bone that drain into spheno-ethmoidal recess.
  • Paired maxillary sinuses in maxillary drains into … meatus.
A
  • Paranasal sinuses are air filled extensions of the nasal cavity
  • Paired frontal sinuses in frontal bone that drain through frontonasal duct
  • Ethmoidal cells are invaginations in the ethmoid bone and drain into middle meatus (if anterior, or middle) or superior meatus (if posterior)
  • Sphenoidal sinuses in sphenoid bone that drain into spheno-ethmoidal recess.
  • Paired maxillary sinuses in maxillary drains into middle meatus.
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6
Q

Orbit Anatomy

  • Made up of 7 bones:
    • F…
    • M…
    • E…
    • L…
    • S…
    • Temporal-Z…
    • N…
A
  • Made up of 7 bones:
    • Frontal
    • Maxilla
    • Ethmoidal
    • Lacrimal
    • Sphenoidal
    • Temporal-Zygomatic
    • Nasal
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7
Q

The Eye

  • The eyeball contains the optical apparatus for the visual system
  • Located in …, suspended by muscles
  • 3 layers
    • Outer fibrous - … and …
    • Vascular - …
    • Inner - …
  • The eye is divided into anterior and posterior chamber
A
  • The eyeball contains the optical apparatus for the visual system
  • Located in orbit, suspended by muscles
  • 3 layers
    • Outer fibrous - sclera and cornea
    • Vascular - iris
    • Inner - retina
  • The eye is divided into anterior and posterior chamber
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8
Q

Visual Fields

  • The optic …, or optic … is the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross.
A

The optic chiasm, or optic chiasma is the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross.

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9
Q

Cranial Nerve 2 - Optic

  • Type: special afferent - sensory
  • Exit: optic …
  • Special embryology: optic …
  • Grows out and lens vesicle grows in
A
  • Type: special afferent - sensory
  • Exit: optic canal
  • Special embryology: optic stalk
  • Grows out and lens vesicle grows in
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10
Q

Optic chiasm is very close to … gland

A

Optic chiasm is very close to pituitary gland

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11
Q

Movement of the eye

  • 7 extraocular muscles surrounding globe of the eye and are responsible for moving it: … Palpebrae (moves eyelid), Superior …, Superior …, Medial …, Lateral Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique
  • Movement of the eyeball occur around 3 axes: …, transverse and …
A
  • 7 extraocular muscles surrounding globe of the eye and are responsible for moving it: Levator Palpebrae (moves eyelid), Superior Oblique, Superior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Lateral Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique
  • Movement of the eyeball occur around 3 axes: vertical, transverse and anteroposterior
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12
Q

Movement of the eye

  • 7 extraocular muscles surrounding globe of the eye and are responsible for moving it: Levator … (moves eyelid), Superior …, Superior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Lateral Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior …
  • Movement of the eyeball occur around 3 axes: …, …. and anteroposterior
A
  • 7 extraocular muscles surrounding globe of the eye and are responsible for moving it: Levator Palpebrae (moves eyelid), Superior Oblique, Superior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Lateral Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique
  • Movement of the eyeball occur around 3 axes: vertical, transverse and anteroposterior
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13
Q

Extra Ocular Muscles responsible for eye movement

  • Superior … - pulls down and out - has a trochlear holding it, also has trochlear nerve
  • Inferior … - pulls up and out
  • Superior … - lift eyeball up in elevation, but also in medially
  • Inferior … - eyeball inferiorly and in
  • Lateral … - eyeball laterally
  • Medial … - eyeball mediall
A
  • Superior oblique - pulls down and out - has a trochlear holding it, also has trochlear nerve
  • Inferior oblique - pulls up and out
  • Superior rectus - lift eyeball up in elevation, but also in medially
  • Inferior rectus - eyeball inferiorly and in
  • Lateral rectus - eyeball laterally
  • Medial rectus - eyeball mediall
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14
Q
  • Lateral - natural line of eye - looks …
  • Eyes work to come … to help us
A
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15
Q

Medial rectus - eyeball …

A
  • Superior oblique - pulls down and out - has a trochlear holding it, also has trochlear nerve
  • Inferior oblique - pulls up and out
  • Superior rectus - lift eyeball up in elevation, but also in medially
  • Inferior rectus - eyeball inferiorly and in
  • Lateral rectus - eyeball laterally
  • Medial rectus - eyeball mediall
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16
Q

Extra Ocular Muscles responsible for eye movement

  • Superior oblique - pulls … and … - has a trochlear holding it, also has trochlear nerve
  • Inferior oblique - pulls up and …
  • Superior rectus - lift eyeball up in …, but also in …
  • Inferior rectus - eyeball … and …
  • Lateral rectus - eyeball …
  • Medial rectus - eyeball …
A
  • Superior oblique - pulls down and out - has a trochlear holding it, also has trochlear nerve
  • Inferior oblique - pulls up and out
  • Superior rectus - lift eyeball up in elevation, but also in medially
  • Inferior rectus - eyeball inferiorly and in
  • Lateral rectus - eyeball laterally
  • Medial rectus - eyeball mediall
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17
Q

Lateral rectus - eyeball …

A

Lateral rectus - eyeball laterally

18
Q

Inferior rectus - eyeball inferiorly and ….

A

Inferior rectus - eyeball inferiorly and in

19
Q

Superior rectus - lift eyeball up in …, but also in …

A

Superior rectus - lift eyeball up in elevation, but also in medially

20
Q

Inferior … - pulls up and out

A

Inferior oblique - pulls up and out

21
Q

Superior … - pulls down and out - has a trochlear holding it, also has trochlear nerve

A

Superior oblique - pulls down and out - has a trochlear holding it, also has trochlear nerve

22
Q

Clinical testing - H shape (extra ocular muscles)

A
  • Lateral rectus - suppled by abducent nerve (CN 6) - abducting
  • Superior oblique - trochlear nerve (CN 4)
  • All others = oculomotor
23
Q
  • Lateral rectus - suppled by … nerve (CN 6) - …
  • Superior oblique - … nerve (CN 4)
  • All others = … nerve
A
  • Lateral rectus - suppled by abducent nerve (CN 6) - abducting
  • Superior oblique - trochlear nerve (CN 4)
  • All others = oculomotor
24
Q

The … rectus is the only muscle supplied by cranial nerve VI, the abducens nerve

A

The lateral rectus is the only muscle supplied by cranial nerve VI, the abducens nerve

25
Q

The trochlear nerve innervates a single muscle – the … …

A

The trochlear nerve innervates a single muscle – the superior oblique

26
Q

All extraocular muscles (apart from superior oblique and lateral rectus) are supplied by which nerve?

A

oculomotor nerve (Lateral rectus - suppled by abducent nerve (CN 6) - abducting, Superior oblique - trochlear nerve (CN 4))

27
Q

Cranial Nerve 3 - Oculomotor

  • Type: Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to extra- ocular muscles (EXCEPT = … … and lateral …) and (General visceral efferent-parasympathetic) via short ciliary nerves to ciliary body and sphincter pupillae.
  • Exit: … … fissure
A
  • Type: Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to extra- ocular muscles (EXCEPT = superior oblique and lateral rectus) and (General visceral efferent-parasympathetic) via short ciliary nerves to ciliary body and sphincter pupillae.
  • Exit: Superior orbital fissure
28
Q

Cranial Nerve 4 - Trochlear

  • Type: Somatic Motor (General somatic efferent) to Superior …
  • Exit: Superior … fissure
A
  • Type: Somatic Motor (General somatic efferent) to Superior Oblique
  • Exit: Superior orbital fissure
29
Q

Cranial Nerve 6 - Abducent

  • Type: Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to … …
  • Exit: Superior … fissure
A
  • Type: Somatic Motor (general somatic efferent) to Lateral Rectus
  • Exit: Superior orbital fissure
30
Q

Clinical Considerations​

  • Inability of specific eye … (CN 3,4,6), dilated pupil (CN …), … (Drooping of eyelid) (CN 3), abnormal pupil … (CN …)
  • Example of lesion:
    • CN 3 - aneurysm of cerebral a
    • CN 4 - orbital …
    • CN 6 - cavernous sinus lesion
A
  • Inability of specific eye movements (CN 3,4,6), dilated pupil (CN 3), ptosis (Drooping of eyelid) (CN 3), abnormal pupil reflex (CN 3)
  • Example of lesion:
    • CN 3 - aneurysm of cerebral a
    • CN 4 - orbital fracture
    • CN 6 - cavernous sinus lesion
31
Q

Clinical Considerations​

  • Inability of specific eye movements (CN …,…,…), dilated pupil (CN 3), ptosis (Drooping of eyelid) (CN 3), abnormal pupil reflex (CN 3)
  • Example of lesion:
    • CN 3 - … of cerebral a
    • CN 4 - orbital fracture
    • CN 6 - … sinus lesion
A
  • Inability of specific eye movements (CN 3,4,6), dilated pupil (CN 3), ptosis (Drooping of eyelid) (CN 3), abnormal pupil reflex (CN 3)
  • Example of lesion:
    • CN 3 - aneurysm of cerebral a
    • CN 4 - orbital fracture
    • CN 6 - cavernous sinus lesion
32
Q

Crying

  • … apparatus consists of: Lacrimal … (two parts, orbital and palpebral) which secretes lacrimal … which passes across the eye and into the lacrimal …, lacrimal sac and to the … meatus via the nasolacrimal duct.
  • Nerve supply:
    • Parasympathetic- … (Via facial nerve CN7)
    • Sympathetic - vasoconstrictive (superior cervical ganglion, via internal carotid)
A
  • Lacrimal apparatus consists of: Lacrimal gland (two parts, orbital and palpebral) which secretes lacrimal fluid which passes across the eye and into the lacrimal papilla, lacrimal sac and to the inferior meatus via the nasolacrimal duct.
  • Nerve supply:
    • Parasympathetic- secretomotor (Via facial nerve CN7)
    • Sympathetic - vasoconstrictive (superior cervical ganglion, via internal carotid)
33
Q

Crying

  • … apparatus consists of: … gland (two parts, orbital and palpebral) which secretes … fluid which passes across the eye and into the … papilla, … sac and to the inferior meatus via the … duct.
  • Nerve supply:
    • Parasympathetic- secretomotor (Via facial nerve CN7)
    • Sympathetic - … (superior cervical ganglion, via internal …)
A
  • Lacrimal apparatus consists of: Lacrimal gland (two parts, orbital and palpebral) which secretes lacrimal fluid which passes across the eye and into the lacrimal papilla, lacrimal sac and to the inferior meatus via the nasolacrimal duct.
  • Nerve supply:
    • Parasympathetic- secretomotor (Via facial nerve CN7)
    • Sympathetic - vasoconstrictive (superior cervical ganglion, via internal carotid)
34
Q

Parasympathetic supply to the lacrimal gland

  • Parasympathetic- secretomotor (Via … nerve …)
A
  • Parasympathetic- secretomotor (Via facial nerve CN7)​
    • Facial nerve - Greater petrosal nerve - close to internal carotid with sympathetic plexus (Deep petrosal nerve)
    • Deep petrosal nerve joins with greater petrosal nerve = nerve of pterygoid canal
    • Synapse - part of pterygopalatine ganglion
    • From here - fibres hitch hike around on V2 nerve - maxillary nerve - jumps to zygomatic nerve - into lacrimal nerve (V1 - opthalmic nerve) into lacrimal gland
    • Any problems with lacrimal gland link back to this pathway
35
Q

The greater … nerve (or greater superficial … nerve) is a nerve in the skull that branches from the facial nerve; it forms part of a chain of nerves that innervate the … gland.

A

The greater petrosal nerve (or greater superficial petrosal nerve) is a nerve in the skull that branches from the facial nerve; it forms part of a chain of nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland.

36
Q

Orbit Anatomy

  • Nerve Supply
    • CN2, 3, 4, V1(5), 6, 7
    • … - stimulates dilator pupillae to let more light in
    • … - stimulates constrictor pupillae to let less light in
  • Blood Supply
    • … artery
    • Infra-orbital artery
    • … artery
A
  • Nerve Supply
    • CN2, 3, 4, V1(5), 6, 7
    • Sympathetic - stimulates dilator pupillae to let more light in
    • Parasympathetic - stimulates constrictor pupillae to let less light in
  • Blood Supply
    • Ophthalmic artery
    • Infra-orbital artery
    • Central artery
37
Q

Orbit Anatomy

  • Nerve Supply
    • CN2, 3, 4, V1(5), 6, 7
    • Sympathetic - stimulates dilator … to let … light in
    • Parasympathetic - stimulates … pupillae to let … light in
  • Blood Supply
    • Ophthalmic artery
    • …-… artery
    • Central artery
A
  • Nerve Supply
    • CN2, 3, 4, V1(5), 6, 7
    • Sympathetic - stimulates dilator pupillae to let more light in
    • Parasympathetic - stimulates constrictor pupillae to let less light in
  • Blood Supply
    • Ophthalmic artery
    • Infra-orbital artery
    • Central artery
38
Q

Cranial Nerve 5 - Trigeminal

  • Type: Somatic (General sensory) and somatic motor to derivatives of …st … arch
  • Three divisions - …, …, … (V1, V2, V3)
  • Exit: Superior … fissure V1, Foramen … V2, Foramen … V3
A
  • Type: Somatic (General sensory) and somatic motor to derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch
  • Three divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular (V1, V2, V3)
  • Exit: Superior orbital fissure V1, Foramen Rotundum V2, Foramen Ovale V3
39
Q

V1 Ophthalmic

  • Type: … fibres skin, mucous, membranes, conjunctiva, front of head and nose
  • Path: Branches into: …, nasocillary, …
  • Exit: Superior … …
A
  • Type: Sensory fibres skin, mucous, membranes, conjunctiva, front of head and nose
  • Path: Branches into: lacrimal, nasocillary, frontal
  • Exit: Superior Orbital Fissure
40
Q

feedback SBA

A
  • Lateral Rectus - abducens nerve

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

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