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KaBoom > Retroperitoneum - Part 4 > Flashcards

Retroperitoneum - Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Addison disease caused by?

A

By partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function

- hypofunction

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2
Q

What gets destroyed with Addison disease?

A

Adrenal cortex

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3
Q

What do you lose with Addison disease?

A

Loss of cortisol and aldosterone secretions

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4
Q

How is Addison disease diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is established if the amount of cortisol in the plasma and steroid in the urine do not increase after stimulation with ACTH

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5
Q

What is the cause of Addison disease? (5)

A
  1. Autoimmune reaction 2. Tuberculosis
  2. Adrenal hemorrhage 4. Chronic infection
  3. Surgical removal of both adrenal glands
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6
Q

What are the clinical findings for Addison disease? (9)

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. Bronze skin pigmentation
  3. Chronic fatigue
  4. Dehydration
  5. Emotional changes
  6. GI disorders
  7. Hypotension
  8. Weakness
  9. Salt cravings
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7
Q

What gets elevated with Addison disease?

A

Serum potassium

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8
Q

What decreases with Addison disease? (2)

A
  1. Serum sodium

2. Glucose

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9
Q

Is Addison disease more common in males or females?

A

Females

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10
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

Congenital disorder causing excessive secretion of sexual hormones and adrenal androgens

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11
Q

What are the causes of Adrenogenital syndrome? (2)

A
  1. Adrenal tumor

2. Hyperplasia

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12
Q

What are the clinical findings of Adrenogenital syndrome? (4)

A
  1. Increases in body hair
  2. Deepening of the voice
  3. Atrophy of the uterus
  4. Acne
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13
Q

What is increased with Adrenogenital syndrome?

A

Androgen production

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14
Q

Conn syndrome

A

Excessive production of aldosterone

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15
Q

What causes Conn syndrome? (2)

A
  1. Adrenal hyperplasia
    - male prevalence
  2. Adrenal carcinoma
    - rare
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16
Q

What is the most common cause of Conn syndrome?

A

Adrenal adenoma

  • 70%
  • female prevalence
17
Q

What are the clinical findings for Conn syndrome? (3)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Muscular weakness
  3. Abnormal electrocardiogram
18
Q

What is elevated with Conn syndrome?

A

Aldosterone

19
Q

Cushing disease

A

Rare and serious disorder resulting from excessive production of cortisol
- excessive use of cortical hormones

20
Q

What does Cushing disease result in?

A

Accumulation of fat on the abdomen, face, upper back, and upper chest

21
Q

What is the most common cause of Cushing disease?

A

Pituitary mass

22
Q

What are other causes of Cushing disease? (2)

A
  1. Adrenal mass

2. Polycystic ovarian disease

23
Q

What is there an excessive amount of with Cushing disease?

A

Glucocorticoid hormone

24
Q

What are the clinical findings for Cushing disease? (8)

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Purplish striae on the skin
  3. Decrease in immunity to infection
  4. Emotional changes
  5. Increase in thirst and urination
  6. Muscle weakness
  7. New onset of diabetes mellitus
  8. Osteoporosis
25
Q

What is elevated with Cushing disease? (3)

A
  1. ACTH
  2. WBCs
  3. Blood glucose levels
26
Q

What is decreased with Cushing disease?

A

Serum potassium

27
Q

What are all the borders of the retroperitoneum? (5)

A
  1. Superior = diaphragm
  2. Inferior = pelvic rim
  3. Anterior = posterior parietal peritoneum
  4. Posterior = posterior abdominal wall muscles and spine
  5. Lateral = transversalis fascia and peritoneal portions of the mesentery
28
Q

What are the 3 spaces in the retroperitoneum?

A
  1. Anterior pararenal
  2. Posterior pararenal
  3. Perirenal
29
Q

Where is the anterior pararenal space in the retroperitoneum?

A

Fat area between the posterior peritoneum and Gerota’s fascia

30
Q

What does the anterior pararenal space in the retroperitoneum include? (5)

A
  1. pancreas
  2. Descending portion of the duodenum
  3. Ascending and descending colon
  4. Superior mesenteric vessels
  5. Inferior portion of the CBD
31
Q

Where is the posterior pararenal space in the retroperitoneum?

A

Space between Gerota’s fascia and the posterior abdominal wall muscles

32
Q

What does the posterior pararenal space in the retroperitoneum include? (3)

A
  1. Iliopsoas
  2. Quadratus lumborum muscles
  3. Posterior abdominal wall
33
Q

What does the posterior pararenal space in the retroperitoneum contain? (2)

A
  1. Fat

2. Nerves

34
Q

Where is the perirenal space in the retroperitoneum?

A

Space separated from the pararenal space by Gerota’s fascia

35
Q

What does the perirenal space in the retroperitoneum include? (8)

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Adrenal glands
  3. Perinephric fat
  4. Ureters
  5. Renal vessels
  6. Aorta
  7. IVC
  8. Lymph nodes

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