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KaBoom > Urinary System - Part 7 > Flashcards

Urinary System - Part 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cause of a renal abscess?

A

Infection

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2
Q

What are the clinical findings of a renal abscess? (3)

A
  1. Flank pain
  2. Fever or chills
  3. Leukocytosis
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3
Q

What is the US appearance of a renal abscess? (3)

A
  1. Hypo echoic or complex mass
  2. Thick irregular wall margins
  3. Shadowing associated with gas
    formation
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4
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis for renal abscess?

A
  1. Neoplasm
  2. Focal pyelonephritis 3. Complicated cyst
  3. Resolving hematoma
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5
Q

ATN

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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6
Q

What is ATN caused by? (5)

A
  1. Toxic drug exposure 2. Hypotension
  2. Trauma
  3. Surgery of the heart or aorta
  4. Sepsis
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7
Q

What are the clinical findings for ATN? (3)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Renal failure
  3. Oliguria
    - small amounts of urine
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8
Q

What is the US appearance for ATN? (3)

A
  1. Bilateral enlarged kidneys
  2. Hyper echoic renal pyramids
  3. Normal renal cortex
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9
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis ATN?

A
  1. Renal sinus lipomatosis
  2. Chronic pyelonephritis
  3. Renal failure
  4. Nephrocalcinosis
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10
Q

What is the cause of chronic renal failure? (5)

A
  1. Glomerulonephritis
  2. Hypertension
  3. Vascular disease
  4. Diabetes mellitus
  5. Chronic hydronephrosis
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11
Q

What are the clinical findings for chronic renal failure? (7)

A
  1. Elevated BUN and creatinine
  2. Proteinuria
  3. Polyuria
  4. Headaches
  5. Fatigue
  6. Weakness
  7. Anemia
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12
Q

What is the US appearance for chronic renal failure? (4)

A
  1. Renal atrophy
  2. Hyper echoic parenchyma
  3. Thin renal cortex
  4. Difficult to distinguish the kidney
    from surrounding structures
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13
Q

What are 2 differential diagnosis for chronic renal failure?

A
  1. Renal sinus lipomatosis

2. Hypoplastic kidney

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14
Q

What causes glomerulonephritis? (6)

A
  1. Immune diseases 2. Infection
  2. Strep throat
  3. Lupus
  4. Chronic hepatitis C
  5. Vasculitis
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15
Q

What are the clinical findings of glomerulonephritis? (7)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Proteinuria
  3. Oliguria
  4. Hypertension
  5. Hematuria
  6. Fatigue
  7. Edema
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16
Q

What is the US appearance of glomerulonephritis? (2)

A
  1. Hyper echoic renal cortex

2. Enlarged kidney(s)

17
Q

What is a differential diagnosis for glomerulonephritis?

A

Renal sinus lipomatosis

18
Q

What causes pyelonephritis?

A

Bacteria ascends from the bladder

19
Q

What are clinical findings for pyelonephritis? (5)

A
  1. Flank pain
  2. Fever or chills
  3. Dysuria
  4. Pyuria
  5. Leukocytosis
20
Q

What is the US appearance for pyelonephritis? (3)

A
  1. Generalized or focal swelling of the kidney(s)
  2. Well-defined renal pyramids
  3. Loss of corticomedullary
    definition
21
Q

What are 2 differential diagnosis for pyelonephritis?

A
  1. Renal abscess

2. Neoplasm

22
Q

What causes hydronephrosis?

A

Obstruction of the urinary tract

23
Q

What are the clinical findings of hydronephrosis? (4)

A
  1. Flank pain
  2. Hematuria
  3. Fever
  4. Leukocytosis
24
Q

What is grade 1 hydronephrosis?

A

Small fluid-filled separation of the renal pelvis

25
Q

What is grade 2 hydronephrosis?

A

Dilation of some but not all calyces

26
Q

What is grade 3 hydronephrosis? (2)

A
  1. Marked dilation of renal pelvis and all calyces

2. Echogenic line separating the collecting system from the parenchyma can be demonstrated

27
Q

What is grade 4 hydronephrosis? (4)

A
  1. Prominent dilatation of collecting system
  2. Cortical thinning
  3. Unable to separate collecting system
    and renal parenchyma
  4. Regardless of the grade evaluate bladder for ureteral jets using colour Doppler
28
Q

What are 5 differential diagnosis for hydronephrosis?

A
  1. Extrarenal pelvis
  2. Parapelvic cyst
  3. Polycystic disease
  4. Reflux
  5. Over-distended urinary bladder
29
Q

What are the causes of hydroureter?

A

Obstruction of the UPJ, UVJ, or region where the ureter crosses the pelvic brim

30
Q

What are the clinical findings of hydroureter? (2)

A
  1. Asymptomatic

2. Flank pain

31
Q

What is the US appearance of hydroureter? (2)

A
  1. Anechoic tubular structure connecting the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
  2. No internal blood flow
32
Q

What is a differential diagnosis of hydroureter?

A

Fluid filled bowel

33
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Kidney stones

34
Q

What is a cause of nephrolithiasis?

A

Urinary stasis

35
Q

What are the clinical findings of nephrolithiasis? (4)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Renal colic
  3. Flank pain
  4. Hematuria
36
Q

What is the US appearance of nephrolithiasis? (4)

A
  1. Hyper echoic focus within the kidney
  2. Occurs in the corticomedullary junction
  3. Posterior acoustic shadowing
  4. Colour Doppler twinkle artifact
37
Q

What are 2 differential diagnosis of nephrolithiasis?

A
  1. Calcified vessel

2. Angiomyolipoma

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