Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Medicine > The Nuts and Bolts of the Endocrine System: Anatomy and Histology Roadshow > Flashcards

The Nuts and Bolts of the Endocrine System: Anatomy and Histology Roadshow Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of the endocrine system?

A

hormone-secreting glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones are … molecules

A

mediator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The endocrine system is essential for

A

normal growth and development adaptation to internal and external environment contribute to the process of sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The nervous system and the endocrine system interact at what?

A

the hypothalamus (major controlling centre of the ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the hypothalamus control? (3 things)

A

temperature circadian rhythms hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Each hormone elicits a response from any cell carrying a …

A

receptor sentitive for that hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endocrine glands - do they have ducts?

vascularised?

A

ductless - hormone released to interstitial space - blood stream or lymphatic system

highly vascularised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hormones affect other cells metabolism according to:

A

number of molecules available

number of receptors available

affinity hormone-receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemical classification of hormones: (3 main categories) + examples?

A

amine (adrenaline, noradrenalin, dopamine)

steroid (oestradiol, testosterone)

protein/peptide (ADH, oxytocin, insulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nitric oxide is both … and …

A

neurotransmitter and hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is this image showing?

A

Germ layers of developing embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Source of Steroid hormone

What is it derived from?

A

ovaries, testis, adrenal cortex

embryonic mesodermal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Source of Protein/Peptide hormone

cells of what origin?

A

Adenohypophysis (pituitary) - ectodermal tissue of the oral cavity

Thyroid, Paraythyroids, Pancreas - cells of endodermal origin of GI tract

Scattered endocrine cells in epithelium of GI tract and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Source of Amine hormone

cells of what origin?

A

Thyroid, adrenal medulla

cells of ectodermal origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are discrete glands found? (4)

A

Hypophysis, thryoid, parathyroid, adrenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are large glands found? (3)

they have both … and… function

A

kidneys, ovaries/testis, placenta

endocrine and exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diffuse endocrine system is composed of

A

scattered nerve cells with endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List the endocrine glands in the body? (10)

A

Pineal gland

Parathyroid gland

Hypothalamus

Thyroid gland

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland

Thymus

Testis

Ovary

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Other glands include:

A

ovaries/testes

pancreas/kidney/liver/thymus

skin, pineal gland, placenta etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is this image showing?

A

The hypophysis (pituitary gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What kind of gland is the hypophysis?

What is is suspended from?

A

compound gland - two main components

suspended from the hypothalamus by stalk or infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the hypophysis located?

A

Sella turcica, a depression in the superior surface of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the hypophysis?

What is it known as?

A

produces several hormones that influence activity of other endocrine glands (E.g. liver)

‘master’ endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

A depression in the superior surface of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hypophysis gross anatomy

what are the two lobes?

A

two lobes

adenohypophysis - anterior lobe

neurohypophysis - posterior lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hypophysis gross anatomy - it is no larger in size than that of what?

A

a pea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Adenohypophysis is the … part of the hypophysis

A

glandular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Neurohypophysis is the … part of the hypophysis

A

neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The adenohypophysis is an outpouch of what?

what is the outpouch called?

A

ectoderm of oral cavity

Rathke’s pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The neurohypophysis is a downgrowth from

A

the diencephalon of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What hormones does the neurohypophysis produce?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What hormones does the adenohypophysis produce?

A

FSH, LH, TSH, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is this image showing?

A

blood circulation of the hypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Blood supply to the hypophysis - supplied by which 2 blood vessels? (branches of internal carotid)

A

Superior hypophyseal

Inferior hypophyseal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The superior hypophyseal supplies

A

median eminence

upper part of stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The inferior hypophyseal supplies

A

neurohypophysis

lower part of stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

arteries supplying median eminence and stalk end as … …

A

capillary plexuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hypophysis - veins

capillary plexuses in median eminence and stalk ending are drained by …

These veins pass to what?

veins then form a … … plexus

A

portal veins (shown in image)

anterior lobe of pituitary

secondary capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hypophysis - veins

Veins forming a secondary capillary plexus - setup provides a route for … substances released from the … to also reach the … lobe

A

neurosecretory

hypothalamus

anterior lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hypophysis - control (Activity)

signals from the … are responsible for hormone release from both … and …

A

hypothalamus

adenohypophysis

neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is this image showing?

A

Thyroid cartilage

Isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The thyroid gland is a … gland in the neck

how much does it weigh?

whats its measurement?

A

bilobed

30g

4 x 2cm in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The thyroid gland has … lateral lobes connected by an … that courses anterior to the …

A

2

isthmus

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The thyroid gland lies just below the … … of thyroid cartilage to …/6 tracheal ring, immediately … to the trachea

A

olbique

5/6

anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The thyroid gland is derived from what?

It develops as a growth from the floor or …

A

endoderm

floor of pharynx, near base of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The thyroid gland is under control from the … and …

A

hypothalamus (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

Hypophysis (thyroid stimulating hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The thyroid gland has an essential role in regulating what things?

A

tissue metabolism

growth and development

(T3, T4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is this image showing?

A

blood course of the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Thyroid - blood supply (arteries)

… thyroid from what?

… thyroid from what?

A

superior thyroid (from external carotid)

inferior thyroid (from subclavian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Thyroid gland - blood drainage (veins) from an extensive plexus into the

… … vein

… vein

A

internal jugular vein

brachiocephalic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Thyroid gland - care in surgery - why? (2 things)

A

blood loss

recurrent nerve (from vagus) damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the arrows pointing to (6)?

A

External carotid (Top arrow right)

Vagus nerve (Second arrow right)

Common carotid (third arrow right)

Recurrent nerve (fourth arrow right)

Superior parathyroids (top left)

Inferior parathyroids (bottom left)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

‘Para’ = to the … of the thyroid gland

A

side - although some variation can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

There are … parathyroid glands: … superior and … inferior; embedded in … of thyroid (posterior aspect)

what size are they?

A

4

2 superior, 2 inferior

capsule of thryoid - posterior aspect

grain of rice - very small - 40mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

The parathryoid glands develop mostly from cells originating from …rd/…th … pouches; migrate caudally with the …

A

3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Role of parathyroid glands - secrete … hormone which regulates … and … levels within homeostasis

A

parathryoid

calcium and phosphate levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Inferior parathyroids travel … to lie … compared to superior parathyroids

A

further to lie lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Parathyroid glands -

artery:

vein:

nerve:

A

artery - primarily inferior thyroid (also superior)

vein: superior, middle + inferior thyroid
nerve: from middle and inferior cervical ganglions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The parathyroid glands must be preserved during …

if removed what happens?

A

thyroidectomy; if removed blood calcium levels fall = muscles, including respiratory and laryngeal, go into tetanic contraction - death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is this arrow pointing to?

A

adrenal glands

62
Q

Adrenal glands, also known as … glands

where are they located?

hormone released in response to …

are they retroperitoneal?

A

suprarenal

stress

superior pole of kidneys (T12); yes, retroperitoneal

63
Q

What is this image showing?

A

Coronal cut of adrenal glands

outer capsule, cortex and medulla

64
Q

Adrenal glands - shape

right side is

left side is

what is the size and weight?

A

pyramidal - right

semilunar - left

2-3 x 1cm, 3.5-5 grams

65
Q

The cortex of the adrenal glands are derived from … whereas the medulla is derived from … … cells

A

mesoderm

neural crest cells

66
Q

Adrenal glands - cortex

The adrenal cortex secretes …

  • cells subjacent to capsule secrete … e.g. aldosterone
  • deeper part of cortex - cells secrete … e.g. hydrocortisone

The cortex also produces … … e.g. testosterone

A

adrenal cortex secretes - corticosteroids

cells subjacent to capsule - secrete mineralocorticoids - function to maintain electrolyte balance

deeper part of cortex - cells secrete glucocorticoids - affect metabolism and electrolyte balance

adrenal androgens

67
Q

Adrenal glands - medulla

  • What are the secretory cells of the medulla?
  • What do they develop from?
A

Chromaffin cells

develop from the same embryonic tissue as sympathetic ganglia

68
Q

The medulla of the adrenal gland is regarded as a

A

modified sympathetic ganglion

69
Q

Medulla cells of the adrenal gland secrete … and smaller amounts of … i.e. …

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

i.e. catecholamines

70
Q

The medulla of the adrenal glands

… secreted are responsible for the … response

this response affects what?

A

catecholamines

fight or flight response

affects heart rate, blood pressure and smooth muscle of viscera

71
Q

What are Catecholamines ?

A

Catecholamines are hormones made by your adrenal glands, which are located on top of your kidneys

72
Q

Blood Supply of the adrenal glands:

… (from inferior phrenic)

… (From aorta)

… … arteries (from renal)

A

Supplied by:

superior (from inferior phrenic)

middle (From aorta)

inferior suprarenal arteries (from renal)

73
Q

Arteries going into the adrenal glands branch before entering what?

the rami supply the … and … of gland

A

capsule

cortex

medulla

74
Q

Adrenal glands:

cortical arteries give rise to … … and in turn to cortical … that distrubutes blood to cortical cells

A

subcapsular plexus

cortical sinusoids

75
Q

… arteries pass through cortex to supply the … - it receives blood from how many sources?

Thus, hormones produced by cortical cells influence … of cells in the …

A

medullary - to the medulla

2 sources

cortical cells influence activity of cells in the medulla e.g. cortisol mediates NA convertion to adrenaline

76
Q

Venous drainage of the adrenal glands:

The … adrenal vein drains into the …, whereas the … adrenal vein drains into the left …

A

right adrenal vein drain into IVC

left adrenal vein drain into renal vein

77
Q

Adrenal glands - activity is under control of:

A

hypothalamus, e.g. ACTH release from hypophysis

Symp division of ANS: coeliac plexus; splanchnic nerve

78
Q

ACTH stands for what?

What does it stimulate?

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

stimulates secretion/release of corticosteroids

79
Q

The medulla of the adrenal glands is under direct control from the … meaning the response is …

A

ANS (sympathetic)

fast

80
Q

The cells of the medulla are innervated by … … fibres that end in the … cells of the medulla

these cells then release … into adjacent circulation

A

preganglionic sympathetic fibres that end in the chromaffin cells of the medulla

chromaffin cells then release catecholamines

81
Q

Which glands have a duct system, endocrine or exocrine glands?

A

exocrine glands

82
Q

Hormones are … chemicals released at specific times in … amounts into the tissue fluids or blood vessels

A

organic

small

83
Q

The pancreas is both … and … gland

A

exocrine and endocrine

84
Q

Define endocrine (action of hormones)

A

action of the hormone on a target organ away from the secreting cell

85
Q

Define autocrine (action of hormones)

A

action of the hormone on the secreting cell

86
Q

Define paracrine (action of hormones)

A

action of the hormone on the adjacent cell

87
Q

Define neuroendocrine (action of hormones)

A

neural stimulation of endocrine cells to secrete hormones e.g. the medulla of adrenal gland (nerve fibres stimulate endocrine cells to produce adrenaline/noradrenaline)

88
Q

Overall Structure of Endocrine Glands

  • Functional unit consist of … … cells with a … at the centre
  • … cells supported by … cells
    • not all endocrine functional units have … e.g. pituitary and parathyroid gland cells have no …
A

cuboidal secretory cells with a lumen at the centre

secretory cells supported by myoepithelial cells

lumen - they have no lumina - just secrete directly into blood vessels

89
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of endocrine diseases? (3)

A
  1. Hormone overproduction
  2. Hormone underproduction
  3. Tumour/Mass lesion which can be:
  • non-functional -> pressure effect
  • associated over production of hormones
90
Q

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is divided into:

A

adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

91
Q

What hormones are secreted in the posterior lobe? (pituitary gland)

A

ADH and oxytocin

92
Q

Histological features of cells of the anterior pituitary gland:

Acidophils -

Basophils -

Chromophobe -

the staining pattern is not related to specific hormone secretion e.g. …. is secreted by both chromophobes and basophils

To identify which hormone is secreted by specific cells we use …

A

Acidophils take up the acidic dyes

Basophils take up the acidic dyes

Chromophobe have no specific staining features

ACTH is secreted by both

Immunocytochemistry

93
Q

Antibody staining against specific hormone termed … assists in identifying specific cells of the pituitary gland

A

immunocytochemistry

e.g. antibodies to growth hormone will identify cells which secrete GH if there is tumour secreting this hormone

94
Q

What is this image showing?

A

histology of anterior pituitary

95
Q

Hormones from Anterior Pituitary Gland:

  • Cell - Hormone - Target Organ*
  • Somatotroph - what hormone? what target organ?
A

Growth hormone, Bones

96
Q

Hormones from Anterior Pituitary Gland:

Cell - Hormone - Target Organ

Lactotroph - what hormone? what target organ?

A

Prolactin, Breasts

97
Q

Hormones from Anterior Pituitary Gland:

Cell - Hormone - Target Organ

Corticotroph - what hormone? what target organ?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), adrenal glands

98
Q

Hormones from Anterior Pituitary Gland:

Cell - Hormone - Target Organ

Gonadotroph - what hormone? what target organ?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinising hormone (LH), Ovary & Testis

99
Q

Hormones from Anterior Pituitary Gland:

Cell - Hormone - Target Organ

Thydrotroph - what hormone? what target organ?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid gland

100
Q

The pituitary hormones are under the influence of the … releasing or inhibitory hormones

A

hypothalamic

101
Q

Hormones from Posterior pituitary gland: ADH & Oxytocin

ADH facilitates the …

what has the opposite effect?

Oxytocin promotes …

A

absorption of water in kidneys which concentrates the urine (alcohol has the opposite effect)

contractions of the smooth muscle in the uterus during childbirth and myoepithelial cells in the breast during breastfeeding

102
Q

Pathology of the Pituitary Gland: Pituitary …. (benign tumours)

  • where do they arise from?
  • functional or non-functional?
  • constitute …% of intra-cranial neoplasms
  • … adenomas cause hyperpituitarism
    • … effect causing …
A

adenomas

arise from anterior lobe

can be functional or non-functional

10%

productive adenomas cause hyperpituitarism

pressure effect causing hypopituitarism (too large)

103
Q

productive adenomas can cause … whereas … effect can cause …

A

hyperpituitarism

pressure effect - hypopituitarism

104
Q

space occupying effect of functional or non-functional adenomas - what do patients present with clinically?

A

headaches, vomiting, nausea, diplopia (double vision), impaired vision

105
Q

What is shown in this image (histology - pituitary)

A

post mortem pituitary adenoma

106
Q

What has been removed in this image?

what is it illustrating?

what would the patient have presented with?

(histology - pituitary)

A

adenoma removed

illustrate optic chiasma - compressed previously by tumour

bitemporal hemianopsia

107
Q

Bitemporal hemianopsia, is the medical description of a type of partial ….

A

blindness where vision is missing in the outer half of both the right and left visual field.

108
Q

The thyroid gland synthesises two hormones, what are they? what do they do?

Synthesis of these hormones requires what?

A

Thryoxine - T4

Triiodothyronine - T3

stimulate metabolic rate

iodine required

109
Q

What is rich in iodine?

what does lack of iodine lead to? (medical term)

why does this happen?

A

sea salt

an enlarged thyroid gland termed - goitre

gland enlarges to absorb the maxmium concentration of iodine

110
Q

‘Normal’ thyroid gland - weight?

how many lobes?

what joins them?

what is the tissue composed of?

what are these containing?

A

35-45 grams

2 lobes

joined by isthmus

composed of follicles with variable-sized lumina

follicles contain colloid with eosinophilic or pink appearcnce

111
Q

What is this image showing? (histology - endocine system)

A

Normal thyroid gland - follices are lined by cuboidal cells

112
Q

Other features of the thyroid gland:

very …

endothelial cells lining the capillaries are … this is a common feature in endocrine glands

… allows passage of hormones into the …

A

vascular

fenestrated (i.e. have gaps between them) - common feature in endocrine glands

fenestration allows passage of hormones into the circulation

113
Q

What is this image showing? (thyroid gland - histology)

A

increased vascularity in a thyroid gland

114
Q

Pathology of the thyroid gland

can present with… (5 things)

is it euthyroid, hyperthyroid or hypothyroid? for each

A

goitre - euthyroid

grave’s disease - hyperthyroid

hashimoto’s disease - hypothyroid

adenoma - euthyroid

cancer - euthyroid

115
Q

Mulit-nodular Goitre

what do they lack?

the gland … to maximise the amount of … absorbed

… in size overcomes the hormone … and the patients are therefore …

A

Iodine - leading to an enlarged thyroid gland termed goitre due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid cells

enlarges to maximise amount of iodine absorbed

increase in size overcomes the hormone deficiency and the patients are therefore euthyroid

116
Q

What is this image showing? (clinical)

A

multi-nodular Goitre

117
Q

This surgical procedure is for what condition?

A

Multi-nodular goitre

118
Q

pathology of what is shown in this image?

A

multi-nodular goitre

119
Q

What is in this image?

what is it compressing?

whats important to assess before surgery? why?

what happens to what it is compressing?

A

multi-nodular goitre

compressing the trachea

important to assess the radiology before surgery as the patient may arrest after successful thyroidectomy due to tracheomalacia

softening of the trachea which collapses and obstructs the airways

120
Q

What is tracheomalacia?

A

Tracheomalacia is a condition or incident where the cartilage that keeps the airway (trachea) open is soft such that the trachea partly collapses especially during increased airflow.

121
Q

A retrosternal goitre caused what?

A

post-op respiratory distress necessitating ICU admission due to tracheomalacia

122
Q

What is Grave’s Disease?

Auto-antibodies stimulate what receptors?

what happens to the thyroid gland?

What can the patient present with? (2 things)

A

Graves’ disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism)

TSH receptors

Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland goitre due to hyperplasia of thyroid cells

Infiltrative opthalmopathy / Infiltrative dermopathy

123
Q

What is Infiltrative opthalmopathy?

what disease is it apparent in?

A

accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind the eye leading to proptosis

Grave’s disease

124
Q

What is Infiltrative dermopathy?

What disease is it apparent in?

A

Thickening and induration of the skin on the anterior shin -> pre-tibial myxoedema (low TSH, high T3 and T4)

Grave’s disease

125
Q

What disease is present?

A

Grave’s disease (thyroidectomy)

note the vascular surface

126
Q

Pathology of what disease is shown?

the colloid has a … apperance due to …

A

Grave’s disease

Colloid has a soap bubble appearance due to hyperactivity

127
Q

Hasimoto’s Thryoiditis

It is the most common cause of … in areas where … is readily available

it is an … disease

progressive … of thyroid cells by … and replaced by …

high levels of …, low levels of …

A

most common cause of hypothyroidism where iodine is readily available

an autoimmune disease - immune system destroys it’s own thyroid tissue

progressive depletion of thyroid cells by inflammation and replaced by fibrosis

high TSH, low T3/T4

128
Q

What disease is shown?

the gland is … with what surface?

on histology - there is a prominent … infiltrate

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

gland is irregular with a solid cut surface

prominent lymphocytic infiltrate

129
Q

What is shown in this image? (histology of thyroid gland)

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis with prominent lymphocyte infiltrate/inflammation

130
Q

Thyroid Tumours:

  • Follicular …
  • Four main types of …
A

adenoma - benign tumour of the thyroid follicular cells

four main types of carcinoma

131
Q

Thyroid tumour - what are the 4 main types of carcinoma? constitutes what % of thyroid cancers? what happens in each?

A

Papillary (75-85%) - increased risk of lymph node metastasis

Follicular (10-20%) - increased mets to bone, lung and liver

Medullary (5%) - arises from C cells; 20% associated with MEN 2 syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasm)

Anaplastic (>5%) - older patients, poor prognosis

132
Q

What is shown in the image? (thyroid gland pathology)

A

Benign adenoma vs Cancer

133
Q

Para-follicular Cells (also known as c-cells) secrete … which promotes reduction of … concentration in the blood

these cells or clear cells are found between the …

… cells are the origin of medullary … of the thyroid

A

calcitonin - reduction of calcium conc

found between follicles

c cells - origin of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

134
Q

The parathyroid gland secretes … hormone (PTH)

it controls the level of … in the blood

decrease in levels of this stimulates … secretion

what cells?

A

Parathyroid

calcium levels

decrease in blood calcium stimulates PTH production

chief cells with no lumen - prominent vascularity

135
Q

Pathology of Parathyroid glands

main two abnormalities are ?

how many glands are involved?

both cause…

A

adenoma - involves one gland

hyperplasia - involves all 4 glands

both cause hypercalcaemia

136
Q

What is shown in the images? (parathyroid gland)

mm? grams?

A

left - normal parathyroid gland, 6mm - 2g

right - parathyroid gland adenoma, 19mm - 9g

137
Q

The adrenal glands are … glands in the … … of the …

they consist of … … and … … which are embryonically, morphologically and functionally distinct

what is derived from mesoderm?

what is derived from neural crest?

A

paired glands

upper pole of the kidneys

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

cortex - mesoderm, medulla - neural crest

138
Q

What is shown in the image?

Why is it yellow/orange?

A

normal adrenal gland

cells rich in lipids

139
Q

Adrenal cortex has 3 distinct zones, these are…

The cells appear … on histology because the … are cleared by chemicals during processing

A

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

The cells appear pale because the lipids are cleared by chemicals during processing

140
Q

What is shown in image? (histological slide of)

A

adrenal gland

illustrates the zones of the cortex and medulla

141
Q

Functional zonation of the adrenal cortex: salt, sugar and sex

Zona glomerulosa produces a … called …, for absorption of

Zona fasciculata produces … such as … and … and some … hormones

Zona reticularis produces 17 …, and … hormones

A

Zona glomerulosa: mineralcorticoid aldosterone , for absorption of salts

Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids. cortisol and corticosterone and sex hormones

Zona reticularis: 17 ketosteroids and sex hormones

142
Q

What is shown in the image? (histology of adrenal cortex)

A

Zona glomerulosa - closely packed round cells

Zona fasciculata - clear cells arranged in cords

Zona reticularis - smaller darker staining cells

143
Q

Pathology of the adrenal glands:

2 manifestations in addition to adenomas are adrenocortical … or adrenocortical …

what can they be due to ?

what syndromes/ disease do they result in?

A

adrenocortical hyperactivity - due to hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer (Rare)

lead to cushings syndrome (excess cortisol), conn’s syndrome (Excess aldosterone), adrenogenital syndrome (Excess androgens)

adrenocortical insufficency (addison’s disease)

144
Q

Adrenal cortex adenoma

is it functional?

what can a functional one cause?

A

non-functional cortical adenoma

incidental finding

functional can cause cushing’s syndrome or conn’s syndrome

145
Q

Adrenal medulla has … cells which secrete … and … in response to intense emotional reactions

… or …. hormones

secretion results in ….

increased … and …

A

compact cells - secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

fight or flight hormones

secretion results in vasoconstriction

increased HR and increased blood sugar levels

146
Q

Histology of the adrenal medulla - cells are… meaning they have … staining than adrenal cortex cells

A

adrenal medulla cells are neuroendocrine - darker staining than the adrenal cortex cells

147
Q

Pathology of adrenal medulla - … tumour

constitues 0.1-0.3% cause of treatable …

why 10% tumour?

A

pheochromocytoma tumour

treatable hypertension

10% tumour because 10% are familial as part of the MEN2, 10% are extra-adrenal, 10% bilateral, 10% malignant, 10% arise in childhood

148
Q

What is this image showing?

Due to high levels of …

what does the patient present with?

complications of increase BP?

A

Pheochromocytoma

catecholamines

precipitous increase BP + tachycardia, palipitations, headache, sweating, tremor and sense of apprehension

Congestive Cardiac Failure, Ischaemic Heart Disease, cardiac arrhythmias, Cerebrovascular accident / stroke

149
Q

Take home message of histology:

endocrine diseases are due to hormone … or …

tumour/ mass lesion which can be … = … effect, associated with … of hormones or … of hormones

A

overproduction or underproduction

tumour/ mass lesion can be non-functional - pressure effect or associated with overproduction of hormone or underproduction of hormone

Year 2 Medicine (162 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions